Age-related physical and technical match performance changes in elite soccer players.

The age of peak performance is likely to vary between sports and competitions, affected by the specific skills and attributes needed to succeed in the particular competition. However, no studies using modern tracking techniques have examined the effects of age on competitive match play performance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of age on match physical and technical performance using a large-scale analysis of match performance in professional soccer players. A total of 14 546 individual match observations were undertaken in the first German league (Bundesliga) during the 2012-2013, 2013-2014, and 2014-2015 seasons using a computerized tracking system (VISTRACK, by Impire Corp.). Differences in physical and technical match performance of soccer players were analyzed for the following variables: total distance covered, number of fast runs, number of sprints, and percentage of successful passes. Professional soccer players aged >30 years showed a significant lower performance in the total distance covered, the number of fast runs, and the number of sprints compared with younger players (≤30 years). Conversely, the player's ability to make successful passes increased with age. These effects were observed in all positional roles except wide midfielders. These findings may help coaches and managers to better understand the effects of age on match-related physical and technical performance and may have the potential to assist in decisions such as, when a new contract would be signed, the duration of the contract, the salary, or when to replace or transfer a player depending on their age.

[General characteristics of medical education in Mexico. A look from medical schools]. / Características generales de la educación médica en México. Una mirada desde las escuelas de medicina.

OBJECTIVE: To know the characteristics of medical education and identify its strengths and weaknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A transversal and quantitative study of the characteristics of medical education in 29 medical schools in Mexico was carried out, between April and September 2017. Questionnaire with Likert scale was applied to explore context, regulation, structure, process, results and impact of medical education. Bivariate analysis was performed with a Chi square test and the significance level was equal to or less than 0.05. RESULTS: The political context obtained 64%, economical context 10% and mechanisms of regulation 31%. The educational structure was 61% and the social impact was 93%. CONCLUSIONS: Public policies, regulatory mechanisms and public investment must be strengthened to improve the quality of medical education.

OBJETIVO: Conocer las características de la educación médica e identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal y cuantitativo para conocer las características de la educación médica en 29 escuelas de medicina en México, entre abril y septiembre de 2017. Se utilizó un cuestionario con escala tipo Likert para explorar el contexto, la regulación, la estructura, el proceso, los resultados y el impacto de la educación médica. Se realizó un análisis bivariado con ji cuadrada y una significancia estadística de p igual o menor a 0.05. RESULTADOS: El contexto político obtuvo 64%, el contexto económico 10%, los mecanismos de regulación 31%, la estructura educativa 61% y el impacto social 93%. CONCLUSIONES: Se requiere fortalecer las políticas públicas, la regulación y la inversión pública, para mejorar la calidad de la educación médica.

Efectividad de una estrategia educativa en la prescripción de la tromboprofilaxis adecuada en un servicio de Medicina Interna de un hospital general / Effectiveness of an educational strategy in increasing the prescription of adequate thromboprophylaxis in the internal medicine service of general hospital

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar el impacto de una intervención educativa sobre la frecuencia de prescripciones médicas adecuadas de tromboprofilaxis en un servicio de medicina de un hospital general. Material y métodos Estudio quasi experimental, en el cual en la fase pre-intervención se obtuvieron las frecuencias de indicación de tromboprofilaxis adecuada por parte de los médicos del servicio de medicina. Se realizó una intervención educativa de 8 semanas a este mismo grupo de médicos. En la fase post intervención se midió la frecuencia de la tromboprofilaxis adecuada a los 2 y 4 meses después de la intervención. Resultados La intervención educativa se implementó en 112 médicos residentes de las especialidades de medicina. La totalidad de prescripciones fueron hechas por los médicos residentes de primer año y refrendadas por su médico supervisor. Previamente a la intervención se obtuvieron 47 (44,35%) prescripciones adecuadas, 13 (12,26%) subóptimas, 4 (3,77%) inadecuadas y 42 (39, 62%) ausencia de prescripción. Luego de la intervención se obtuvieron a los 2 meses subsiguientes: 78 (75,72%) prescripciones adecuadas, 7 (6,79%) subóptimas, 4 (2,91%) inadecuadas y 15 (14,58%) ausencias de prescripción, habiendo diferencia significativa con el nivel basal. A los 4 meses subsiguientes postintervención se obtuvieron: 86 (83,49%) adecuada, 5(4,85%) subóptima, 2 (1,94%) inadecuada y 10 (9,72%) ausencia de prescripción, habiendo diferencia significativa con el nivel basal. No hubo aumento en la frecuencia de sobre uso. Conclusiones La aplicación de una estrategia educativa al personal médico fue efectiva en el incremento de las prescripciones de tromboprofilaxis correctamente indicadas en un servicio de medicina. No se encontró sobreuso de la tromboprofilaxis luego de la intervención.

