Pain Intensity, Pressure Pain Hypersensitivity, Central Sensitization, and Pain Catastrophizing Related to Vascular Alterations in Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Preliminary Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pain intensity, widespread pressure pain, central sensitization (CS), and catastrophizing between subjects with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and healthy controls and to compare the relationships between vascular impairment and pain perception. METHODS: A preliminary case-control study was performed with a total sample of 57 participants (37 with RP). Sociodemographic data, clinical/vascular data, and pain variables (pain intensity, pressure pain sensitivity, pain magnitude and threshold, CS, and catastrophizing) were registered. Results were analyzed by analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation. RESULTS: Participants with RP had a lower basal temperature (more vasoconstriction) in their hands (P ≤ 0.012), higher pain intensity (P ≤ 0.001), higher electrical pain magnitude (P < 0.001), and lower pressure pain (P ≤ 0.05) and electrical pain (P < 0.001) thresholds in comparison with healthy controls. Secondary RP participants showed a significantly higher level of CS compared with controls and primary RP participants (P = 0.001). Catastrophizing was higher in the primary and secondary RP (P ≤ 0.001) groups than in controls. No correlations were observed between severity of vasoconstriction and pain variables. CONCLUSIONS: RP participants showed bilateral hypersensitivity to pressure pain. However, the severity of vascular alterations seems not to be related to central pain experiences. Additional mechanisms such as catastrophizing may influence pain in RP; nevertheless, central sensitization only appears to be involved in the secondary form of RP.

[Effects of a recreational general physical activity program with short term and moderate intensity of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive patients over 50 years old]. / Efecto de un programa lúdico de actividad física general de corta duración y moderada intensidad sobre las cifras de presión arterial y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en hipertensos mayores de 50 años.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a recreational general physical activity program with moderate intensity and short duration on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors (BMI, cholesterol, Rest Heart Rate, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides) in hypertensive patients older than 50years. DESIGN: Non-randomised pre-post design, quasi-experimental study. LOCATION: Íllora, Granada, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 60 subjects aged 50-75years taking part in the Health Hypertensive Program in the Medical Centre were selected. INTERVENTION: A recreational general physical activity program, mainly aerobic capacity, of 4weeks duration, 3days/week, and an intensity of 45-55% HR Reserve. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: SBP, DBP, HR, BMI, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG, and Glucose. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Statistically significant decreases (P<.05) were observed in BMI (-0.51%; 95%CI: 30.26 to 31.93units), HR (-5.57beats/min; 95%CI: 68.76 to 71.73beats/min), SBP (-14.82mmHg; 95%CI: 131.57 to 137.52mmHg), DBP (-5.33mmHg; 95%CI: 78.94 to 83.68mmHg), Glucose (-7.63mg/dL; 95%CI: 125.06 to 153.73mg/dL) and REGICOR risk (-20.46%; 95%CI: 5.45 to 6.90%). Statistically significant increases were observed in HDL (+2.82mg/dl; 95%CI: 46.78 to 52.11mmHg), and TG (+8.27mg/dl; 95%CI: 133.89 to 152.60mg/dL). Men had a wider variation in HR and DBP, and women in SBP (P<.05). Subjects with baseline SBP≥160mmHg experienced greater declines in HR, SBP, DBP, Glucose and TG (-10.67beats/min, -31mmHg, -8.27mmHg, -10.86mg/dL, and 34.66mg/dL, respectively) than those with an initial SBP<160mmHg, where there was an increase in HDL and a decrease in LDL. After this program, improvements in BP and other cardiovascular risk factors were obtained in hypertensive subjects over 50years.

Association of cardiovascular emerging risk factors with acute coronary syndrome and stroke: A case-control study.

In this study, we estimated the risk of acute coronary syndrome and stroke associated with several emerging cardiovascular risk factors. This was a case-control study, where an age - and sex-matched acute coronary syndrome group and stroke group were compared with controls. Demographic and clinical data were collected through patient interviews, and blood samples were taken for analysis. In the bivariate analysis, all cardiovascular risk factors analyzed showed as predictors of acute coronary syndrome and stroke, except total cholesterol and smoking. In the multivariate logistic regression model for acute coronary syndrome, hypertension and body mass index, N-terminal section brain natriuretic peptide and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A were independent predictors. For stroke, the predictors were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and N-terminal section brain natriuretic peptide. Controlling for age, sex, and classical cardiovascular risk factors, N-terminal section brain natriuretic peptide and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A were independent emerging cardiovascular risk factors for acute coronary syndrome, but pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A was not for stroke. High levels of cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with no episodes of cardiovascular disease requires the implementation of prevention programs, given that at least half of them are modifiable.

