Genome-wide association study and development of molecular markers for yield and quality traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.).

BACKGROUND: This study aims to decipher the genetic basis governing yield components and quality attributes of peanuts, a critical aspect for advancing molecular breeding techniques. Integrating genotype re-sequencing and phenotypic evaluations of seven yield components and two grain quality traits across four distinct environments allowed for the execution of a genome-wide association study (GWAS). RESULTS: The nine phenotypic traits were all continuous and followed a normal distribution. The broad heritability ranged from 88.09 to 98.08%, and the genotype-environment interaction effects were all significant. There was a highly significant negative correlation between protein content (PC) and oil content (OC). The 10× genome re-sequencing of 199 peanut accessions yielded a total of 631,988 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with 374 significant SNP loci identified in association with the nine traits of interest. Notably, 66 of these pertinent SNPs were detected in multiple environments, and 48 of them were linked to multiple traits of interest. Five loci situated on chromosome 16 (Chr16) exhibited pleiotropic effects on yield traits, accounting for 17.64-32.61% of the observed phenotypic variation. Two loci on Chr08 were found to be strongly associated with protein and oil contents, accounting for 12.86% and 14.06% of their respective phenotypic variations, respectively. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) block analysis of these seven loci unraveled five nonsynonymous variants, leading to the identification of one yield-related candidate gene and two quality-related candidate genes. The correlation between phenotypic variation and SNP loci in these candidate genes was validated by Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) marker analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, molecular markers were developed for genetic loci associated with yield and quality traits through a GWAS investigation of 199 peanut accessions across four distinct environments. These molecular tools can aid in the development of desirable peanut germplasm with an equilibrium of yield and quality through marker-assisted breeding.

6-Shogaol from ginger shows anti-tumor effect in cervical carcinoma via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

PURPOSE: 6-Shogaol, an active phenolic compound from ginger (Zingiber officinale), can inhibit the growth of a variety of human cancer cells. Nevertheless, its underlying molecular mechanisms in cervical cancer remain unclear. In this study, we systematically examine the inhibitory effect of 6-shogaol on cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK8 assay and colony formation assay in HeLa and SiHa cells. We analyzed cell cycle and apoptosis through flow cytometry. GFP-LC3 puncta and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe autophagic bodies. Wound-healing assay and transwell assay were used for evaluating the migration of cells. Western blot was applied to detect protein expression levels. RESULTS: 6-Shogaol could suppress cell proliferation and migration, cause cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in HeLa and SiHa cells. Moreover, 6-shogaol triggered the apoptosis process through the mitochondrial pathway by downregulating the expression levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR. Further research indicated that the induction of apoptosis by 6-shogaol was remarkably decreased after the treatment of ROS scavenger and PI3K agonist. Additionally, 6-shogaol increased the number of LC3-positive puncta and autophagic bodies per cell in both HeLa and SiHa cells. Pretreatment of cells with Bafilomycin A1, an autophagy inhibitor, accelerated 6-shogaol mediated cell apoptosis, suggesting that induction of autophagy by 6-shogaol is suppressive to apoptosis. Furthermore, in vivo data revealed that 6-shogaol significantly inhibited tumor growth and cell proliferation in tumor tissues. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that 6-shogaol could be developed as a functional food ingredient, which is potentially used as therapeutic agents for patients with cervical cancer.

Whole-genome resequencing-based QTL-seq identified AhTc1 gene encoding a R2R3-MYB transcription factor controlling peanut purple testa colour.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea. L) is an important oil crop worldwide. The common testa colours of peanut varieties are pink or red. But the peanut varieties with dark purple testa have been focused in recent years due to the potential high levels of anthocyanin, an added nutritional value of antioxidant. However, the genetic mechanism regulating testa colour of peanut is unknown. In this study, we found that the purple testa was decided by the female parent and controlled by a single major gene named AhTc1. To identify the candidate gene controlling peanut purple testa, whole-genome resequencing-based approach (QTL-seq) was applied, and a total of 260.9 Gb of data were generated from the parental and bulked lines. SNP index analysis indicated that AhTc1 located in a 4.7 Mb region in chromosome A10, which was confirmed by bulked segregant RNA sequencing (BSR) analysis in three segregation populations derived from the crosses between pink and purple testa varieties. Allele-specific markers were developed and demonstrated that the marker pTesta1089 was closely linked with purple testa. Further, AhTc1 encoding a R2R3-MYB gene was positional cloned. The expression of AhTc1 was significantly up-regulated in the purple testa parent YH29. Overexpression of AhTc1 in transgenic tobacco plants led to purple colour of leaves, flowers, pods and seeds. In conclusion, AhTc1, encoding a R2R3-MYB transcription factor and conferring peanut purple testa, was identified, which will be useful for peanut molecular breeding selection for cultivars with purple testa colour for potential increased nutritional value to consumers.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the High-Oleic Acid Feedback Regulating the Homologous Gene Expression of Stearoyl-ACP Desaturase 2 (SAD2) in Peanuts.