SUMMARY Objective To determine whether an educational intervention strategy would improve the frequency of medical prescriptions for adequate thromboprophylaxis in a medicine service. Methods Quasi-experimental study, in which in the pre-intervention phase the frequencies of indication of appropriate thromboprophylaxis by physicians from the medicine service were obtained. An 8-week educational intervention was carried out with this same group of doctors. In the post-intervention phase, the frequency of adequate thromboprophylaxis was measured at 2 and 4 months after the intervention. Results The educational intervention was implemented in 112 resident physicians in medicine specialties. All prescriptions were made by the first-year resident physicians and endorsed by their supervising physician. Prior to the intervention, 47 (44.35%) adequate prescriptions were obtained, 13 (12.26%) suboptimal, 4 (3.77%) inadequate, and 42 (39, 62%) no prescription. After the intervention, the following 2 months were obtained: 78 (75.72%) adequate prescriptions, 7 (6.79%) suboptimal, 4 (2.91%) inadequate and 15 (14.58%) no prescriptions, there being a significant difference with the baseline level. At the subsequent 4 months post-intervention, the following were obtained: 86 (83.49%) adequate, 5 (4.85%) suboptimal, 2 (1.94%) inadequate and 10 (9.72%) no prescription, with a difference significant with the baseline level. There was no increase in the frequency of overuse. Conclusions The application of an educational strategy to medical personnel was effective in increasing correctly indicated thromboprophylaxis prescriptions in a medical service. No overuse of thromboprophylaxis was found after the intervention.

Are Soccer Players Older Now Than Before? Aging Trends and Market Value in the Last Three Decades of the UEFA Champions League.

The aims of the current study were to analyze the evolution of players' age in the UEFA Champions League since the start of its modern-day format in 1992-1993 up until 2017-2018 and to determine how the players' age relates to their market value. The sample consisted of all players participating in the UEFA Champions League from the 1992-1993 to 2017-2018 seasons (n = 16062). The following variables were used in this study: players' age, number of seasons in the club, number of Champions Leagues won, team performance, and market value of the player in the season. Data were examined using a one-way ANOVA and a linear regression. The main finding of the current study is that an aging trend has occurred in the last three decades in the Champions League. A significant increase in average players' age (>1.6 years) was observed, rising from an age of 24.9 to 26.5 years. Goalkeepers and Center Backs tend to peak later than attackers, and their peak performance can last until an age of about 31 years. Finally, an inverted-U curve defines the association between market value and age, with peak value appearing in the 26-30 age range. These results provide useful information regarding at which age soccer players are likely to perform at the highest level, as well as the age they are likely to have the highest market value.

Inductores de ferroptosis para el tratamiento del cáncer / Ferroptosis Inducers for Cancer Treatment

Introducción: La ferroptosis es un proceso no apoptótico de muerte celular regulada que depende de la presencia de iones hierro en el medio intracelular. Se caracterizada por la acumulación de especies reactivas de lípidos oxidados y radicales libres en las membranas celulares. Los inductores e inhibidores de este proceso inciden de manera circunstancial en él, con cuya respuesta celular se trabaja en función de elaborar modelos para el tratamiento del cáncer. Objetivo: Profundizar en el proceso de ferroptosis con un enfoque hacia los inductores e inhibidores, el establecimiento de modelos biofisicoquímicos y las estrategias terapéuticas para el tratamiento del cáncer. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de los estudios más significativos sobre el tema, publicados en la Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO, y Scopus. Resultados: Gracias al novedoso descubrimiento de la ferroptosis como impulsor de la muerte de células tumorales para tratar el cáncer, se han comenzado a desarrollar modelos teóricos que simulan el comportamiento de estas células y la complejidad en sistemas biológicos; que permiten encontrar procedimientos alternativos y menos invasivos contra esta y otras enfermedades. Conclusiones: Los inductores e inhibidores tienen una función primordial a la hora de predecir la influencia en la sensibilidad a la ferroptosis; por lo que se indagó en los mecanismos de funcionamiento de estos, que facilitará la forma de inducir en mayor o menor grado la muerte celular y disminuir la población de células cancerígenas(AU)