A randomized controlled trial of a mixed Kinesio taping-compression technique on venous symptoms, pain, peripheral venous flow, clinical severity and overall health status in postmenopausal women with chronic venous insufficiency.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of a mixed Kinesio taping treatment in women with chronic venous insufficiency. DESIGN: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Clinical setting. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and twenty postmenopausal women with mild-moderate chronic venous insufficiency were randomly assigned to an experimental group receiving standardized Kinesio taping treatment for gastrocnemius muscle enhancement and ankle functional correction, or to a placebo control group for simulated Kinesio taping. MAIN OUTCOMES VARIABLES: Venous symptoms, pain, photoplethysmographic measurements, bioelectrical impedance, temperature, severity and overall health were recorded at baseline and after four weeks of treatment. RESULTS: The 2 × 2 mixed model ANCOVA with repeated measurements showed statistically significant group * time interaction for heaviness (F = 22.99, p = 0.002), claudication (F = 8.57, p = 0.004), swelling (F = 22.58, p = 0.001), muscle cramps (F = 7.14, p = 0.008), venous refill time (right: F = 9.45, p = 0.023; left: F = 14.86, p = 0.001), venous pump function (right: F = 35.55, p = 0.004; left: F = 17.39 p = 0.001), extracellular water (right: F = 35.55, p = 0.004; left: F = 23.84, p = 0.001), severity (F = 18.47, p = 0.001), physical function (F = 9.15, p = 0.003) and body pain (F = 3.36, p = 0.043). Both groups reported significant reduction in pain. CONCLUSION: Mixed Kinesio taping-compression therapy improves symptoms, peripheral venous flow and severity and slightly increases overall health status in females with mild chronic venous insufficiency. Kinesio taping may have a placebo effect on pain.

Influence of exercise on mood in postmenopausal women.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of an exercise programme on postmenopausal women with symptoms of anxiety and depression. BACKGROUND: The menopause is a period of hormonal changes when mood variations are probably more severe than at any other period of women's lives. DESIGN: Prospective study with control group and pre- and post-treatment measures, after six months treatment. Conducted at two healthcare clinics, in the province of Granada (Spain). METHODS: A convenience sample of 60 postmenopausal women aged 60-70 years, with symptoms of depression and anxiety, was recruited. The women were randomly divided into two groups: (1) control group, no treatment (n = 30); (2) exercise group, which carried out a programme of mixed physical exercises with musical support (n = 30). All subjects answered questionnaires for the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Brink and Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale before and after treatment. RESULTS: In the exercise group, statistically significant improvements were observed in subjects with moderate and severe depression (18 and 22%, respectively) and in those with symptoms of anxiety. No such changes were observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: A controlled programme of physical exercise for postmenopausal women alleviates symptoms of anxiety and depression, and its inclusion in primary healthcare programmes should be considered. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Menopausal women may benefit from physical exercise, which attenuates the effects of the physiological and psychological changes associated with the menopause and prevents pathologic changes.

Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Muscle Damage after Strength Exercise: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effect of antioxidant consumption on markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage after performing a muscle strength exercise. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements were followed. Four databases were used: Scopus, PubMed, WOS and SportDiscus. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. RESULTS: A total of 1709 articles were retrieved and following duplicate removal and application of exclusion criteria seven articles were reviewed. Supplementation with pomegranate juice alleviates oxidative stress, taurine reduces muscle damage, melatonin protects the skeletal muscles, blueberries decrease oxidation and oats mitigate muscle damage. CONCLUSIONS: Acute administration of antioxidants immediately before or during an exercise session can have beneficial effects, such as delay of fatigue and a reduction in the recovery period. Administration of antioxidant susbtances may reduce muscle damage and oxidative stress markers.

Analysis of deep tissue hypersensitivity to pressure pain in professional pianists with insidious mechanical neck pain.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate whether pressure pain hyperalgesia is a feature of professional pianists suffering from neck pain as their main playing-related musculoskeletal disorder. METHODS: Twenty-three active expert pianists, 6 males and 17 females (age: 36 ± 12 years) with insidious neck pain and 23 pianists, 9 males and 14 females (age: 38 ± 10 years) without neck pain the previous year were recruited. A numerical pain rate scale, Neck Disability Index, hand size and pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were assessed bilaterally over the C5-C6 zygapophyseal joint, deltoid muscle, the second metacarpal and the tibialis anterior muscle in a blinded design. RESULTS: The results showed that PPT levels were significantly decreased bilaterally over the second metacarpal and tibialis anterior muscles (P < 0.05), but not over C5-C6 zygapophyseal joint and deltoid muscle (P > 0.10), in pianists with neck pain as compared to healthy pianists. Pianists with neck pain had a smaller (P < 0.05) hand size (mean: 181.8 ± 11.8) as compared to pianists without neck pain (mean: 188. 6 ± 13.1). PPT over the tibialis anterior muscles was negatively correlated with the intensity of neck pain. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed pressure pain hypersensitivity over distant non-symptomatic distant points but not over the symptomatic areas in pianists suffering from neck pain. In addition, pianists with neck pain also had smaller hand size than those without neck pain. Future studies are needed to further determine the relevance of these findings in the clinical course of neck pain as playing-related musculoskeletal disorder in professional pianists.