Peanuts with high oleic acid content are usually considered to be beneficial for human health and edible oil storage. In breeding practice, peanut lines with high monounsaturated fatty acids are selected using fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2), which is responsible for the conversion of oleic acid (C18:1) to linoleic acid (C18:2). Here, comparative transcriptomics were used to analyze the global gene expression profile of high- and normal-oleic peanut cultivars at six time points during seed development. First, the mutant type of FAD2 was determined in the high-oleic peanut (H176). The result suggested that early translation termination occurred simultaneously in the coding sequence of FAD2-A and FAD2-B, and the cultivar H176 is capable of utilizing a potential germplasm resource for future high-oleic peanut breeding. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis identified 74 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in lipid metabolism in high-oleic peanut seed, of which five DEGs encoded the fatty acid desaturase. Aradu.XM2MR belonged to the homologous gene of stearoyl-ACP (acyl carrier protein) desaturase 2 (SAD2) that converted the C18:0 into C18:1. Further subcellular localization studies indicated that FAD2 was located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Aradu.XM2MR was targeted to the plastid in Arabidopsis protoplast cells. To examine the dynamic mechanism of this finding, we focused on the peroxidase (POD)-mediated fatty acid (FA) degradation pathway. The fad2 mutant significantly increased the POD activity and H2O2 concentration at the early stage of seed development, implying that redox signaling likely acted as a messenger to connect the signaling transduction between the high-oleic content and Aradu.XM2MR transcription level. Taken together, transcriptome analysis revealed the feedback mechanism of SAD2 (Aradu.XM2MR) associated with FAD2 mutation during the seed developmental stage, which could provide a potential peanut breeding strategy based on identified candidate genes to improve the content of oleic acid.

The fate and risk assessment of psychiatric pharmaceuticals from psychiatric hospital effluent.

Psychiatric pharmaceuticals are gaining public attention because of increasing reports of their occurrence in environment and their potential impact on ecosystems and human health. This work studied the occurrence and fate of 15 selected psychiatric pharmaceuticals from 3 psychiatric hospitals effluent in Shanghai and investigated the effect of hospitals effluent on surface water, groundwater, soil and plant. Amitriptyline (83.57ng) and lorazepam (22.26ng) showed the highest concentration and were found frequently in hospital effluent. Lorazepam (8.27ng), carbamazepine (83.80ng) and diazepam (79.33ng) showed higher values in surface water. The concentration of lorazepam (46.83ng) in groundwater was higher than other reports. Only six target compounds were detected in all three soil points in accordance with very low concentration. Alkaline pharmaceuticals were more easily adsorbed by soil. Carbamazepine (1.29ng) and lorazepam (2.95ngg-1) were frequently determined in plant tissues. The correlation analyses (Spearman correlations > 0.5) showed the main source of psychiatric pharmaceuticals pollutants might be hospital effluents (from effluent to surface water; from surface water to groundwater). However, hospital effluents were not the only pollution sources from the perspective of the dilution factor analysis. Although the risk assessment indicated that the risk was low to aquatic organism, the continuous discharge of pollution might cause potential environment problem.

Identification of the Candidate Proteins Related to Oleic Acid Accumulation during Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seed Development through Comparative Proteome Analysis.

