"I'll fill in the gaps": perspectives of HHAs on promoting aging in place for older adults with low incomes.

Older adults with low incomes experience disproportionate rates of cognitive and functional impairment and an elevated risk of nursing home admission. Home health aides (HHAs) may have insight into how to optimize aging in place for this population, yet little is known about HHAs' perspectives on this topic. We conducted 6 focus groups with 21 English-speaking and 10 Spanish-speaking HHAs in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis, and three themes emerged. First, HHAs described the uniqueness of their role within multidisciplinary care teams. Second, HHAs shared concrete interventions they employ to help their clients improve their function at home. Third, HHAs discussed barriers they face when helping clients age in place. Our findings suggest that HHAs have important insights into improving aging in place for older adults with low incomes and that their perspectives should be incorporated into care planning and intervention delivery.

Exploring the impacts of physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals fractions on bacterial communities in four rivers.

Heavy metals contamination in sediment poses serious threats to bacterial communities that play critical roles in sediment biogeochemical processes. However, the physicochemical factors and the major heavy metals fractions that affect sediment bacterial communities are still unclear. Here, we performed heatmap and redundancy analyses to examine the effects of physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metals fractions on the sediment bacterial community from rivers in the UK (River Tyne and Ouseburn) and India (River Ganga and Yamuna). The results revealed that physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals fractions altered the diversity, richness, and structures of the bacterial community. Moreover, the fractions of Co, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cu played significant roles in shaping the bacterial community structure, and physicochemical variables, particularly NH4+-N and NO2--N, also influenced the bacterial diversity and structure. Firmicutes showed strong associations with both physicochemical factors and heavy metals fractions. Chloroflexi and Actinobacteriota can be used as biomarkers for Zn contamination. Overall, our study identified the significance of sediment chemical characteristics and heavy metals fractions in determining the bacterial community structure as well as bioremediation and environmental management of metals contaminated sites.

Surge of Bell's Palsy in the era of COVID-19: Systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: With the progression of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), various neurological manifestations have been noticed in infected patients, and Bell's Palsy (BP) is one of the peripheral neuropathies among those. BP has been associated with various other viral agents. Its evidence in patients with COVID-19 signifies the possibility of association between BP and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This research was undertaken to evaluate the number of published cases of BP as the only major neurological manifestation in patients with COVID-19 from March 2020 to December 2021 and to investigate the association of SARS-CoV-2 and BP. METHODS: A systematic review of the published English literature was performed using an electronic search in the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Research Gate, Research Square, and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as "COVID-19" OR/AND "SARS-CoV-2" OR/AND "Bell's palsy" OR/AND "facial nerve palsy" OR/AND "neurological" OR/AND "manifestation". RESULTS: The search strategy revealed 32 relevant publications with a total of 46 patients. BP was the initial manifestation in 37% of cases, and in 63% of cases it developed after COVID-19 symptoms; 71.7% of cases showed complete recovery, and 21.7% showed only partial relief from BP. CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of documented cases in this research is low, evidence of BP as the only major neurological manifestation in patients with COVID-19 signifies an important clinical finding and the possibility of another viral etiology of BP. More evidence is needed to establish the exact correlation between these two entities.

Considerations for Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Apheresis in a Low Body Weight Infant.

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) apheresis in infants (<10 kg body weight) requires specific precautions to prevent periprocedural complications. CASE REPORT: A 9 month old child was diagnosed with high-risk neuroblastoma and planned for autologous stem cell transplantation after induction chemotherapy. We illustrate the precautions and technical details observed while performing PBSC collection in this patient. DISCUSSION: Use of continuous flow devices, priming of apheresis circuits, appropriate flow rates and continuous monitoring can help to mitigate several procedure related complications. CONCLUSIONS: PBSC apheresis in infants (<10 Kg) is safe and feasible with appropriate precautions detailed above.

