Toenail zinc and risk of prostate cancer in the MCC-Spain case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Some researchers have suggested that zinc (Zn) could reduce the risk of prostate cancer (PC). However, research from observational studies on the relationship between PC risk and biomarkers of Zn exposure shows conflicting results. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between toenail Zn and PC, considering tumour extension and aggressiveness, along with a gene-environment approach, exploring the interaction of individual genetic susceptibility to PC in the relationship between toenail Zn and PC. METHODS: In MCC-Spain study we invited all incident PC cases diagnosed in the study period (2008-2013) and recruited randomly selected general population controls. In this report we included 913 cases and 1198 controls with toenail Zn determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To measure individual genetic susceptibility, we constructed a polygenic risk score based on known PC-related single nucleotide polymorphisms. The association between toenail Zn and PC was explored with mixed logistic and multinomial regression models. RESULTS: Men with higher toenail Zn had higher risk of PC (OR quartile 4 vs.1: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.07-1.85). This association was slightly higher in high-grade PC [(ISUP≤2 Relative risk ratio (RRR) quartile 4 vs.1: 1.36; 1.01-1.83) vs. (ISUP3-5 RRR quartile 4 vs.1: 1.64; 1.06-2.54)] and in advanced tumours [(cT1-cT2a RRR quartile 4 vs.1: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.05-1.89) vs. (cT2b-cT4 RRR quartile 4 vs.1: 1.59; 1.00-2.53)]. Men with lower genetic susceptibility to PC were those at higher risk of PC associated with high toenail Zn (OR quartile 4 vs.1: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.08-4.40). DISCUSSION: High toenail Zn levels were related to a higher risk for PC, especially for more aggressive or advanced tumours. This effect was stronger among men with a lower genetic susceptibility to PC.

Toxic metals in toenails as biomarkers of exposure: A review.

Toenails have been used as biomarkers of exposure to toxic metals, but their validity for this purpose is not yet clear and might differ depending on the specific agent. To evaluate this issue, we reviewed the literature on: a) the time-window of exposure reflected by toenails; b) the reproducibility of toenail toxic-metal levels in repeated measures over time; c) their relationship with other biomarkers of exposure, and; d) their association with potential determinants (i.e. sociodemographic, anthropometric, or lifestyle characteristics) or with sources of exposure like diet or environmental pollution. Thus, we performed a systematic review, searching for articles that provided original data for levels of any of the following toxic metals in toenails: aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead, thallium and uranium. We identified 88 articles, reporting data from 67 different research projects, which were quite heterogeneous with regard to population profile, sample size and analytical technique. The most commonly studied metal was mercury. Concerning the time-window of exposure explored by toenails, some reports indicate that toenail cadmium, nickel and lead may reflect exposures that occurred 7-12 months before sampling. For repeated samples obtained 1-6 years apart, the range of intraindividual correlation coefficients of aluminum, chromium and mercury was 0.33-0.56. The correlation of toxic metal concentrations between toenails and other matrices was higher for hair and fingernails than for urine or blood. Mercury levels were consistently associated with fish intake, while other toxic metals were occasionally associated with specific sources (e.g. drinking water, place of residence, environmental pollution, and occupation). The most frequently evaluated health endpoints were cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and central nervous system diseases. Available data suggest that toenail mercury levels reflected long-term exposures and showed positive associations with fish intake. The lack of standardization in sample collection, quality control, analytical techniques and procedures - along with the heterogeneity and conflicting results among studies - mean it is still difficult to conclude that toenails are a good biomarker of exposure to toxic metals. Further studies are needed to draw solid conclusions about the suitability of toenails as biomarkers of exposure to toxic metals.

Toenails as a biomarker of exposure to arsenic: A review.

This systematic review summarizes the current evidence related to the reliability of toenail total arsenic concentrations (thereafter "arsenic") as a biomarker of long-term exposure. Specifically, we reviewed literature on consistency of repeated measures over time, association with other biomarkers and metal concentrations, factors influencing concentrations, and associations with health effects. We identified 129 papers containing quantitative original data on arsenic in toenail samples covering populations from 29 different countries. We observed geographic differences in toenail arsenic concentrations, with highest median or mean concentrations in Asian countries. Arsenic-contaminated drinking water, occupational exposure or living in specific industrial areas were associated with an increased toenail arsenic content. The effects of other potential determinants and sources of arsenic exposure including diet, gender and age on the concentrations in toenails need further investigations. Toenail arsenic was correlated with the concentrations in hair and fingernails, and with urine arsenic mainly among highly exposed populations with a toenail mean or median ≥1 µg/g. Overall, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that arsenic content from a single toenail sample may reflect long-term internal dose-exposure. Toenail arsenic can serve as a reliable measure of toxic inorganic arsenic exposure in chronic disease research, particularly promising for cancer and cardiovascular conditions.