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are an important oilseed crop, containing high contents of protein and fatty acids (FA). The major components of FA found in peanut oil are unsaturated FAs, including oleic acid (OA, C18:1) and linoleic acid (LOA, C18:2). Moreover, the high content of OA in peanut oil is beneficial for human health and long-term storage due to its antioxidant activity. However, the dynamic changes in proteomics related to OA accumulation during seed development still remain largely unexplored. In the present study, a comparative proteome analysis based on iTRAQ (isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification) was performed to identify the critical candidate factors involved in OA formation. A total of 389 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between high-oleate cultivar Kainong176 and low-oleate cultivar Kainong70. Among these DEPs, 201 and 188 proteins were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. In addition, these DEPs were categorized into biosynthesis pathways of unsaturated FAs at the early stage during the high-oleic peanut seed development, and several DEPs involved in lipid oxidation pathway were found at the stage of seed maturation. Meanwhile, 28 DEPs were sporadically distributed in distinct stages of seed formation, and their molecular functions were directly correlated to FA biosynthesis and degradation. Fortunately, the expression of FAB2 (stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase), the rate-limiting enzyme in the upstream biosynthesis process of OA, was significantly increased in the early stage and then decreased in the late stage of seed development in the high-oleate cultivar Kainong176. Furthermore, real-time PCR verified the expression pattern of FAB2 at the mRNA level, which was consistent with its protein abundance. However, opposite results were found for the low-oleate cultivar Kainong70. Overall, the comparative proteome analysis provided valuable insight into the molecular dynamics of OA accumulation during peanut seed development.

Pollution patterns and characteristics of perfluorinated compounds in surface water adjacent potential industrial emission categories of Shanghai, China.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have received increasing attention worldwide recently because of potential risk to aquatic environment and living organisms. Herein, occurrence and spatial distributions of 17 selected PFCs were investigated in surface water adjacent to potential industrial emission categories in Shanghai. The results showed the distributions of PFCs in the ambient rivers were greatly affected by those industrial sources. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other short-chain PFCs such as perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFBS) were detected as the predominant species in all samples. Specifically, the total concentrations of PFCs (∑PFCs) near the airport ranged from 142 to 264ngL-1, with PFOA, PFPeA, and PFBS as most prevalent. While near the fluorochemical plant and metal plating, concentrations of ∑PFCs ranged from 200 to 2143ngL-1 and 211ngL-1 to 705ngL-1; and PFOA was the predominant individual PFCs, with the highest concentration of 1985ngL-1. However, concentrations of PFOS were found at relatively low level, which ranged from < 0.06 to 4.44ngL-1. The Spearman correlation analysis of concentration of individual PFCs showed that PFOA and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) was positive, while the correlation between PFOA and perfluorohexansulfonate (PFHxS) was negative near the airport, indicating PFOA and PFHxA may share common sources. Preliminary ecological risk evaluation of PFCs in adjacent water of the industrial emission areas suggested these emission categories posed higher risks than other area, although the risk level was still relatively safe.

[Study on Chinese Medical Syndrome Distribution in Adjuvant Chemotherapy Period of Colorectal Cancer].

Objective To study the Chinese Medical (CM) syndrome distribution in patients with colorectal cancer in adjuvant chemotherpay period. Methods Totally 160 patients with colorectal cancer were recruited and clinical data for the CM syndromes before receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, in the early, mid and after period of adjuvant chemotherapy were collected. The distribution and dynamic chan- ges of CM syndromes were observed. Results The primary CM syndrome before chemotherapy were yin deficiency induced inner heat with dampness (40 cases, 40. 0%) and qi deficiency syndrome(30 ca- ses,30. 0%) concluded by 14 symptoms during cluster analyses among 100 cases.The primary CM syn- drome at the early period of adjuvant chemotherapy was Pi and blood deficiency syndrome (60 cases, 50.0%) , closely followed by syndrome of yin deficiency induced inner heat (45 cases, 37.5%) by 16 symptoms during cluster analyses among 120 cases. The CM syndrome at the mid period of adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of syndrome of Gan-heat and Pi-deficiency(51 cases ,44. 7%), syndrome of qi and blood deficiency (40 cases,35. 1%) , as well as Pi-deficiency with dampness syndrome (19 cases, 16.7%) by 22 symptoms during cluster analyses among 114 cases; at the period after adjuvant chemo- therapy, the major CM syndromes was deficiency syndrome, including qi and blood deficiency syndrome (32 cases,29. 1%), Pi-deficiency syndrome(29 cases,26. 4%) and Gan-Shen yin deficiency syndrome (49 cases,44. 6%) by 24 symptoms during cluster analyses among 110 cases. Conclusion During the period of adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients, the mainly CM syndromes shows the defi- ciency syndrome.