Introduction: Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic process of regulated cell death that depends on the presence of iron ions in the intracellular medium. It is characterized by the accumulation of reactive species of oxidized lipids and free radicals in cell membranes. The inducers and inhibitors of this process circumstantially affect it, whose cellular response is used to develop models for cancer treatment. Objective: To deepen the ferroptosis process focusing on inducers and inhibitors, the establishment of biophysiochemical models and therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Methods: A review was carried out of the most significant studies on the subject, published in the Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO and Scopus. Results: Thanks to the novel discovery of ferroptosis as a conductor of tumor cell death to treat cancer, theoretical models have begun to be developed that simulate the behavior of these cells and the complexity in biological systems; that allow finding alternative and less invasive procedures against this and other diseases. Conclusions: Inductors and inhibitors have a primary role in predicting the influence on sensitivity to ferroptosis; therefore, the mechanisms of operation of these were investigated, which will facilitate the way to induce cell death to a greater or lesser degree and reduce the population of cancer cells(AU)

Effects of Core Strength Training Using Stable and Unstable Surfaces on Physical Fitness and Functional Performance in Professional Female Futsal Players.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of core strength training performed on a stable surface (CTS) compared with core strength training performed on an unstable surface (CTU) on physical fitness (jump performance, sprint, and repeated sprint ability (RSA)) and quality of movement (Fundamental Movement Screen) in professional female futsal players. Fourteen professional female futsal players (mean age: 23.7 ± 5.1 years, age range: 18-28 years) were randomly assigned to a CTS (n = 7) or a CTU (n = 7) group. The intervention program was carried out 3 times a week over 6 weeks. Players of both groups performed the same four core-strengthening exercises. The only difference between the two interventions was that the CTU group performed all exercises (i.e., shoulder bridge, side bridge, prone plank, and crunch) on an unstable surface (Togu® Dyn-Air). Within-group analysis showed significant improvements (p < 0.001) in 10 m sprint performance from the pre- to post-test in the CTS (+4.37%) and CTU (+5.00%) groups. Players in both the CTS (+10.39%) and CTU (+11.10%) group also showed significant enhancement in the Functional Movement Screen total score, from the pre-test to post-test. In addition, a significant time effect was also observed for the CTU group in the relative score of the RSA test decreasing from the pre- to post-test (-30.85%). In the between-groups analysis, there were no significant differences between the core strength training groups (CTS vs CTU) in any variable. To conclude, sprint and Functional Movement Screen performance improved following CTS and CTU when conducted in combination with regular futsal training. In addition, CTU had limited benefit in RSA compared to CTS.

Hemorragia intracerebral como primera manifestación de un coriocarcinoma metastásico: reporte de caso / Intracerebral hemorrhage as the first manifestation of a metastatic choriocarcinoma: case report

RESUMEN El coriocarcinoma es una variante muy vascularizada, invasiva y poco común de la enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional. Es potencialmente fatal sin tratamiento adecuado y se caracteriza por la proliferación maligna de tejido trofoblástico con una alta tasa de metástasis. Se presenta el caso de una paciente joven con hemorragia intracerebral como primera manifestación de un coriocarcinoma metástasico. Se describen las características clínicas e imagenológicas y se hace una revisión de la literatura actual, con énfasis en los detalles más relevantes respecto al diagnóstico diferencial de la hemorragia intracerebral de presentación atípica y el tratamiento más apropiado.