Ovarian Cystadenomas: Growth Rate and Reliability of Imaging Measurements.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the growth rate of benign ovarian cystadenomas and the degree of variability in ultrasound measurements. METHODS: Two independent retrospective cohorts of women found to have benign cystadenomas at surgery were identified. To assess growth rate, ultrasounds on women in a community-based health system were reviewed and the growth rate was determined based on the maximum reported size dimension using a mixed effect model. To assess measurement variability, two radiologists independently measured presurgical adnexal imaging findings for women in a tertiary care referral setting. Interobserver, intra-observer, and intermodality (cine clip versus still images) variability in measurements was determined using correlation coefficients (CC) and Bland-Altman analysis, with the proportion of measurements varying by more than 1 cm calculated. RESULTS: For growth rate assessment, 405 women with 1412 ultrasound examinations were identified. The median growth rate was 0.65 cm/year with mucinous cystadenomas growing faster at 0.83 cm/year compared to 0.51 cm/year for serous cystadenomas (median test P < .0001). To evaluate measurement variability, 75 women were identified with 176 ultrasound studies. The within-subject standard deviations for ultrasound measurements were 0.74 cm for cine clip images and 0.41 cm for static images, with 11% of measurements overall differing by more than 1 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Cystadenomas grow on average 0.65 cm/year, which is similar in magnitude to the inherent error observed in measurement on ultrasound, suggesting that repeat ultrasound at intervals of longer than a year will often be needed to accurately assess growth if a cyst represents a benign cystadenoma.

The Sonographic Appearance of Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the sonographic findings of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN), a precursor of endometrial cancer. METHODS: Cases were found by word search of pathology database 1/2013 to 6/2019. One hundred and seventy-eight patients with ultrasound <1 year prior to biopsy were included. Medical records were searched for patient data. Two radiologists blindly classified images. Differences of opinion were decided by clinical report. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Median time between ultrasound and first sampling procedure was 49 days. Median age was 55 (range 28-85) years. Endometrial thickness ranged from 2 to 90 mm. Mean endometrial thickness was 13 ± 6 mm in the noncancer group and 16 ± 11 mm in the cancer group (P = .02). The endometrium was almost always heterogeneous 175/178 (98%). Cysts were almost always multiple (89/109, 82%) and >1 mm (72/109, 66%). Masses were most often >5 mm (56/105, 55%) and ill-defined (41/105, 39%). Vascularity was present in 93/178 examinations (52%) and always associated with cysts and/or mass. There were 92 cancers, 25 with invasion (including 4 with tumor extension into adenomyosis). In 47 cases, the endometrial-myometrial interface was graded as ill-defined, 39 of whom had hysterectomy. There was macroscopic cancer in 11, microscopic cancer in 4, and invasive carcinoma in 12 patients (P for invasive cancer versus other outcomes = .02). Depth of invasion was 5- >95%, with 6 cancers >50%. Multivariate analysis showed thickness, polyps, and type of bleeding as the best set of independent variables for cancer (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve [AUC] = .75). Replacing type of bleeding with age or menopausal status had AUC of .73 and .74, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: EIN has a variety of sonographic appearances with thickened endometrium with cysts and masses being common. Ill-definition of the endometrial-myometrial interface is a poor prognostic finding when seen in the absence of adenomyosis.

Preparedness of primary and secondary health facilities in India to address major noncommunicable diseases: results of a National Noncommunicable Disease Monitoring Survey (NNMS).

BACKGROUND: The monitoring framework for evaluating health system response to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) include indicators to assess availability of affordable basic technologies and essential medicines to treat them in both public and private primary care facilities. The Government of India launched the National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) in 2010 to strengthen health systems. We assessed availability of trained human resources, essential medicines and technologies for diabetes, cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases as one of the components of the National Noncommunicable Disease Monitoring Survey (NNMS - 2017-18). METHODS: NNMS was a cross-sectional survey. Health facility survey component covered three public [Primary health centre (PHC), Community health centre (CHC) and District hospital (DH)] and one private primary in each of the 600 primary sampling units (PSUs) selected by stratified multistage random sampling to be nationally representative. Survey teams interviewed medical officers, laboratory technicians, and pharmacists using an adapted World Health Organization (WHO) - Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) tool on handhelds with Open Data Kit (ODK) technology. List of essential medicines and technology was according to WHO - Package of Essential Medicines and Technologies for NCDs (PEN) and NPCDCS guidelines for primary and secondary facilities, respectively. Availability was defined as reported to be generally available within facility premises. RESULTS: Total of 537 public and 512 private primary facilities, 386 CHCs and 334 DHs across India were covered. NPCDCS was being implemented in 72.8% of CHCs and 86.8% of DHs. All essential technologies and medicines available to manage three NCDs in primary care varied between 1.1% (95% CI; 0.3-3.3) in rural public to 9.0% (95% CI; 6.2-13.0) in urban private facilities. In NPCDCS implementing districts, 0.4% of CHCs and 14.5% of the DHs were fully equipped. DHs were well staffed, CHCs had deficits in physiotherapist and specialist positions, whereas PHCs reported shortage of nurse-midwives and health assistants. Training under NPCDCS was uniformly poor across all facilities. CONCLUSION: Both private and public primary care facilities and public secondary facilities are currently not adequately prepared to comprehensively address the burden of NCDs in India.