[Effect of microRNA-29b on proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells and its molecular mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of microRNA(miRNA)-29b on the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells and its molecular mechanism. METHODS: The recombinant lentiviral expression vector (lenti-miRNA-29b) was constructed and transfected into 293T cells to obtain lentivirus particles that were used to infect breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Transfection efficiency of lenti-miRNA-29b in MCF-7 cells was identified by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The expression of miRNA-29b was detected by real-time PCR. The cell proliferation and migration were detected by CCK8 assay and Transwell assay, respectively. The bioinformatics softwares were used to predict and screen the downstream target genes regulated by miRNA-29b, which were verified by double luciferase reporter gene assay, RT-PCR and Western blot. The effects of screened target gene RTKN on the growth and migration of MCF-7 cells were verified by RTKN siRNA. RESULTS: Recombinant lentiviral expression vector of miRNA-29b were successfully constructed. About 90% and 60% of the breast cancer cells showed green fluorescence in lenti-miRNA-29b and lenti-miRNA-NC groups, respectively. The expression of miRNA-29b in lenti-miRNA-29b group increased significantly compared with the lenti-miRNA-NC group and blank control group (all P<0.05); the proliferation and migration ability of MCF-7 cells significantly reduced compared with the control group (all P<0.05). The screening with bioinformatics softwares found that the 3'UTR coding region RTKN had the binding site to miRNA-29b; the dual luciferase reporter gene assay showed that the luciferase activity decreased significantly after the MCF-7 cells were co-transfected with wild type RTKN-WT-3'UTR and miRNA-29b mimics report gene vector (P<0.05). The RTKN proteins in MCF-7 cells were significantly decreased after transfection with siRNA-RTKN, and the proliferation and migration ability of MCF-7 cells were significantly reduced (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MiRNA-29b can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of RTKN.

[Fibromyalgia syndrome after comprehensive treatment of breast cancer: a case report].

Fibromyalgia syndrome after comprehensive treatment of breast cancer is rare and seldom reported. Here we present a case of a 50-year-old female patient,who was admitted to the hospital because of generalized fibromyalgia for 3 months and brain metastasis after the right breast carcinoma surgery for 1 month, and the clinical diagnosis was brain metastasis from breast carcinoma combined with fibromyalgia syndrome. The fibromyalgia were relieved with proper symptomatic treatment but the patient eventually died of tumor progression.

Statistical properties and error threshold of quasispecies on single-peak Gaussian-distributed fitness landscapes.

The stochastic Eigen model proposed by Feng et al. (2007) (Journal of Theoretical Biology, 246, 28) showed that error threshold is no longer a phase transition point but a crossover region whose width depends on the strength of the random fluctuation in an environment. The underlying cause of this phenomenon has not yet been well examined. In this article, we adopt a single peak Gaussian distributed fitness landscape instead of a constant one to investigate and analyze the change of the error threshold and the statistical property of the quasi-species population. We find a roughly linear relation between the width of the error threshold and the fitness fluctuation strength. For a given quasi-species, the fluctuation of the relative concentration has a minimum with a normal distribution of the relative concentration at the maximum of the averaged relative concentration, it has however a largest value with a bimodal distribution of the relative concentration near the error threshold. The above results deepen our understanding of the quasispecies and error threshold and are heuristic for exploring practicable antiviral strategies.

Revealing the role of interlayer spacing in radioactive-ion sieving of functionalized graphene membranes.