Toenails as biomarker of exposure to essential trace metals: A review.

Health problems associated with essential trace metals can result from both inadequate (i.e., low intake) and excessive exposures (i.e., from environmental and/or occupational source). Thus, measuring the exposure level is a real challenge for epidemiologists. Among non-invasive biomarkers that intend to measure long-term exposure to essential trace metals, the toenail is probably the biological matrix with the greatest potential. This systematic review collects the current evidence regarding the validity of toenail clippings as exposure biomarker for trace metals such as boron, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, vanadium and zinc. Special attention was paid to the time-window of exposure reflected by the toenail, the intraindividual variability in exposure levels over time in this matrix, and the relationship of toenail with other biomarkers, personal characteristics and environmental sources. Our search identified 139 papers, with selenium and zinc being the most studied elements. The variability among studies suggests that toenail levels may reflect different degrees of exposure and probably correspond to exposures occurred 3-12 months before sampling (i.e., for manganese/selenium). Few studies assessed the reproducibility of results over time and, for samples obtained 1-6 years apart, the correlation coefficient were between 0.26 and 0.66. Trace metal levels in toenails did not correlate well with those in the blood and urine and showed low-moderate correlation with those in the hair and fingernails. Available data suggests that for some elements (Se, Mn, Zn) toenail concentrations reflect long-term external exposures in fairly reproducible levels, while for other metals, this association has not yet been assessed. Among dietary factors, only toenail selenium showed clear associations with the intake of supplements or specific foods. The toenail levels could also represent occupational exposure, for instance, Mn exposure in welders. The scarcity of information on other essential trace elements, together with the great heterogeneity among studies makes the validation of the usage of toenails as biomarkers of exposure to these elements difficult. Standardization of sample collection, quality control, analytical techniques and reporting procedures might facilitate further research focused on the clear understanding of the significance of essential levels in this promising matrix and would enhance its utility in epidemiological research.

Readmission Due to Exacerbation of COPD: Associated Factors.

OBJECTIVES: To compare characteristics of patients readmitted after discharge by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation with those who were not readmitted and to identify factors associated with readmission risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We randomly selected a group of 40 COPD patients with high frequency of readmissions (HFR), who had ≥ 2 admissions by COPD exacerbation within 30 days after the last admission in 2015, and another group of 40 COPD patients with low frequency of readmissions (LFR), with 0-1 admissions in that period. RESULTS: Patients of the HFR group, compared to those in LFR group, were more frequently males (p = 0.009), older (p = 0.022), had a higher degree of dyspnea (p = 0.044), worse lung function (p = 0.049), belonged more frequently to exacerbator emphysema phenotype (p < 0.001), and had a higher frequency of diabetes (p = 0.049). The variables independently associated with increased risk of HFR were sex (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.63, in women in relation to males), exacerbator emphysema phenotype (OR 28.61, 95% CI 3.59 compared to non-exacerbator phenotype), complications during hospitalization (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.62, compared with those without complications), destabilized heart failure (OR 5.25, 95% CI 1.11-24.75, compared to those who did not), and length of hospital stay (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.95, per day). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with HFR are more frequently male, older, have worse dyspnea, lower lung function, belong more frequent to exacerbator emphysema phenotype, and more frequently diabetics. The variables that continued to be independent predictors of HFR in the multivariate analysis were sex, phenotype, occurrence of complications during admission, destabilized heart failure, and length of hospital stay.