[Effects of acute supplementation with beta-alanine on a limited time test at maximum aerobic speed on endurance athletes]. / Efectos de la suplementación aguda con beta-alanina sobre una prueba de tiempo límite a velocidad aeróbica máxima en atletas de resistencia.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the beta-alanine (BA) is one of the ergogenic aid most used by athletes, but the majority of the studies center the research on chronic supplementation. Objectives: to determine the acute effect of BA supplementation on a limited time test (LTT) at maximum aerobic speed (MAS) on endurance athletes. Material and method: eleven endurance athletes (VO2max 61.6 ± 9.5 mLO2•kg-1•min-1) were part of the study. The study consisted of a double-blind, cross-over intra-subject design, and the BA supplementation was 30 mg•kg-1 or placebo (PL) 60 minutes before completing a LTT. The variables were: time and distance in LTT, and post-effort lactate concentrations ([La]) in minutes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. The Student's t test was used for the analysis and the size of the effect (SE) was measured through Cohen's d test. Results: the time on LTT showed significant differences between BA and PL (p = 0.047; SE = 0.48). No significant differences were seen between both groups (p = 0.071; SE = 0.48), and [La] showed significant differences between both groups in minutes 3, 5 and 7, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusion: acute supplementation with BA showed a significant increase in the execution time in LTT in the intensities connected to MAS. Hence, acute supplementation with BA is an ergogenic aid that could be considered by resistance athletes in order to increase the athletic performance.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la beta-alanina (BA) es una de las ayudas ergogénicas más utilizadas actualmente por deportistas, pero la mayoría de los estudios centran su investigación en la suplementación prolongada. Objetivos: determinar el efecto agudo de la suplementación con BA sobre una prueba de tiempo límite (PTL) a velocidad aeróbica máxima (VAM) en atletas de resistencia. Material y método: once atletas de resistencia (VO2máx 61,6 ± 9,5 mLO2•kg-1•min-1) fueron parte del estudio. El diseño fue doble ciego, cruzado intrasujeto, y la suplementación de BA fue de 30 mg•kg-1 o placebo (PL) 60 minutos antes de completar una PTL. Las variables fueron: tiempo y distancia en la PTL y concentraciones de lactato ([La]) postesfuerzo en los minutos 1, 3, 5, 7 y 9. Para el análisis se utilizó una prueba t de Student y el tamaño del efecto (TE) se realizó mediante la prueba d de Cohen. Resultados: el tiempo en la PTL evidenció diferencias significativas entre la BA y PL (p = 0,047; TE = 0,48). No se observaron diferencias significativas en distancia entre ambos grupos (p = 0,071; TE = 0,48) y las [La] evidenciaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en los minutos 3, 5 y 7, respectivamente (p < 0,05). Conclusión: la suplementación aguda con BA evidenció aumentos significativos en el tiempo de ejecución en la PTL a intensidades correspondientes a VAM. Por lo anterior, la suplementación aguda con BA es una ayuda ergogénica que podría ser considerada por los atletas de resistencia para aumentar el rendimiento deportivo.

[TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS AS A RISK FACTOR DURING PREGNANCY; BIOLOGICAL MODELING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW]. / NIVEL DE TRIGLICÉRIDOS COMO FACTOR DE RIESGO DURANTE EL EMBARAZO; MODELADO BIOLÓGICO; REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA.

INTRODUCTION: introduction: Some of the diseases that can appear in pregnancy (gestational diabetes, hypertension and preeclampsia) are being associated with an increased risk of heart throughout life diseases. This should be present in future assessments of the health of women. One of the most important biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases is the triglyceride level, and that undergoes a significant change during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: the objective of this review is to analyze the studies that have investigated triglyceride levels during pregnancy as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the last weeks of pregnancy and childbirth. METHODS: a systematic search was made and 14 specific articles on the subject were selected following the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: in normal pregnancy decreased the level of lipids in the first weeks, followed by a gradual increase. Especially high from the 12th week of gestation. This increase in plasma levels of circulating lipids occurs linearly, reaching a peak a few days before delivery. This increase results because of the increased estrogen levels and insulin resistance. It has also been associated with prolactin levels. CONCLUSIONS: through this review, it has been able to demonstrate the relationship of elevated triglycerides some pathologies or more frequent changes in risk pregnancies, in which a significantly higher elevation occurs compared to normal pregnancies. It is in this context that the biological modeling may be particularly important, facilitating the creation of models and percentile curves applicable to the population, and allow monitoring of changes in triglycerides, which end up pointing situations passing be predictors of a potentially pathological situation. Thus, appropriate interventions would be carried rafter more briefly, and see so favored adequate primary prevention.

Introducción: algunas de las patologías que se pueden presentar en el embarazo (diabetes gestacional, hipertensión y preeclampsia) se están relacionando con un aumento del riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares a lo largo de la vida. Esto se debe tener en cuenta en las futuras valoraciones de la salud de las mujeres. Uno de los biomarcadores más importantes en las enfermedades cardiovasculares es el nivel de triglicéridos, que experimenta un importante cambio durante la gestación. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los estudios que han investigado los niveles de triglicéridos durante el embarazo como factor de riesgo cardiovascular en las últimas semanas de gestación y en el parto. Métodos: se ha efectuado una búsqueda sistemática y se seleccionaron 14 artículos específicos sobre el tema, siguiendo las directrices PRISMA. Resultados: en el embarazo normal tiene lugar un descenso del nivel de lípidos en las primeras semanas, seguido de un aumento progresivo, especialmente notable a partir de la semana 12 de gestación. Este incremento de las concentraciones plasmáticas de lípidos circulantes se produce de forma lineal, hasta alcanzar un pico máximo unos días antes del parto. Esta subida se debe al aumento de los niveles de estrógenos y a la resistencia a la insulina. También se ha relacionado con los niveles de prolactina. Conclusiones: a través de la presente revisión se ha podido constatar la relación del aumento de los triglicéridos en algunas de las patologías o alteraciones más frecuentes en los embarazos de riesgo, en las que se produce una elevación significativamente mayor que en los embarazos normales. Es en este contexto en el que el modelado biológico puede cobrar una relevancia especial, facilitando la creación de modelos y curvas de percentiles aplicables a la población, y que permitan un seguimiento de los cambios en la trigliceridemia, que acaben señalando aquellas situaciones que pasan a ser predictores de una situación potencialmente patológica. De este modo, las oportunas intervenciones serían llevadas a cabo con mayor brevedad, viéndose así favorecida una adecuada prevención primaria.