Functionalization of graphene enables precise control over interlayer spacing during film formation, thereby enhancing the separation efficiency of radioactive ions in graphene membranes. However, the systematic impact of interlayer spacing of graphene membranes on radioactive-ion separation remains unexplored. This study aims to elucidate how interlayer spacing in functionalized graphene membranes affects the separation of radioactive ions. Utilizing polyamidoxime (PAO) to modify graphene oxide, we controlled the interlayer spacing of graphene membranes. Experimental results indicate that tuning interlayer spacing enables control of the permeation flux of radioactive ions (UO22+ 1.01 × 10-5-8.32 × 10-5 mol/m2·h, and K+ remains stable at 3.60 × 10-4 mol/m2·h), and the K+/UO22+ separation factors up to 36.2 at an interlayer spacing of 8.8 Å. Using density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, we discovered that the effective separation is mainly determined via interlayer spacing and the quantity of introduced functional groups, explaining the anomalous high permeation flux of target ions at low interlayer spacing (4.3 Å). This study deepens our comprehension of interlayer spacing within nanoconfined spaces for ion separation and recovery via graphene membranes, offering valuable insights for the design and synthesis of high-performance nanomembrane materials.

The Biological Functions and Regulatory Mechanisms of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 5 in Various Diseases.

In recent years, fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5), also known as fatty acid transporter, has been widely researched with the help of modern genetic technology. Emerging evidence suggests its critical role in regulating lipid transport, homeostasis, and metabolism. Its involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases such as metabolic syndrome, skin diseases, cancer, and neurological diseases is the key to understanding the true nature of the protein. This makes FABP5 be a promising component for numerous clinical applications. This review has summarized the most recent advances in the research of FABP5 in modulating cellular processes, providing an in-depth analysis of the protein's biological properties, biological functions, and mechanisms involved in various diseases. In addition, we have discussed the possibility of using FABP5 as a new diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for human diseases, shedding light on challenges facing future research.

Benzophenones and synthetic progestin in wastewater and sediment from farms, WWTPs and receiving surface water: distribution, sources, and ecological risks.

Farms and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important sources of endocrine disruptors, which may have potential adverse effects on the nearby receiving river and potential human health risks. Benzophenone (BPs) and synthetic progestin were determined in water and sediment samples of the discharge source and receiving river. BPs and synthetic progestin ranged from not detected (N.D.) to 400.53 ng L-1 in water samples and from N.D. to 359.92 ng g-1 dw in sediment, respectively, and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and ethinyl estradiol (EE2) were the main detected objects. Correlation analysis showed that pollutants discharged from livestock farms were the main contributor to the receiving river. The distribution of pollutants in different regions was related to higher population density and livestock activities. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) were investigated for ecological risk assessment in the study area, and 86% of the samples exceeded the baseline value of chronic toxicity. Benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) and benzophenone (BP) were identified as the main substances that caused medium risk in the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, BPs and synthetic progesterone should be given more attention in the future.

Adaptive synchronization of marine surface ships using disturbance rejection without leader velocity.

This work realizes the adaptive neural disturbance rejection for the leader-follower cooperative synchronization of surface ships with model perturbations and ocean disturbances without leader velocity measurements. The virtual ship alleviates the requirements on leader ship's velocities such that the information requirements are only position and heading on the leader ship. The adaptive neural networks approximate model perturbations. The robustifying term attenuates neural network approximation errors. The adaptive neural network-based disturbance observer achieves the disturbance rejection which is integrated with the dynamic surface control technique. The supply ship synchronization control system is ensured to be practical stable. The synchronization control realizes the ship's cooperative synchronization navigation. Simulations with comparisons validate the synchronization scheme.

Typical antibiotics in the receiving rivers of direct-discharge sources of sewage across Shanghai: occurrence and source analysis.

In Shanghai, the antibiotics in the receiving rivers of direct-discharge sources of sewage (aquaculture farms, cattle farms and wastewater treatment plants) were investigated. Water and sediment samples from the receiving rivers of these sources were collected, and were screened for 19 typical antibiotics. The concentration of the antibiotics in the water and sediment ranged from not detected (ND) to 530.05 ng L-1 and ND to 1039.53 ng g-1, respectively, and sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones were identified as the main antibiotics in the water and sediment, respectively. According to principal component analysis with multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), source contributions were estimated: wastewater treatment plants (66.8%) > aquaculture farms and cattle farms (21.2%), indicating that the contribution of human antibiotics was higher than veterinary antibiotics. Based on the risk quotients, ciprofloxacin was identified as the main antibiotic that causes medium risk in the aquatic ecosystem. This work systematically reflected the profile and source apportionment of antibiotics in Shanghai, which is helpful for antibiotic contamination control and environmental management.