The "Speckle Sign" in the Diagnosis of Posterior Compartment Endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine usefulness of the "speckle sign" in the diagnosis of deep invasive endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This HIPAA-compliant, institutional review board-approved retrospective study with informed consent waived included 25 women (mean age 20-69 years) with histopathologically confirmed posterior cul-de-sac endometriosis between 2013 and 2018. Transvaginal ultrasound exams of these patients were reviewed by 2 expert radiologists searching for the "speckle sign," defined as irregular obliteration of the posterior cul-de-sac and bright (hyperechoic) internal echoes. The frequency of additional findings such as "kissing ovaries," endometriomas in the adnexa, bowel tethering in the posterior pelvic compartment, retroflexed uterus, adenomyosis, and pelvic free fluid were also analyzed. Data regarding clinical features, histopathologic findings and management were collected through a review of the medical record. RESULTS: Reader one identified posterior compartment endometriosis in 20/25 patients, and reader two in 22/25 patients, with 96% agreement. Adnexal endometriomas were found in 21/25 patients for both readers (k = 0.70) and were bilateral in 23% of patients. The ovaries were adherent to each other in the midline ("kissing ovaries") in 50% of patients; the bowel was tethered anteriorly in 20%; the presence of adenomyosis was seen in about 27%, and a retroflexed uterus was seen in 24% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The speckle sign could be helpful in making the diagnosis of posterior compartment endometriosis, and the sign is often found in conjunction with other imaging features of endometriosis.

Cholera outbreak associated with contaminated water sources in paddy fields, Mandla District, Madhya Pradesh, India.

BACKGROUND: Mandla District in Madhya Pradesh, India, reported a suspected cholera outbreak from Ghughri subdistrict on August 18, 2016. OBJECTIVE: We investigated to determine risk factors and recommend control and prevention measures. METHODS: We defined a case as >3 loose stools in 24 h in a Ghughri resident between July 20 and August 19, 2016. We identified cases by passive surveillance in health facilities and by a house-to-house survey in 28 highly affected villages. We conducted a 1:2 unmatched case-control study, collected stool samples for culture, and tested water sources for fecal contamination. RESULTS: We identified 628 cases (61% female) from 96 villages; the median age was 27 years (range: 1 month-76 years). Illnesses began 7 days after rainfall with 259 (41%) hospitalizations and 14 (2%) deaths in people from remote villages who died before reaching a health facility; 12 (86%) worked in paddy fields. Illness was associated with drinking well water within paddy fields (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-8.0) and not washing hands with soap after defecation (OR = 6.1, CI = 1.7-21). Of 34 stool cultures, 11 (34%) tested positive for Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa. We observed open defecation in affected villages around paddy fields. Of 16 tested water sources in paddy fields, eight (50%) were protected, but 100% had fecal contamination. CONCLUSION: We recommended education regarding pit latrine sanitation and safe water, especially in paddy fields, provision of oral rehydration solution in remote villages, and chlorine tablets for point-of-use treatment of drinking water.

Intravaginal Delivery Approaches for Contraception: An Overview with Emphasis on Gels.

The rising population with grave ramifications for the future is a fundamental issue, demanding for newer and better contraceptive modalities. Also, in order to achieve the contraceptive purpose, the choice of the most suitable delivery system is of unquestionable importance. Out of all dosage forms, vaginal gel formulations present indubitable benefits for contraceptive administration. Therefore, this review summarizes the history of research in the field of vaginal delivery systems with special emphasis on the development of vaginal gels containing safer and more effective contraceptive agents. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.

Use of a Noise Optimized Monoenergetic Algorithm for Patient-Size Independent Selection of an Optimal Energy Level During Dual-Energy CT of the Pancreas.

PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of a second-generation noise-optimized monoenergetic algorithm on selection of the optimal energy level, image quality, and effect of patient body habitus for dual-energy multidetector computed tomography of the pancreas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-nine patients (38 men, 21 women) underwent dual-energy multidetector computed tomography (80/Sn140 kV) in the pancreatic parenchymal phase. Image data sets, at energy levels ranging from 40 to 80 keV (in 5-keV increments), were reconstructed using first-generation and second-generation noise-optimized monoenergetic algorithm. Noise, pancreatic contrast-to-noise ratio (CNRpancreas), and CNR with a noise constraint (CNRNC) were calculated and compared among the different reconstructed data sets. Qualitative assessment of image quality was performed by 3 readers. RESULTS: For all energy levels below 70 keV, noise was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) and CNRpancreas significantly higher (P < 0.001), with the second-generation monoenergetic algorithm. Furthermore, the second-generation algorithm was less susceptible to variability related to patient body habitus in the selection of the optimal energy level. The maximal CNRpancreas occurred at 40 keV in 98% (58 of 59) of patients with the second-generation monoenergetic algorithm. However, the CNRNC and readers' image quality scores showed that, even with a second-generation monoenergetic algorithm, higher reconstructed energy levels (60-65 keV) represented the optimal energy level. CONCLUSIONS: Second-generation noise-optimized monoenergetic algorithm can improve the image quality of lower-energy monoenergetic images of the pancreas, while decreasing the variability related to patient body habitus in selection of the optimal energy level.

Effect of a Noise-Optimized Second-Generation Monoenergetic Algorithm on Image Noise and Conspicuity of Hypervascular Liver Tumors: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the reduction in noise using a second-generation monoenergetic algorithm can improve the conspicuity of hypervascular liver tumors on dual-energy CT (DECT) images of the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anthropomorphic liver phantom in three body sizes and iodine-containing inserts simulating hypervascular lesions was imaged with DECT and single-energy CT at various energy levels (80-140 kV). In addition, a retrospective clinical study was performed in 31 patients with 66 hypervascular liver tumors who underwent DECT during the late hepatic arterial phase. Datasets at energy levels ranging from 40 to 80 keV were reconstructed using first- and second-generation monoenergetic algorithms. Noise, tumor-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and CNR with a noise constraint (CNRNC) set with a maximum noise increase of 50% were calculated and compared among the different reconstructed datasets. RESULTS: The maximum CNR for the second-generation monoenergetic algorithm, which was attained at 40 keV in both phantom and clinical datasets, was statistically significantly higher than the maximum CNR for the first-generation monoenergetic algorithm (p < 0.001) or single-energy CT acquisitions across a wide range of kilovoltage values. With the second-generation monoenergetic algorithm, the optimal CNRNC occurred at 55 keV, corresponding to lower energy levels compared with first-generation algorithm (predominantly at 70 keV). Patient body size did not substantially affect the selection of the optimal energy level to attain maximal CNR and CNRNC using the second-generation monoenergetic algorithm. CONCLUSION: A noise-optimized second-generation monoenergetic algorithm significantly improves the conspicuity of hypervascular liver tumors.

Acute transfusion reactions encountered in patients at a tertiary care centre in Punjab.

BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion is a life-saving procedure, which can occasionally be unsafe and result in a spectrum of adverse events. We aimed to determine the characteristics and type of acute transfusion reactions occurring in patients at a tertiary care centre. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab. All acute transfusion reactions reported to the department from 1 Jan 2012 to 31 March 2013 were evaluated. All the adverse reactions were recorded, analysed and classified on the basis of their clinical features and laboratory tests. RESULTS: During the study period, 45 092 blood components were issued from the department and 190 transfusion reactions (0.42%) were reported. The most frequent were febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reactions (54.2%) followed by allergic reactions (36.3%), haemolytic reactions (1%) and non-specific reactions (8.5%). CONCLUSION: Each transfusion has to be monitored carefully with prompt recognition and treatment of acute transfusion reactions to decrease transfusion-related morbidity and mortality. Data from a well-functioning haemovigilance system can be used as a quality indicator for monitoring blood transfusion safety and contribute to evidence-based transfusion medicine.