[Breastfeeding as a method to prevent cardiovascular diseases in the mother and the child]. / LACTANCIA MATERNA COMO MÉTODO PARA PREVENIR ALTERACIONES CARDIOVASCULARES EN LA MADRE Y EL NIÑO.

INTRODUCTION: Breastfeeding is a recommended practice from all health institutions, both national and international, due to the benefits that it provides for both the nursling's and the mother's health. It has been proved that mothers who breastfeed their children suffer from less cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, than those women who have never done it. AIM: The goal of this review is to analyse the studies that have done some research on breastfeeding as a protection from cardiovascular diseases in the mother and the infant. METHODS: A systematic search has been carried out and 10 meta-analysis or reviews, 8 original articles of clinical studies, 31 longitudinal or cohort studies and 7 correlational studies of large sample and descriptive were selected. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death for women all over the world. Diet, exercise, quitting smoking and blood pressure control are well-known methods to prevent cardiovascular diseases. It has been shown that breastfeeding has a positive impact on the mother and child's blood pressure level, both in the short term and the long term. It is, thus, necessary to provide further information for the population so as to promote breastfeeding and know its benefits.

Introducción: La lactancia materna es una práctica recomendada desde las instituciones sanitarias nacionales e internaciones, debido a los beneficios que reporta para la salud, tanto del lactante como de la madre. Se ha comprobado que los problemas cardiovasculares de las madres que lactan son menores que las de aquellas que no lo han hecho nunca, entre ellos, la hipertensión arterial. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los estudios que han investigado la lactancia materna, como protección frente a los problemas cardiovasculares de la madre y el niño. Métodos: Se ha efectuado una búsqueda sistemática y se seleccionaron 12 meta-análisis o revisiones, 7 artículos originales de ensayos clínicos, 39 estudios de cohorte o longitudinales y 14 estudios correlacionales de muestra amplia y descriptivos. Resultados/conclusión: La enfermedad cardiovascular es la principal causa de muerte de las mujeres en todo el mundo. La dieta, el ejercicio, dejar de fumar y el control de la presión arterial son todos reconocidos como elementos clave en la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se ha demostrado que la lactancia materna influye positivamente en los niveles de la presión arterial materna y del niño, tanto a corto como a largo plazo. Es, pues, necesario facilitar más información a la población para promocionar la lactancia materna y conocer así sus beneficios.

Efectos de la suplementación aguda con beta-alanina sobre una prueba de tiempo límite a velocidad aeróbica máxima en atletas de resistencia / Effects of acute supplementation with beta-alanine on a limited time test at maximum aerobic speed on endurance athletes

Introducción: la beta-alanina (BA) es una de las ayudas ergogénicas más utilizadas actualmente por deportistas, pero la mayoría de los estudios centran su investigación en la suplementación prolongada. Objetivos: determinar el efecto agudo de la suplementación con BA sobre una prueba de tiempo límite (PTL) a velocidad aeróbica máxima (VAM) en atletas de resistencia. Material y método: once atletas de resistencia (VO2máx 61,6 ± 9,5 mLO2·kg-1·min-1) fueron parte del estudio. El diseño fue doble ciego, cruzado intrasujeto, y la suplementación de BA fue de 30 mg·kg-1 o placebo (PL) 60 minutos antes de completar una PTL. Las variables fueron: tiempo y distancia en la PTL y concentraciones de lactato ([La]) postesfuerzo en los minutos 1, 3, 5, 7 y 9. Para el análisis se utilizó una prueba t de Student y el tamaño del efecto (TE) se realizó mediante la prueba d de Cohen. Resultados: el tiempo en la PTL evidenció diferencias significativas entre la BA y PL (p = 0,047; TE = 0,48). No se observaron diferencias significativas en distancia entre ambos grupos (p = 0,071; TE = 0,48) y las [La] evidenciaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en los minutos 3, 5 y 7, respectivamente (p < 0,05). Conclusión: la suplementación aguda con BA evidenció aumentos significativos en el tiempo de ejecución en la PTL a intensidades correspondientes a VAM. Por lo anterior, la suplementación aguda con BA es una ayuda ergogénica que podría ser considerada por los atletas de resistencia para aumentar el rendimiento deportivo

Introduction: the beta-alanine (BA) is one of the ergogenic aid most used by athletes, but the majority of the studies center the research on chronic supplementation. Objectives: to determine the acute effect of BA supplementation on a limited time test (LTT) at maximum aerobic speed (MAS) on endurance athletes. Material and method: eleven endurance athletes (VO2max 61.6 ± 9.5 mLO2·kg-1·min-1) were part of the study. The study consisted of a double-blind, cross-over intra-subject design, and the BA supplementation was 30 mg·kg-1 or placebo (PL) 60 minutes before completing a LTT. The variables were: time and distance in LTT, and post-effort lactate concentrations ([La]) in minutes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. The Student's t test was used for the analysis and the size of the effect (SE) was measured through Cohen's d test. Results: the time on LTT showed significant differences between BA and PL (p = 0.047; SE = 0.48). No significant differences were seen between both groups (p = 0.071; SE = 0.48), and [La] showed significant differences between both groups in minutes 3, 5 and 7, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusion: acute supplementation with BA showed a significant increase in the execution time in LTT in the intensities connected to MAS. Hence, acute supplementation with BA is an ergogenic aid that could be considered by resistance athletes in order to increase the athletic performance

[Effect of phlebodium decumanum and coenzyme Q10 on sports performance in professional volleyball players]. / Efecto del phlebodium decumanum y de la coenzima Q10 sobre el rendimiento deportivo en jugadores profesionales de voleibol.