Differences in the temporal trends of childhood overweight and obesity in Spain in the 2011-2019 period by sex, age and socioeconomic level: results of the ALADINO study.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood excess weight is a growing public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity in schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain between 2011 and 2019 based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. METHODOLOGY: The analysis included data from the 2011, 2015 and 2019 rounds of the cross-sectional observational and descriptive ALADINO study in schoolchildren of both sexes aged 6-9 years. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (defined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization and the International Obesity Task Force) and of central obesity, in addition to associated demographic and socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight (WHO criteria) decreased in boys aged 6, 7 and 8 years (by -5.4%, -5.7% and -5.3%, respectively) and boys whose parents had a higher educational attainment (by -5.3%). In relation to the socioeconomic level, overweight in boys declined at all income levels. However, between 2011 and 2019, both the prevalence of overweight in girls and the prevalence of obesity (applying the WHO and IOTF criteria) and the prevalence of central obesity in both sexes remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight and the prevalence of obesity in schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain remain high. Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight in children aged 6-8 years and in children whose parents had university degrees decreased, whereas obesity in boys, overweight and obesity in girls and central obesity in both sexes remained stable.

A nation-wide analysis of socioeconomic and geographical disparities in the prevalence of obesity and excess weight in children and adolescents in Spain: Results from the ENE-COVID study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate national and provincial prevalence of obesity and excess weight in the child and adolescent population in Spain by sex and sociodemographic characteristics, and to explore sources of inequalities in their distribution, and their geographical patterns. METHODS: ENE-COVID is a nationwide representative seroepidemiological survey (68 287 participants) stratified by province and municipality size (April-June 2020). Participants answered a questionnaire which collected self-reported weight and height, that allowed estimating crude and model-based standardized prevalences of obesity and excess weight in the 10 543 child and adolescent participants aged 2-17 years. RESULTS: Crude prevalences (WHO growth reference) were higher in boys than in girls (obesity: 13.4% vs. 7.9%; excess weight: 33.7% vs. 26.0%; severe obesity: 2.9% vs. 1.2%). These prevalences varied with age, increased with the presence of any adult with excess weight in the household, while they decreased with higher adult educational and census tract average income levels. Obesity by province ranged 1.8%-30.5% in boys and 0%-17.6% in girls; excess weight ranged 15.2%-49.9% in boys and 10.8%-40.8% in girls. The lowest prevalences of obesity and excess weight were found in provinces in the northern half of Spain. Sociodemographic characteristics only partially explained the observed geographical variability (33.6% obesity; 44.2% excess weight). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood and adolescent obesity and excess weight are highly prevalent in Spain, with relevant sex, sociodemographic and geographical differences. The geographic variability explained by sociodemographic variables indicates that there are other potentially modifiable factors on which to focus interventions at different geographic levels to fight this problem.

Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma associated to late-onset X-linked dominant protoporphyria.

X-linked dominant protoporphyria (XLDPP) is a genetic disorder that affects the synthesis of the heme group due to an increase in delta-aminolaevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2) enzyme activity. Moreover, annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma (AEGCG) is a rare reactive granulomatous dermatosis, usually associated with actinic damage. An 86-year-old man presented with edematous-erythematous lesions in photoexposed areas of the face and on the dorsum of both hands. Protoporphyrin levels in serum and feces were significantly elevated and a heterozygous frameshift mutation in the exon 11 of the ALAS2 gene: c.1706-1709del (p.Glu569GlyfsX24) was identified. Concomitantly, we observed an annular plaque with raised borders on the back of his right hand, clinically and histologically compatible with a diagnosis of AEGCG. Skin lesions disappeared only upon use of a physical sunscreen. We report two rare photodermatoses in an elderly patient and discuss the significance of dermal elastic fiber damage induced by the XLDPP as a main triggering factor of AEGCG.

Elastolytic giant cell granuloma: clinic-pathologic review of twenty cases.

BACKGROUND: O'Brien described four histopathological patterns of actinic granuloma (AG). Since then, only single cases and a few series have been reported in the literature, most corresponding to cases of the giant cell type. METHODS: We reviewed all the cases diagnosed as AG or elastolytic giant cell granuloma (EGCG) in our department from 1988 until 2010. The biopsies were classified into the four patterns previously described. RESULTS: Giant cell pattern was found to be the most frequent (70% of the cases). In four cases, the biopsies showed more than one histopathologic pattern. All the lesions were located on sun-exposed areas or were related to chronic heat exposure. Diabetes mellitus was associated in 40 % of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The giant cell pattern of EGCG is the most frequent. Some cases may share histopathologic features of more than one variant and thus, we consider they may be categorized as mixed patterns. Diabetes mellitus is the most common associated disease and should always be ruled out.