Biological functions of m6A methyltransferases.

M6A methyltransferases, acting as a writer in N6-methyladenosine, have attracted wide attention due to their dynamic regulation of life processes. In this review, we first briefly introduce the individual components of m6A methyltransferases and explain their close connections to each other. Then, we concentrate on the extensive biological functions of m6A methyltransferases, which include cell growth, nerve development, osteogenic differentiation, metabolism, cardiovascular system homeostasis, infection and immunity, and tumour progression. We summarize the currently unresolved problems in this research field and propose expectations for m6A methyltransferases as novel targets for preventive and curative strategies for disease treatment in the future.

[Establishment and characterization of a human gallbladder carcinoma cell line EH-GB1 originated from a metastatic tumor].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a human gallbladder carcinoma cell line derived from a metastatic gallbladder carcinoma and identify its biological characteristics. METHODS: Tissue samples were separated from the surgical specimen obtained from a patient with metastatic carcinoma and single-cell suspension was prepared. Then the cells were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum. The morphology of tumor cells was observed under an electron microscope. The cell growth curve was plotted. The tumorigenicity of the cell line was studied by subcutaneous inoculation in SCID mice. The cells were infected by lentiviral vector carrying fluorescent report genes (lenti-GFP and lenti-Red2) separately for expressions of GFP and Red2, respectively. RESULTS: A novel metastatic gallbladder carcinoma cell line was successfully established and named "EH-GB1". It could be passaged for over 20 generations with typical malignant epithelial morphology and a stable growth cycle of 24 h. Tumors were formed in all of the 10 SCID mice inoculated with EH-GB1 cells subcutaneously, and the tumor cells were tumor marker CA19-9-positive. Continuous expressions of fluorescent report genes were observed in EH-GB1 cells infected by lenti-GFP and lenti-Red2. CONCLUSION: EH-GB1 cells might be the first stable cell line of human gallbladder carcinoma established from a metastatic focus of gallbladder carcinoma. This cell line with continuous expressions of GFP and Red2 might be a novel and perfect experimental model for clinical and basic research on gallbladder carcinoma.

Cluster radioactivity of neutron-deficient nuclei in trans-tin region.

The possibility of cluster radioactivity (CR) of the neutron-deficient nuclei in the trans-tin region is explored by using the effective liquid drop model (ELDM), generalized liquid drop model (GLDM), and several sets of analytic formulas. It is found that the minimal half-lives are at Nd = 50 (Nd is the neutron number of the daughter nucleus) for the same kind cluster emission because of the Q value (released energy) shell effect at Nd = 50. Meanwhile, it is shown that the half-lives of α-like (Ae = 4n, Ze = Ne. Ze and Ne are the charge number and neutron number of the emitted cluster, respectively.) cluster emissions leading to the isotopes with Zd = 50 (Zd is the proton number of the daughter nucleus) are easier to measure than those of non-α-like (Ae = 4n + 2) cases due to the large Q values in α-like cluster emission processes. Finally, some α-like CR half-lives of the Nd = 50 nuclei and their neighbours are predicted, which are useful for searching for the new CR in future experiments.

Integrated Analysis of Comparative Lipidomics and Proteomics Reveals the Dynamic Changes of Lipid Molecular Species in High-Oleic Acid Peanut Seed.

Modern peanut contains fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) mutation, which is capable of producing high oleic acid for human health. However, the dynamic changes of the lipidome regarding fad2 remain elusive in peanut seed. In the present study, 547 lipid features were identified in high- and normal-oleic peanut seeds by utilizing the mass spectrometric approach. The fad2-induced differently expressed lipids (DELs) were polarly distributed at early and maturation stages during high-oleic acid (OA) seed development. Subsequently, integration of previously published proteomic data and lipidomic data revealed that 21 proteins and 149 DELs were annotated into the triacylglycerol assembly map, of which nine enzymes and 31 lipid species shared similar variation tendencies. Additionally, the variation tendencies of 17 acyl fatty acids were described in a hypothetical biosynthetic pathway. Collectively, the understanding of the lipid composition correlated with fad2 established a foundation for future high-OA peanut breeding based on lipidomic data.