INTRODUCTION: Physical training programmes are based on provoking transitory states of fatigue in order to induce super compensation by the biological systems involved in the activity, in order to improve the athlete's medium-long term performance. The administration of nutritional supplements with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, such as Phlebodium decumanum and coenzyme Q10, can be a very advantageous means of achieving recovery from the inflammation and tissue damage caused by the stress of prolonged, intense exercise. METHODOLOGY: An experimental, longitudinal, double- blind experiment was conducted, with three randomised groups obtained from a sample of 30 male volleyball players (aged 22-32 years) at the University of Granada, with a high level of training (17 hours a week during the 6 months preceding the study). The effects were then evaluated of a month-long physical training programme, common to all the study groups, associated with the simultaneous administration of the following nutritional supplements: Phlebodium decumanum (4 capsules of 400 mg/capsule, daily), Experimental Group 1; Phlebodium decumanum (same dose and schedule as Group 1) plus coenzyme Q10 (4 capsules of 30 mg/ capsule, daily), Experimental Group 2; a placebo substance, Control Group. The following dependent blood variables were examined to assess the effects of the intervention on the basal immune and endocrine-metabolic profile: cortisol and interleukin-6, both related to the axis of exercise-induced stress; and lactic acid and ammonium, related essentially to the anaerobic metabolism of energy. RESULTS: All the study groups presented favourable adaptive changes with respect to the endocrine-metabolic and immune profile, as reflected by a significant decrease in the post-test concentrations of cortisol, interleukin 6, lactic acid and ammonium, compared to the values recorded before the physical activity with/without nutritional supplement, per protocol. The groups that achieved the most favourable profile were those which had received nutritional supplementation, rather than the placebo, and among the former, those which had received the double- strength supplement with Phlebodium decumanum plus coenzyme Q10. CONCLUSIONS: The intake of Phlebodium decumanum plus coenzyme Q10 for 4 weeks produced protective effects on the endocrine-metabolic and immune profile, which we attribute to the immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of these substances, which are highly beneficial not only in terms of delaying fatigue and improving athletic performance, but also in reducing the risk of injuries associated with high intensity exercise.

Introducción: Los programas de entrenamiento físico, se basan en provocar estados de fatiga transitoria para inducir supercompensaciones de los sistemas biológicos implicados en la actividad, con el objeto mejorar el rendimiento del deportista a medio-largo plazo. La administración de suplementos nutricionales con propiedades antioxidantes e inmunomoduladoras, como Phlebodium decumanum y Coenzima Q10, constituyen medidas muy ventajosas para la recuperación de la inflamación y el daño tisular originados por el estrés del ejercicio intenso y mantenido. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un diseño experimental, longitudinal, a doble ciego, con tres grupos randomizados a partir de una muestra de 30 jugadores varones de voleibol (22-32 años) de la Universidad de Granada, con un nivel de entrenamiento alto (17 horas por semana en los 6 meses previos a la investigación). Se evaluaron los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento físico de un mes de duración, común a todos los grupos de estudio, asociado a la administración simultánea de suplementos nutricionales a base de Phlebodium decumanum (4 cápsulas de 400 mg/ cáp. al día) el Grupo Experimental 1, Phlebodium decumanum (la misma dosis y posología que el grupo 1) más Coenzima Q10 (4 cápsulas de 30 mg/cáp al día) el Grupo Experimental 2, y sustancia placebo, el Grupo Control. Las variables dependientes sanguíneas para valorar los efectos de dicha intervención sobre el perfil endocrinometabólico e inmunológico basales fueron: cortisol e interleuquina 6 relacionados ambos con el eje del estrés inducido por el ejercicio, y ácido láctico y amonio, vinculados esencialmente, al metabolismo energético anaeróbio. Resultados: Todos los grupos del estudio manifestaron cambios adaptativos favorables sobre el perfil endocri no- metabólico e inmunológico, que se objetivaron a través de un descenso significativo basal postest de las concentraciones de cortisol, interleuquina 6, ácido láctico y amoniaco, respecto a los valores previos a la intervención actividad física ± suplemención nutricional protocolizada. Los grupos que mostraron un perfil más favorable, fueron los que recibieron suplementación nutricional frente a placebo, y de entre los primeros, los sujetos que tomaron doble suplementación con Phlebodium decumanum más Coenzima Q10. Conclusiones: La ingesta de Phlebodium decumanum y de Coenzima Q10 durante 4 semanas, mostró efectos protectores sobre el perfil endocrino-metabólico e inmunológico basales, que atribuimos a las propiedades inmunomoduladoras y antioxidantes de ambas sustancias, lo que no sólo resulta altamente beneficioso para retrasar la fatiga y mejorar el rendimiento deportivo, sino también, para disminuir el riesgo de lesiones asociadas al ejercicio físico de alta intensidad.