SUMMARY Choriocarcinoma is an invasive, highly vascularized, rare gestational trophoblastic disease. It is potentially fatal without proper treatment and is characterized by malignant proliferation of trophoblastic tissue with a high rate of metastases. We present the case of a young patient with intracerebral hemorrhage as the first manifestation of metasta-tic choriocarcinoma. We describe the clinical and imaging characteristics and review current literature, with emphasis on the most relevant details regarding the differential diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage atypical presentation and the most appropriate treatment.

Características generales de la educación médica en México. Una mirada desde las escuelas de medicina / General characteristics of medical education in Mexico. A look from medical schools

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer las características de la educación médica e identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal y cuantitativo para conocer las características de la educación médica en 29 escuelas de medicina en México, entre abril y septiembre de 2017. Se utilizó un cuestionario con escala tipo Likert para explorar el contexto, la regulación, la estructura, el proceso, los resultados y el impacto de la educación médica. Se realizó un análisis bivariado con ji cuadrada y una significancia estadística depigual o menor a 0.05. Resultados: El contexto político obtuvo 64%, el contexto económico 10%, los mecanismos de regulación 31%, la estructura educativa 61% y el impacto social 93%. Conclusiones: Se requiere fortalecer las políticas públicas, la regulación y la inversión pública, para mejorar la calidad de la educación médica.

Abstract: Objective: To know the characteristics of medical education and identify its strengths and weaknesses. Materials and methods: A transversal and quantitative study of the characteristics of medical education in 29 medical schools in Mexico was carried out, between April and September 2017. Questionnaire with Likert scale was applied to explore context, regulation, structure, process, results and impact of medical education. Bivariate analysis was performed with a Chi square test and the significance level was equal to or less than 0.05. Results: The political context obtained 64%, economical context 10% and mechanisms of regulation 31%. The educational structure was 61% and the social impact was 93%. Conclusions: Public policies, regulatory mechanisms and public investment must be strengthened to improve the quality of medical education.

Estado actual de los hipopótamos (Hippopotamus amphibius) en Colombia: 2018

En el año 1985, el narcotraficante Pablo Escobar ingresó a Colombia entre dos y seis ejemplares juveniles de hipopótamos que, con el paso de dos décadas, se reprodujeron y movilizaron por la zona geográfica del Magdalena Medio. En la actualidad se cree que podría haber entre diez y treinta ejemplares libres en inmediaciones del río Magdalena y unos sesenta individuos en total en el país. Los hipopótamos en Colombia son animales exóticos e introducidos, y con el tiempo fueron clasificados como especie invasora ya que su presencia representa riesgos ambientales al competir con especies nativas. Algunos de los efectos comprenden la alteración de hábitat, la perturbación de los procesos ecosistémicos y la desestabilización de los sistemas ambientales. Las medidas para su control que requieren la destinación de grandes presupuestos para la captura, control de natalidad, mantenimiento en cautiverio; o acciones socialmente cuestionables como la eutanasia, deberían ser establecidas de manera inmediata pues los recursos biológicos nativos, hidrobiológicos y pesqueros podrían verse afectados por culpa de esta especie invasora.

In 1985, Pablo Escobar brought to Colombia between two to six young hippos, during these 20 years they have mated and have been moving by the geographic area of Magdalena Medio. At present, it is believed that there could be between 10 to 30 free hippos near a large part of the Magdalena River, and a total population of about 60 in the country. Hippos in Colombia are an exotic and introduced specie that with time will become potentially invasive since they may represent environmental competition that puts native species in risk. The effects caused by the species are diverse, ranging from habitat alteration, to the disruption of ecosystem processes. Hippos in Colombia constitute a serious threat to native species and the stability of the affected environmental systems. The measures for its control should be established immediately (Destination of big budgets for capturing, birth control and maintenance in captivity or euthanasia) as the native aquatic and fishery biological resources could disappear over time.

[Bickerstaff brain encephalitis: case report and literature review]. / Encefalitis de Bickerstaff: informe de caso y revisión de la literatura.

We describe the case of a 34-year-old male patient, who was referred to the Instituto Neurológico de Colombia with probable Guillain-Barré syndrome, requiring intensive care management. The presence of cognitive alterations during his evolution, lead the team to reconsider the initial diagnosis for the Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis diagnosis. We aim to describe the patient's treatment and evolution, as well as a brief review and discussion.