Therapeutic plasma exchange in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the retrospective experience related to the indication, complication and outcome of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) in Myasthenia gravis (MG). It is a well known autoimmune disease characterized by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (anti-ACHR) on the post synaptic surface of the motor end plate. Plasma exchange is the therapeutic modality well established in MG with a positive recommendation based on strong consensus of class III evidence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 35 patients of MG were submitted to a total of 41 cycles and 171 session of TPE. It was performed using a single volume plasma exchange with intermittent cell separator (Hemonetics) by Femoral or central line access and schedule preferably on alternate day interval. Immediate outcome was assessed shortly after each session and overall outcome at discharge. RESULTS: Total of 110 patients of MG who were admitted to our hospital during the study period of two years. 35 (31.8%) patients had TPE performed with mean age of 32 years (M:F = 2:1). The mean number of TPE session was 4.2 (SD±1.2), volume exchange was 2215 ml (SD±435); overall incidence of adverse reaction was 21.7%. All patients had immediate benefits of each TPE cycle. Good acceptance of procedure was observed in 78.3% of patients. CONCLUSION: TPE may be considered as one of the treatment options especially in developing countries like ours as it is relatively less costly but as effective for myasthenic crisis as other modalities.

Benchmarking of trauma care worldwide: the potential value of an International Trauma Data Bank (ITDB).

BACKGROUND: National trauma registries have helped improve patient outcomes across the world. Recently, the idea of an International Trauma Data Bank (ITDB) has been suggested to establish global comparative assessments of trauma outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine whether global trauma data could be combined to perform international outcomes benchmarking. METHODS: We used observed/expected (O/E) mortality ratios to compare two trauma centers [European high-income country (HIC) and Asian lower-middle income country (LMIC)] with centers in the North American National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). Patients (≥16 years) with blunt/penetrating injuries were included. Multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for known predictors of trauma mortality, was performed. Estimates were used to predict the expected deaths at each center and to calculate O/E mortality ratios for benchmarking. RESULTS: A total of 375,433 patients from 301 centers were included from the NTDB (2002-2010). The LMIC trauma center had 806 patients (2002-2010), whereas the HIC reported 1,003 patients (2002-2004). The most important known predictors of trauma mortality were adequately recorded in all datasets. Mortality benchmarking revealed that the HIC center performed similarly to the NTDB centers [O/E = 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92-1.35)], whereas the LMIC center showed significantly worse survival [O/E = 1.52 (1.23-1.88)]. Subset analyses of patients with blunt or penetrating injury showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Using only a few key covariates, aggregated global trauma data can be used to adequately perform international trauma center benchmarking. The creation of the ITDB is feasible and recommended as it may be a pivotal step towards improving global trauma outcomes.

The perceived value of a geriatrics-surgery co-management program: Perspectives from three surgical specialties.

BACKGROUND: Geriatrics-surgery co-management (GSCM) programs have improved patient outcomes, but little is known about how they change care and whether their value varies by surgical specialty. We aimed to assess GSCM's effects as perceived by Orthopedic Trauma, Trauma, and Neurosurgery clinicians. METHODS: We conducted a mixed-methods study utilizing electronic survey and virtual interviews at Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, an academic trauma center, in Philadelphia, PA. Participants included physicians, advanced practice providers, nurses, social workers, and case managers in the aforementioned specialties. Key measures were perspectives on value of GSCM, its facilitators, specialty most appropriate to manage specified medical issues, and factors affecting use. RESULTS: Of 71 eligible clinicians, 45 (63%) completed the survey and 12 (21%) of 56 purposefully sampled for specialty-role diversity were interviewed. Clinicians across specialties valued GSCM highly and similarly for impact on personal management of older adults (grand mean [standard error, SE] = 4.33 [0.24] out of 5; p = 0.80 for specialty means comparisons), patient care (mean [SE] = 4.47 [0.21]; p = 0.27), patient outcomes (mean [SE] = 4.26 [0.22]; p = 0.51), and specialty overall (mean [SE] = 4.55 [0.23]; p = 0.25) but less so for knowledge growth (mean [SE] = 3.47 [0.29]; p = 0.11). Interviewees across specialties reported that value derived from improved understanding of patient history, management of complex medical conditions, goals of care support, communication with families, and patient discharge facilitation. Interviewees also agreed on program facilitators: aligned stakeholders, shared data-driven goals, champion/administrative support, continuity and availability of geriatricians, and thorough communication. Specialties differed on three issues: (1) who should manage some medical concerns; (2) whether GSCM makes their job easier (significantly easier for Orthopedic Trauma: mean [SE] = 4.75 [0.29] vs. Trauma: mean [SE] = 4.01 [0.19]; p = 0.05); and (3) whether GSCM increases coordination difficulty (more for Neurosurgery: mean [SE] = 2.18 [0.0.58] vs. Orthopedic Trauma: mean [SE] = 0.51 [0.42]; p = 0.03 and Trauma: mean [SE] = 0.89 [0.28]; p = 0.07). Orthopedic Trauma had the most positive impression of GSCM overall. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians across diverse surgical specialties valued GSCM. Hospitals considering implementation or expansion of GSCM should attend to identified facilitators and may need to tailor to specialty.

Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastasizing to Oral Soft Tissues: Systematic Review.

Background Renal cancer metastasis to oral region is very rare. Studies have been published analyzing the cases of metastatic tumors to the oral cavity by many researchers. Very few research studies have been conducted till date to analyze the renal cancer metastasis as the sole primary source to the oral soft tissues. The goal of this study was to examine the published cases of oral soft tissue metastasis from renal cell carcinoma as the only primary source from 1911 to 2022. Materials and Methods An electronic search of the published literature was performed without publication year limitation in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, and Research Gate databases, using mesh keywords like ("Renal cancer," or "Renal carcinoma" or "Renal cell cancer" or "Renal cell carcinoma"), and ("Metastasis" or "Metastases"), and ("Oral soft tissues" or "Tongue" or "Palate" or "Tonsil" or "Buccal mucosa" or "Salivary glands"). We also searched related journals manually and the reference lists. Results Our research revealed a total of 226 relevant articles with 250 patients. Parotid glands and tongue were the most common sites of metastasis. 23% patients died with a survival time of 10 days to 4 years. Conclusions Oral soft tissue metastasis from renal cell carcinoma has a bad prognosis. More cases need to be published in order to raise awareness of these lesions.

Oral Soft Tissue Metastasis from Breast Cancer as the Only Primary Source: Systematic Review.

Background Breast cancer is one of the most lethal neoplasms causing death. Oral cavity is the rare site of distant metastasis from breast cancer. Very little research has been conducted to date to analyze breast cancer as the sole primary source of metastasis to the oral soft tissues. The goal of this study was to examine the published cases of oral soft tissue metastasis from breast cancer as the only primary source to date. Methods An electronic search of the published literature was performed without publication year limitation in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, and Research Gate databases, using mesh keywords like ("Breast cancer", OR "Breast carcinoma") AND ("Metastasis" OR "Metastases"), And ("Oral soft tissues" OR "Tongue" OR "Palate" OR "Tonsil" OR "Buccal mucosa" OR "Floor of mouth" OR "Vestibule" OR "Salivary glands"). We also searched all related journals manually. The reference list of all articles was also checked. Results Our research revealed 88 relevant papers (September 1967-September 2023) with 96 patients in total. The most predominant oral soft tissues involved were salivary glands followed by the gingiva, tonsils, tongue, and buccal mucosa. A total of 23% of patients died with an average survival time of 1 to 15 months. Conclusions Oral soft tissue metastasis from breast cancer is a rare event and has a bad prognosis. More cases need to be published to raise awareness of these lesions.

Breast cancer metastasizing to salivary glands: Systematic review.

Distant metastasis to salivary glands is a very rare event and most often associated with primary malignancies of the skin. Only 1-4% of all salivary gland tumours manifest with metastasis. Carcinomas of the breast, lung, kidney and prostate are those primaries that may also potentially metastasize to salivary glands. Literature has documented several studies analysing metastatic tumours in the oral region. However, very little research work has been published to date to analyse solely the Breast cancer metastasizing to the salivary glands. Thus, this review was conducted to examine the published cases of Breast cancer metastasizing to salivary glands from March 1975 to March 2023. An electronic search of the published literature was performed without publication year limitation in PubMed/ Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, and Research Gate databases, using mesh keywords like ('Breast cancer' OR 'Breast carcinoma') AND ('Metastasis' OR 'Metastases'), And ('Salivary glands' OR 'Parotid gland' OR 'Submandibular gland' OR 'Sublingual gland'). We also searched all related journals manually. The reference list of all articles was also checked. Our research revealed a total of 48 relevant papers with 55 patients. Parotid was the most predominantly affected salivary gland. 14.5% of patients died with a mean survival time of 7 months. It can be concluded from this research that Breast cancer metastasizing to salivary glands is a rare occurrence. Careful evaluation of these cases is needed in order to raise awareness of these lesions and gain a better understanding of their characteristics.