Time to fatigue on lactate threshold and supplementation with sodium bicarbonate in middle-distance college athletes / Tiempo hasta la fatiga sobre el umbral láctico y suplementación con bicarbonato de sodio en corredores de medio fondo universitarios

Introduction: There have been many researches that have attempted to improve sports performance based on supplementation with different buffer substances. Within this group of substances, sodium bicarbonate supplementation has been widely used in both cyclic and acyclic sports. In the case of cyclic sports, it has been tried to improve the performance of pedestrian races at different percentages of peak oxygen uptake. However, the results on intensity over anaerobic threshold have been contradictory. Objective: To determine the performance variation based on execution in a endurance test after sodium bicarbonate administration. The second aim to evaluate the levels of blood lactate in the finish of endurance test. Material and method: Five college athletes of middle-endurance and endurance race runners were subjects in the study. The variables measured were: effort maximum time (in seconds) measured through a endurance test, and maximum lactate post effort. All athletes were administered sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g·Kg-1 body mass) or a placebo (0.045 g·Kg-1 body mass) an hour before each endurance test. Student’s t-test (lactate) and Wilcoxon (time) was used for the statistical analysis. The size of the effect was calculated with Cohen’s d-test. Results: The effort maximum time showed a significant increase (P < 0.042; size of the effect = 0.852) as well as lactate concentrations post effort (P < 0.022; size of the effect = 1.987). Conclusions: The results of the study showed that the supplementation whit sodium bicarbonate generates an increase in the performance and lactate concentrations post effort, when the race speed surpass by seven percent the anaerobic threshold speed

Introducción: Han sido muchas las investigaciones que han intentado mejorar el rendimiento deportivo en base a la suplementación con diferentes sustancias buffer. Dentro de este grupo de sustancias, la suplementación con bicarbonato de sodio ha sido ampliamente utilizada tanto en deportes cíclicos como acíclicos. En el caso de deportes cíclicos, se ha experimentado mejorar el rendimiento de carreras pedestres a diferentes porcentajes del consumo máximo de oxigeno. Sin embargo, los resultados a intensidades por sobre el umbral láctico han sido contradictorios. Objetivo: Determinar la variación del rendimiento en base al tiempo de ejecución y producción de lactato post esfuerzo en una prueba de resistencia a una intensidad por sobre el UL posterior a la suplementación con bicarbonato de sodio. Material y métodos: Cinco atletas de medio fondo y fondo universitarios fueron parte del estudio. Las variables medidas fueron: tiempo máximo de esfuerzo (segundos) evaluado a través de una prueba de tiempo límite y lactato máximo post esfuerzo. Una hora antes de cada prueba de tiempo límite los atletas fueron suplementados con bicarbonato de sodio (0,3 g·Kg-1 masa corporal) o un placebo (0,045 g·Kg-1 masa corporal). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba t de Student (lactato) y Wilcoxon (tiempo). El tamaño del efecto fue calculado con la prueba d de Cohen. Resultados: El tiempo máximo de esfuerzo tuvo incrementos significativos (p < 0,042; tamaño del efecto = 0,852), al igual que las concentraciones de lactato post esfuerzo (p < 0,022; tamaño del efecto = 1,987). Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio mostraron que la suplementación con bicarbonato de sodio genera un aumento en el rendimiento y en las concentraciones de lactato post esfuerzo, cuando la velocidad de desplazamiento sobrepasa un siete por ciento la velocidad de umbral láctico

Comparative study on the effectiveness of myofascial release manual therapy and physical therapy for venous insufficiency in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVES: Venous insufficiency is present in a large number of postmenopausal women, increasing their risk of disability. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of myofascial release therapy and conventional kinesiotherapy on venous blood circulation, pain and quality of life in postmenopausal patients with venous insufficiency. METHODS: A randomised controlled trial was undertaken. We enrolled 65 postmenopausal women with stage I or II venous insufficiency on the clinical, aetiological, anatomical and physiopathological (CEAP) scale of venous disorders, randomly assigning them to a control (n=32) or experimental (n=33) group. The control and experimental group patients underwent physical venous return therapy (kinesiotherapy) for a 10-week period, during which the experimental group patients also received 20 sessions of myofascial release therapy. Main outcome measures determined pre- and post-intervention were blood pressure, cell mass, intracellular water, basal metabolism, venous velocity, skin temperature, pain and quality of life. RESULTS: Basal metabolism (P<0.047), intracellular water (P<0.041), diastolic blood pressure (P<0.046), venous blood flow velocity (P<0.048), pain (P<0.039) and emotional role (P<0.047) were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group after the 10-week treatment programme. CONCLUSION: The combination of myofascial release therapy and kinesiotherapy improves the venous return blood flow, pain and quality of life in postmenopausal women with venous insufficiency.

Efecto de un programa lúdico de actividad física general de corta duración y moderada intensidad sobre las cifras de presión arterial y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en hipertensos mayores de 50 años / Effects of a recreational general physical activity program with short term and moderate intensity of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive patients over 50 years old

Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de un programa recreativo de actividad física general, de intensidad moderada y corta duración, sobre las cifras de hipertensión arterial y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) en hipertensos mayores de 50 años. Diseño: Estudio cuasi-experimental no aleatorizado con diseño pre-post. Emplazamiento: Íllora (Granada). Participantes: Sesenta sujetos sedentarios de 50-75 años pertenecientes al programa de hipertensos del Centro de Salud. Intervención: Programa lúdico de actividad física general donde predomina la capacidad aeróbica, 3días/semana, durante 4 semanas, y una intensidad del 45-55% de la FC Reserva. Mediciones principales: PAS, PAD, FC, IMC, colesterol total, HDL, LDL, TG y glucosa. Resultados y conclusiones: Disminuciones estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05) en el IMC (-0,51%; IC95%: 30,26-31,93 unid), la FC (-5,57 lat/min; IC95%: 68,76-71,73 lat/min), la PAS (-14,82 mmHg; IC95%: 131,57-137,52 mmHg), la PAD (-5,33 mmHg; IC95%: 78,94-83,68 mmHg), la glucosa (-7,63 mg/dl; IC95%: 125,06-153,73 mg/dl) y el riesgo REGICOR (-20,46%; IC95%: 5,45-6,90%). Aumentos estadísticamente significativos en el HDL (+2,82mg/dl; IC95%: 46,78-52,11 mg/dl) y los TG (+8,27 mg/dl; IC95% 133,89-152,60 mg/dl). Según el sexo, los hombres presentaron la mayor variación en la FC y la PAD, y las mujeres en la PAS (p < 0,05). Sujetos con valores iniciales de PAS≥160mmHg experimentaron mayores descensos de FC, PAS, PAD, glucosa y TG (-(-10,67lat/min, -31mmHg, -8,27mmHg, -10,86mg/dl y 34,66mg/dl, respectivamente) que aquellos con PAS inicial < 160 mmHg, donde aumentó el HDL y disminuyó el LDL. Tras este programa se obtuvieron mejoras en la presión arterial y otros FRCV en sujetos hipertensos mayores de 50 años (AU)