Socioeconomic and gender inequalities in childhood obesity in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Childhood obesity is inversely associated with household socioeconomic status in high-income countries. Our aim was to explore the association between childhood weight status and household socioeconomic status in Spain in relation to family characteristics, perceptions and lifestyle habits and the school environment. METHODS: We performed a descriptive analysis of child weight status according to family socioeconomic factors and mediating variables based on data from the ALADINO 2019 study in a sample of 16,665 schoolchildren representative of the population aged 6-9 years in Spain. RESULTS: The prevalence of childhood obesity in households with low socioeconomic status (26.8% boys; 20.4% girls) was, in both sexes, twice as high as in those with higher socioeconomic status (12.1% boys; 8.7% girls). Unhealthy eating habits, sedentary lifestyles (mainly in girls) and the presence of screens in the bedroom (more prevalent in boys) were more frequent in school-aged children from low-income households. On the other hand, in the most disadvantaged households, a history of breastfeeding and physical activity (especially in girls) were less frequent. Similarly, schools attended by children from low-income households were less likely to have their own kitchens and indoor gymnasiums or offer sports activities. CONCLUSION: A lower household socioeconomic status was associated with poorer dietary and physical activity habits and certain characteristics of the family and school environments that mediate the inverse association between household socioeconomic status and the prevalence of childhood obesity. Girls were less physically active and reported more sedentary lifestyles, while boys had greater access to screens. Interventions to combat childhood obesity should address the identified inequalities.

Socio-geographical disparities of obesity and excess weight in adults in Spain: insights from the ENE-COVID study.

Background: In Spain, differences in the prevalence of obesity and excess weight according to sex and sociodemographic factors have been described at the national level, although current data do not allow to delve into geographical differences for these conditions. The aim was to estimate national and regional prevalences of adult obesity and excess weight in Spain by sex and sociodemographic characteristics, and to explore difference sources of inequalities in its distribution, as well as its geographical pattern. Method: ENE-COVID study was a nationwide representative seroepidemiological survey with 57,131 participants. Residents in 35,893 households were selected from municipal rolls using a two-stage random sampling stratified by province and municipality size (April-June 2020). Participants (77.0% of contacted individuals) answered a questionnaire which collected self-reported weight and height, as well as different socioeconomic variables, that allowed estimating crude and standardized prevalences of adult obesity and excess weight. Results: Crude prevalences of obesity and excess weight were higher in men (obesity: 19.3% vs. 18.0%; excess weight: 63.7% vs. 48.4%), while severe obesity was more prevalent in women (4.5% vs. 5.3%). These prevalences increased with age and disability, and decreased with education, census tract income and municipality size. Differences by educational level, relative census income, nationality or disability were clearly higher among women. Obesity by province ranged 13.3-27.4% in men and 11.4-28.1% in women; excess weight ranged 57.2-76.0% in men and 38.9-59.5% in women. The highest prevalences were located in the southern half of the country and some north-western provinces. Sociodemographic characteristics only explained a small part of the observed geographical variability (25.2% obesity). Conclusion: Obesity and overweight have a high prevalence in Spain, with notable geographical and sex differences. Socioeconomic inequalities are stronger among women. The observed geographical variability suggests the need to implement regional and local interventions to effectively address this public health problem.

Granuloma annulare photoinduced by paroxetine.

Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign granulomatous skin disease with several clinical manifestations and characteristic histological findings. GA located in photoexposed areas is a rare finding and its association to a drug-induced systemic photosensitivity is even less common. To the best of our knowledge, only one case of systemic drug photosensitivity manifesting as a GA has been reported. We describe a patient with systemic photosensitivity to paroxetine with clinical and histological manifestations of GA, which was confirmed by the photobiological study. The phototest revealed a reduction of the minimal erythematous dose for UVB while taking the paroxetine and its normalization after its withdrawal, which was accompanied by the clinical resolution of the skin eruption. The manifestation of systemic drug photosensitivity as a GA like in our case is exceptional.

Toenail zinc as a biomarker: Relationship with sources of environmental exposure and with genetic variability in MCC-Spain study.