Manifestaciones psiquiátricas de la neurosífilis: reporte de un caso de parálisis / Psychiatric manifestations of neurosyphilis: A case report of progressive general paralysis

A pesar de que la neurosífilis es poco frecuente en la actualidad, esta entidad no ha desaparecido. Las manifestaciones psiquiátricas de la parálisis general progresiva se pueden presentar a través de una gran variedad de síndromes tales como psicosis, manía y demencia. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 56 años de edad con inicio insidioso de delirios de daño y de grandeza, alucinaciones auditivas y alteraciones conductuales tales como reacciones impulsivas y agresividad. Los análisis serológicos y de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) revelaron la presencia de Treponema pallidum. El paciente recibió tratamiento antibiótico, así como psicofarmacológico, con mejoría notable de los síntomas psicóticos, maniacos y conductuales. Este caso enfatiza la importancia de descartar neurosífilis en presencia de manifestaciones psiquiátricas pleomórficas y evolución atípica, así como deterioro de funciones mentales superiores.

Although neurosyphilis is infrequently seen nowadays, it cannot be said that it has disappeared. The psychiatric manifestations of syphilis-related progressive general paralysis can adopt a wide variety of presentations, including psychosis, mania and dementia. The case of a 56-year-old male patient is presented; it has an insidious onset of delusions of damage and grandiosity, auditory hallucinations and behavioral changes such as increased impulsivity and aggressiveness. Serological and cerebrospinal fluid laboratory analyses revealed the presence of Treponema pallidum. The patient received antibiotic and psychopharmacological treatment, showing significant improvement of all his symptoms. This case emphasizes the importance of ruling out neurosyphilis in the presence of pleomorphic or atypical psychiatric manifestations of atypical clinical course as well as a decline of superior mental functions.

[Brainstem encephalitis and myelitis due to Listeria monocytogenes: a case report and literature review]. / Encefalitis del tallo cerebral y mielitis por Listeria monocytogenes.

Brainstem encephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes is an uncommon form of central nervous system listeriosis; however, it is the most common presentation in immunocompetent individuals. Here, we describe an even more rare combination of rhombencephalitis with severe myelitis caused by L. monocytogenes in an immunocompetent patient. We report the case of a 21-year-old immunocompetent patient who consumed unpasteurized dairy products and experienced headache and vomiting that progressed to an impaired general condition, altered consciousness and ultimately death. The patient had presented to the Neurological Institute of Colombia (INDEC in Spanish) for consultation and was diagnosed with brainstem encephalitis and myelitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes . The differences between this particular case and those reported in the literature will be discussed. It is advisable to initiate antibiotic treatment for Listeria monocytogenes if a patient shows signs of brainstem compromise of possible infectious origin and quickly intensify treatment if there is no or minimal response. It is also necessary to extend radiological assessment to include the spinal column to rule out spinal cord involvement.

[Meningovascular neurosyphilis with basilar artery thrombosis, a case report and literature review]. / Neurosífilis meningovascular con trombosis de la arteria basilar.

Herein a case is described of a 54-years old patient, HIV negative, with cerebro-vascular disease by basilar artery thrombosis secondary to meningovascular neurosyphilis. Neurosyphilis is the impairment at any stage of the central nervous system by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum and includes asymptomatic and symptomatic forms of infection. The presentation can take many forms, depending on the location and extent of tissue damage. The currently recommended treatment is crystalline penicillin, 4 million units every 4 hours for 14 days.

[Anti-NMDA receptor paraneoplastic encephalitis: complete recovery after ovarian teratoma removal]. / Encefalitis paraneoplásica por anticuerpos contra el receptor de NMDA. Remisión completa después de la resección de un teratoma ovárico.

INTRODUCTION: A paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by neuropsychiatric symptoms, involuntary movements and seizures has been recently associated with antibodies targeting NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor in patients with an ovarian teratoma. Severe neurological impairment is frequent and treatment in the intensive care unit is often required because of ventilatory failure and life-threatening autonomic instability. Tumor removal is curative in many cases and neurological improvement is demonstrated shortly after surgery. CASE REPORT: Here we report on a patient with paraneoplastic encephalitis manifested by unconsciousness and coreo-athetosic movements related to NMDA receptor antibodies associated with an immature ovarian teratoma grade III. She made a complete recovery after oophorectomy, intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes is based on specific therapy for underlying tumor associated to immunomodulators. As in this case, anti-NMDA encephalitis may significantly improve after tumor removal and intra-venous immunoglobuline.

Encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica secundaria a intoxicación por opioides / Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy secondary to opioid toxicity

La encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica es una causa importante de ingreso a unidad de cuidados intensivos. Dicha patología puede ser secundaria a múltiples causas, de las cuales la más común es post paro cardíaco. Sin embargo, no se deben desconocer causas menos comunes como las intoxicaciones, que no necesariamente tendrían un pronóstico tan ominoso, entre las que figuran las medicamentosas, como en este caso por opioides. En este artículo se presenta el caso de una paciente de 31 años con uso crónico de analgésicos para manejo de dolor crónico lumbar, quien acude a un centro hospitalario y recibe múltiples dosis de opioides, desencadenando una depresión respiratoria. Posterior a esto, se documenta un empeoramiento importante de su Glasgow hasta 4, por lo cual requirió manejo en UCI con Ventilación mecánica. La paciente ingresó con gran deterioro con posturas de descerebración, se realizaron neuro imágenes que apoyaron el diagnóstico de encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica propuesto y se realizaron electroencefalogramas que mostraron patrón encefalopático. Sin embargo, la paciente recuperó adecuadamente su funcionalidad y evaluaciones posteriores solo reportaron disfunción ejecutiva en pruebas neuro psicologicas, pero sin repercusión en su vida cotidiana.

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is a major cause for admission to the intensive care unit. This disease can be secondary to multiple causes, of which the most common is post cardiac arrest; however, less common causes, such as poisoning by drugs, as in this case by opioids, which tend to prognosis not necessarily as ominous, should not be ignored. In this paper we present the case of a 31-year-old patient with chronic use of analgesics for the management of chronic low back pain. She went to a hospital and received multiple doses of opioids, triggering respiratory depression. Afterwards, an important worsening of Glasgow coma scales to 4 was documented, which required Intensive care unit and management with mechanical ventilation. The patient was admitted with severe deterioration with decerebrate postures; the performed neuroimaging supported the proposed diagnosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and the conducted EEG showed encephalopathic pattern. However, the patient recovered her functionality and subsequent assessments reported only executive dysfunction in neuro psychological tests, which did not have an impact upon her daily life.

Encefalitis de Bickerstaff: informe de caso y revisión de la literatura / Bickerstaff brain encephalitis: Case report and literature review

En este artículo se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de sexo masculino de 34 años que fue remitido al Instituto Neurológico de Colombia e internado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neurológicos, por la sospecha inicial de un síndrome de Guillain-Barré. La presencia de alteraciones cognitivas durante su evolución, llevó a reconsiderar el diagnóstico presuntivo inicial por el de encefalitis de Bickerstaff. Se describen el tratamiento instaurado y la evolución del paciente, se hacen la revisión de la literatura y la discusión.

We describe the case of a 34-year-old male patient, who was referred to the Instituto Neurológico de Colombia with probable Guillain-Barré syndrome, requiring intensive care management. The presence of cognitive alterations during his evolution, lead the team to reconsider the initial diagnosis for the Bickerstaff´s brainstem encephalitis diagnosis. We aim to describe the patient´s treatment and evolution, as well as a brief review and discussion.

Encefalitis del tallo cerebral y mielitis por Listeria monocytogenes / Brainstem encephalitis and myelitis due to Listeria monocytogenes : a case report and literature review

La romboencefalitis por Listeria monocytogenes es una presentación poco común de la listeriosis del sistema nervioso central; sin embargo, es la presentación más común en personas inmunocompetentes. Aun más rara es la combinación de romboencefalitis con mielitis causada por L. monocytogenes ; no obstante, en este artículo se reporta un caso de encefalitis del tallo y mielitis grave en un paciente sin compromiso del sistema inmunitario. Se presenta un paciente de 21 años de edad, sin deficiencias del sistema inmunitario, que consumió productos lácteos no pasteurizados y, posteriormente, presentó un cuadro de cefalea, vómito, deterioro de su estado general y, finalmente, alteración del estado de conciencia y muerte. Consultó al Instituto Neurológico de Colombia y se hizo diagnóstico de encefalitis del tallo y mielitis por L. monocytogenes . Se discuten las diferencias entre el caso presentado y los reportados en la literatura científica. Ante un paciente con signos de compromiso del tallo cerebral, de posible origen infeccioso, es prudente iniciar tratamiento antibiótico para L. monocytogenes y, en caso de poca respuesta, escalar rápidamente en dicho tratamiento. También lo es extender el estudio radiológico hacia la columna vertebral, con el fin de descartar compromiso de la médula espinal.