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of a recreational general physical activity program with moderate intensity and short duration on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors (BMI, cholesterol, Rest Heart Rate, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides) in hypertensive patients older than 50 years. Design: Non-randomised pre-post design, quasi-experimental study. Location: Íllora, Granada, Spain. Participants: A total of 60 subjects aged 50-75 years taking part in the Health Hypertensive Program in the Medical Centre were selected. Intervention: A recreational general physical activity program, mainly aerobic capacity, of 4weeks duration, 3days/week, and an intensity of 45-55% HR Reserve. Main measurements: SBP, DBP, HR, BMI, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG, and Glucose. Results and conclusions: Statistically significant decreases (P < .05) were observed in BMI (-0.51%; 95%CI: 30.26 to 31.93 units), HR (-5.57 beats/min; 95% CI: 68.76 to 71.73 beats/min), SBP (-14.82 mmHg; 95%CI: 131.57 to 137.52 mmHg), DBP (-5.33 mmHg; 95%CI: 78.94 to 83.68 mmHg), Glucose (-7.63 mg/dL; 95%CI: 125.06 to 153.73 mg/dL) and REGICOR risk (-20.46%; 95%CI: 5.45 to 6.90%). Statistically significant increases were observed in HDL (+2.82 mg/dl; 95%CI: 46.78 to 52.11 mmHg), and TG (+8.27 mg/dl; 95%CI: 133.89 to 152.60 mg/dL). Men had a wider variation in HR and DBP, and women in SBP (P<.05). Subjects with baseline SBP≥160 mmHg experienced greater declines in HR, SBP, DBP, Glucose and TG (-10.67 beats/min, -31 mmHg, -8.27 mmHg, -10.86mg/dL, and 34.66mg/dL, respectively) than those with an initial SBP<160 mmHg, where there was an increase in HDL and a decrease in LDL. After this program, improvements in BP and other cardiovascular risk factors were obtained in hypertensive subjects over 50 years (AU)

Influence of intermittent aerobic performance on the variables of static and dynamic apnea performances / Influencia del rendimiento aeróbico intermitente sobre las variables de rendimiento de la apnea estática y dinámica

Over the last years, sport diving has become one of the most studied physical activities. Several physiological responses have been described and analyzed during immersions of static, dynamic, and deep apnea sessions. These analyses, and several others, have been focused mainly on the cardiovascular and hemodynamic changes that this activity produces. Objective: To determine the influence of aerobic performance of static and dynamic apnea before and after an out-water training based on the average velocity of a 12-minute test. Material and Method: Eight apnea scuba divers of the Chilean Navy were part of this study. The variables measured were: aerobic performance measured through a 12-minute test, static and dynamic apnea. The protocol used for the aerobic performance development was a study based on the average velocity of a 12-minute test. The statistical analysis was performed with Student's t-test and the size of the effect with Cohen's d test. Results: The aerobic performance showed a significant increase between the pre and post-test (p < 0.001; size of the effect = 1.263). The static apnea did not show significant modifications (p > 0.05; size of the effect = 0.025). Lastly, the dynamic apnea showed a significant increase in both measurements (p < 0.05; size of the effect = 0.404). Conclusions: The result of the study showed that increasing the aerobic performance generates a rise in the distance of dynamic apnea. For that reason, it is suggested that apnea scuba divers perform out-water trainings based on the average velocity of 12-minute test as a complement to their immersion training

En los últimos años, el buceo deportivo se ha convertido en una de las actividades físicas más estudiadas. Dentro de estas investigaciones, se han descrito y analizado las respuestas fisiológicas corporales durante las inmersiones de apnea estática y dinámica. De forma específica, los análisis se han centrado principalmente en los cambios cardiovasculares y hemodinámicos que esta actividad deportiva produce. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del rendimiento aeróbico en la apnea estática y dinámica antes y después de un entrenamiento fuera del agua basado en la velocidad promedio obtenida a través del test de 12 minutos. Material y Método: Ocho buceadores de apnea perteneciente a la Escuela Naval de la Armada de Chile fueron parte del estudio. Las variables medidas fueron: rendimiento aeróbico a través del test de 12 minutos, apnea estática y dinámica. El protocolo usado para el desarrollo del rendimiento aeróbico fue basado en la velocidad promedio del test de 12 minutos. El análisis estadístico fue realizado a través de una t de Student y el tamaño del efecto con una d de Cohen. Resultados: El rendimiento aeróbico mostró incrementos significativos entre el pre test y el post test (p < 0,001; tamaño del efecto = 1,263). La apnea estática no mostró cambios significativos (p > 0,05; tamaño del efecto = 0,025). Finalmente, la apnea dinámica mostró incrementos significativos entre ambas mediciones (p < 0,05; tamaño del efecto = 0,404). Conclusiones: El resultado del estudio mostró que un incremento en el rendimiento aeróbico genera un aumento en la distancia alcanzada en apnea dinámica. Por tal razón, se sugiere que los buceadores de apnea realicen entrenamientos fuera del agua. Por último, los entrenamientos pedestres basados en la velocidad promedio de la prueba de 12 minutos, son un buen complemento del entrenamiento de inmersión

[Not Available]. / Ventilación y lactato sanguíneo en niños durante una prueba máxima incremental en cicloergómetro.

Este estudio analiza la respuesta ventilatoria en 46 niños varones (8,28 ± 1 años) durante una prueba máxima incremental en cicloergómetro y las concentraciones de lactato sanguíneo al final de la prueba. El incremento fue de 10 vatios cada minuto y se inició a 25 vatios. Durante la prueba el aire espirado se recolectó a través de una mascarilla facial y se analizó respiración a respiración. El segundo umbral ventilatorio (VT 2 ) se determinó según los métodos de intercambio de gases. Todos los niños alcanzaron una potencia máxima (P máx ) de 82,4 ± 1,6 W y un consumo pico de oxígeno (VO 2 ) de 44,69 ± 3,01 ml/kg/min. El VT 2 estaba en el 86,5% del VO 2pico . El lactato sanguíneo al final de la prueba fue de 9,65 ± 1,58 mM/l. Las concentraciones de lactato sanguíneo son mucho mayores que las registradas en la mayoría de los estudios previos y no parecen ser diferentes a las observadas en deportistas bien entrenados al final de una prueba similar. La ecuación que obtuvimos de la relación entre producción de dióxido de carbono (VCO 2 ) y ventilación (VE) fue lineal (y = 0,0324x - 0,008; R 2 = 0,999). En comparación con adultos evaluados previamente en nuestro laboratorio (y = 0,0347x + 0,1452; R 2 = 0,9854) fueron prácticamente idénticas. Esto puede ser un argumento válido para considerar que la capacidad de eliminar CO 2 en niños es tan alta como la de los adultos.

Efecto de la resistencia variable sobre la potenciación post activación: una revisión sistemática / Effect of variable resistance on post-activation potentiation: a systematic review

Introducción: Tanto la Resistencia Variable (RV) como la Potenciación Post Activación (PAP) han sido utilizadas como metodologías de entrenamiento para mejorar la fuerza explosiva en deportistas, pero hasta el momento no se sabe cuántas investigaciones existen en las principales bases de datos que relacionen ambas variables. Objetivo: Investigar cuáles fueron los métodos de RV utilizados para generar PAP entre enero de 2011 y enero de 2016. El objetivo secundario fue visualizar las intensidades de estimulación y los cambios en los niveles de fuerza explosiva reportados en cada uno de los estudios consultados. Método: El diseño corresponde a una Revisión Sistemática de los estudios previamente publicados que relacionaron la RV con PAP. La búsqueda sistemática incluyó artículos publicados desde enero de 2011 a enero de 2016 en Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Sport Discuss, PubMed y Medline. Para la selección de los estudios, se identificaron sólo aquellos artículos que usaron RV como metodología de entrenamiento para generar PAP. Resultados: Se identificaron nueve artículos, los cuales fueron estratificados según el entrenamiento que realizaban: (i) Resistencia variable intra-sesión (n = 3), (ii) Resistencia variable intra-repetición (n =1) y (iii) Resistencia variable intra-serie (n = 5). Por otro lado, ocho de los nueve estudios consultados estuvieron centrados en los miembros inferiores y ninguno de forma específica en los miembros superiores. También se pudo observar, que todos aquellos estudios que reportaron cambios significativos en la fuerza explosiva trabajaron sobre el 80 % de 1RM. Conclusiones: No existe evidencia suficiente para conocer el verdadero efecto de la RV sobre la PAP, más aún en los miembros superiores. Sin embargo, hay indicios que la resistencia variable intra-serie puede generar cambios agudos en los niveles de fuerza explosiva trabajando sobre un 80 % de 1RM

Introduction: The Variable Resistance (VR), as well as the Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) have been used as training methodologies to improve the explosive strength in athletes. By the moment, there is no specific knowledge of the number of investigations connecting both variables that exist in the main data bases. Objective: The aim of this study was to find out which were the VR methods used to generate PAP between January 2011 and January 2016. The secondary aim was to visualize the stimulus intensity and the variations in the explosive strength levels recounted in every one of the studies consulted for this research. Method: the design is a systematic revision of the studies previously published that connected VR with PAP. The systematic research included articles published since January 2011 until January 2016 in the Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Sport Discuss, PubMed, and Medline. For the studies selection, only those articles using VR as a training methodology to generate PAP were identified. Results: Nine articles were identified, which were stratified according to the training performed: (i) Intra-Session Variable Resistance (n = 3), (ii) Intra-Repetition Variable Resistance (n = 1), and (iii) Intra-Set Variable Resistance (n = 5). On the other hand, eight out of nine studies were focused on the lower limbs and none of them focused specifically on the upper limbs. It was also observed that all those studies showing significant variation in explosive strength worked with over 80 % 1RM. Conclusions: There is no conclusive evidence to identify the real effect of VR over PAP, and clearly not for the upper limbs. However, there are indicators that the Intra-Set Variable Resistance can generate acute changes in the explosive strength levels working over 80 % 1RM