Brainstem encephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes is an uncommon form of central nervous system listeriosis; however, it is the most common presentation in immunocompetent individuals. Here, we describe an even more rare combination of rhombencephalitis with severe myelitis caused by L. monocytogenes in an immunocompetent patient. We report the case of a 21-year-old immunocompetent patient who consumed unpasteurized dairy products and experienced headache and vomiting that progressed to an impaired general condition, altered consciousness and ultimately death. The patient had presented to the Neurological Institute of Colombia (INDEC in Spanish) for consultation and was diagnosed with brainstem encephalitis and myelitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes . The differences between this particular case and those reported in the literature will be discussed. It is advisable to initiate antibiotic treatment for Listeria monocytogenes if a patient shows signs of brainstem compromise of possible infectious origin and quickly intensify treatment if there is no or minimal response. It is also necessary to extend radiological assessment to include the spinal column to rule out spinal cord involvement.

Neurosífilis meningovascular con trombosis de la arteria basilar / Meningovascular neurosyphilis with basilar artery thrombosis, a case report and literature review

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 54 años, negativo para VIH, con enfermedad cerebrovascular por trombosis de la arteria basilar, secundaria a neurosífilis meningovascular. La neurosífilis es el compromiso del sistema nervioso central por Treponema pallidum subespecie pallidum en cualquier estadio de la entidad e incluye las formas asintomáticas y sintomáticas de la infección; sus formas de presentación son diversas y dependen de la localización y la extensión de las lesiones. La recomendación actual es el tratamiento con 4 millones de unidades de penicilina cristalina cada 4 horas por 14 días.

Herein a case is described of a 54-years old patient, HIV negative, with cerebro-vascular disease by basilar artery thrombosis secondary to meningovascular neurosyphilis. Neurosyphilis is the impairment at any stage of the central nervous system by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum and includes asymptomatic and symptomatic forms of infection. The presentation can take many forms, depending on the location and extent of tissue damage. The currently recommended treatment is crystalline penicillin, 4 million units every 4 hours for 14 days.

Utilidad del "Ocular Trauma Score" como herramienta de pronóstico visual en lesiones traumáticas oculares / Usefulness of the Ocular Trauma Score as a visual prognostic tool in ocular trauma injuries

OBJETIVO: Analizar la utilidad y aplicabilidad del Sistema de Puntaje del Trauma Ocular para el pronóstico visual en pacientes con trauma en el Servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital Clínicoquirúrgico "Calixto García". MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo, incluyéndose 171 pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de trauma ocular severo, admitidos para ingreso en el periodo comprendido entre enero del 2005 y 2008. Se evaluó a cada paciente inicialmente con el Ocular Trauma Score y se analizó como variable dependiente, la agudeza visual final como mínimo tras 6 meses de seguimiento. Esta variable se analizó con fines comparativos con su valor inicial categorizado y estratificado según el Ocular Trauma Score y con el rango esperado de la misma chi-cuadrado, así como se determinó posibles correlaciones entre esta y otras variables. Se tomaron como significativos valores de p £ 0,05. RESULTADOS: Se realizó un seguimiento promedio de 17,6 meses. La edad promedio fue de 43,89 años, con predominio del sexo masculino (83,32 por ciento). Las lesiones traumáticas "A Globo Cerrado" fueron las más frecuentes (59,5 por ciento), fundamentalmente las contusiones (47,5 por ciento). Las lesiones oculares "A Globo Abierto" se correlacionaron con una baja agudeza visual inicial (r²= 0,78; p= 0,045) y final (r²= 0,86; p= 0,02). Los valores de agudeza visual final real vs. esperada para cada categoría del OTS presentaron correlación significativa (r² > 0,98; p < 0,002) sin diferencias según el test de chi-cuadrado en 25 de las 29 probabilidades pronósticas visuales. CONCLUSIONES: El Ocular Trauma Score es un sistema que proporciona un adecuado y acertado pronóstico en cuanto a la agudeza visual final en pacientes con trauma ocular severo.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the usefulness and applicability of the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) for visual prognosis in patients with ocular trauma at the ophthalmology service of "Calixto García" clinical and surgical hospital. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study including 171 patients diagnosed with severe ocular trauma and admitted to hospital from January 2005 to January 2008 was conducted. Each patient was evaluated by the OTS at the beginning, and the depending variable of the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after six-month follow-up was analyzed. This variable was analyzed to compare its initial value, ranked and stratified according the OTS and chi². The correlations between this variable and the others were determined. Accepted values of p £ 0.05 were considered as significant values. RESULTS: The average length of follow-up was 17.6 months. The mean age was 43.89 years and the male sex prevailed in 83.32 percent of cases. The ocular injuries "Closed globe" were the most frequent (59.5 percent), mainly contusions (47.5 percent). The ocular injuries "Open globe" correlated with low initial visual acuity (r²= 0.78; p= 0.045) and low final visual acuity (r²= 0.86; p= 0.02). The values of real vs expected final visual acuity for each OTS category showed significant correlation (r²> 0.98; p< 0.002), without differences on chi² test in 25 of 29 prognostic visual probabilities. CONCLUSIONS: The Ocular Trauma Score is a system that provides an adequate and accurate prognosis of final visual acuity in patients with severe ocular trauma.

Encefalitis paraneoplásica por anticuerpos contra el receptor de NMDA. Remisión completa después de la resección de un teratoma ovárico / Anti-NMDA receptor paraneoplastic encephalitis: complete recovery after ovarian teratoma removal

Introducción. La presencia de anticuerpos dirigidos contra el receptor de NMDA (N-metil-D-aspartato) se ha asociado recientemente a un síndrome neurológico caracterizado por alteraciones de conciencia, movimientos involuntarios y crisis convulsivas. Se considera como un síndrome paraneoplásico relacionado principalmente con tumores de ovario en mujeres jóvenes, aunque puede presentarse en ausencia de neoplasia. En la mayoría de los casos, se presentan alteraciones graves de conciencia, disautonomía, movimientos involuntarios complejos, hipertermia y fallo respiratorio que requieren tratamiento en unidades de cuidados intensivos. La resección del tumor lleva a la recuperación completa del cuadro clínicocon pocas secuelas neurológicas a largo plazo. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de una paciente joven con alteraciones de conciencia graves y movimientos coreoatetósicos en quien se encontró un teratoma ovárico y la presencia de anticuerpos contra el receptor de NMDA. Los síntomas mejoraron completamente después de la ooferectomía, con una recuperación total sin secuelas neurológicas. Conclusiones. El tratamiento de los síndromes paraneoplásicos reside en el manejo oncológico del tumor subyacente asociado a terapias inmunomoduladoras. Como en este caso, la encefalitis asociada a anticuerpos contra el receptor de NMDA puede mejorar significativamente después de la resección del tumor y tratamiento con inmunoglobulina por vía intravenosa (AU)

Introduction. A paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by neuropsychiatric symptoms, involuntary movements and seizures has been recently associated with antibodies targeting NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor in patients with an ovarian teratoma. Severe neurological impairment is frequent and treatment in the intensive care unit is often required because of ventilatory failure and life-threatening autonomic instability. Tumor removal is curative in many cases and neurological improvement is demonstrated shortly after surgery. Case report. Here we report on a patient with paraneoplastic encephalitis manifested by unconsciousness and coreoathetosic movements related to NMDA receptor antibodies associated with an immature ovarian teratoma grade III. She made a complete recovery after oophorectomy, intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids. Conclusions. Treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes is based on specific therapy for underlying tumor associated to immunomodulators. As in this case, anti-NMDA encephalitis may significantly improve after tumor removal and intravenous immunoglobuline (AU)