BACKGROUND: Toenails are commonly used as biomarkers of exposure to zinc (Zn), but there is scarce information about their relationship with sources of exposure to Zn. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the main determinants of toenail Zn, including selected sources of environmental exposure to Zn and individual genetic variability in Zn metabolism. METHODS: We determined toenail Zn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in 3,448 general population controls from the MultiCase-Control study MCC-Spain. We assessed dietary and supplement Zn intake using food frequency questionnaires, residential proximity to Zn-emitting industries and residential topsoil Zn levels through interpolation methods. We constructed a polygenic score of genetic variability based on 81 single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in Zn metabolism. Geometric mean ratios of toenail Zn across categories of each determinant were estimated from multivariate linear regression models on log-transformed toenail Zn. RESULTS: Geometric mean toenail Zn was 104.1 µg/g in men and 100.3 µg/g in women. Geometric mean toenail Zn levels were 7 % lower (95 % confidence interval 1-13 %) in men older than 69 years and those in the upper tertile of fibre intake, and 9 % higher (3-16 %) in smoking men. Women residing within 3 km from Zn-emitting industries had 4 % higher geometric mean toenail Zn levels (0-9 %). Dietary Zn intake and polygenic score were unrelated to toenail Zn. Overall, the available determinants only explained 9.3 % of toenail Zn variability in men and 4.8 % in women. DISCUSSION: Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, diet, and environmental exposure explained little of the individual variability of toenail Zn in the study population. The available genetic variants related to Zn metabolism were not associated with toenail Zn.

Photosensitivity induced by naproxen.

We present two cases of systemic photosensitivity due to naproxen that presented as photodistributed erythema multiforme (EM) and lichenoid photodermatitis (LP). Although naproxen is a commonly used nonsteroidal antinflammatory drug and has the capacity of causing systemic photosensitivity, there are very few reports about it in the literature. The diagnosis was suspected by the recent ingestion of the drug and the photodistribution of the lesions. A positive photopatch test in the first patient and the normalization of the MED-UVB after discontinuing naproxen in the second patient supported the diagnosis.

Letter: Cutaneous mastocytosis with systemic involvement mimicking clinical and dermatoscopically multiple melanocytic nevi.

Mastocytosis can sometimes resemble other skin conditions, especially pigmented ones, not only clinically but also dermatoscopically. We report the case of a woman with the diagnosis of cutaneous mastocytosis mimicking multiple melanocytic nevi. Melanocytic stimulation can be induced by high levels of stem cell factor. The progressive increase in the number of pigmented lesions in a patient should lead us to perform a biopsy to search for mastocytosis.

Weight status in the 6 to 9 year-old school population in Spain: Results of the ALADINO 2015 study.

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence has grown alarmingly in the last twenty years or so in many countries of Europe, including Spain. This study presents the prevalences of overweight and obesity in 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in 2015, and their associated characteristics. METHODOLOGY: ALADINO (Its initials in Spanish for Diet, physical activity, child development and obesity) is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain, in line with the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) of the World Health Organisation (WHO). The height and weight of the participants, defining the weight status according to WHO standards, and a questionnaire was given to the parents on lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Anthropometric measurements were taken on 10,899 schoolchildren for 168 primary education centres. Excess weight was observed in 41.3% (95% CI: 40.0-42.6), overweight in 23.2% (95% CI: 22.1-24.3) and obesity in 18.1% (95% CI: 17.2-19.1), with obesity being more prevalent in boys, overweight in girls. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 23.2% (95% CI: 21.8-24.6). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with age. Excess weight decreased by 3.2% compared to 2011, mainly due to the decrease in overweight in boys, while that of obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren from families with a lower socioeconomic level. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of excess weight in 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain has decreased by 3.2% since 2011, due to the decrease in overweight, whilst obesity remained stable. Action must be taken in the obesogenic environment, by promoting healthy eating habits and physical activity, bearing in mind the inequalities in health.

[Weight status in the 6- to 9-year-old school population in Spain: results of the ALADINO 2019 Study]. / Situación ponderal de la población escolar de 6 a 9 años en España: resultados del estudio ALADINO 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: childhood obesity is a public health problem whose prevalence has grown steadily in recent decades. Objective: to describe the weight status of schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years in Spain in 2019, and their associated factors. Methods: ALADINO is a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, representative of the Spanish population, and aligned with the Child Obesity Surveillance Initative of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Participants' weight, height, and abdominal circumference were measured, defining weight status according to different standards (WHO, IOTF, and Orbegozo). A questionnaire on lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics was administered to parents. Results: a total of 16,665 schoolchildren from 276 schools were measured. Excess weight was observed in 40.6 %: 23.3 % overweight and 17.3 % obesity, with obesity being more prevalent in boys and overweight in girls, both increasing with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 22.6 %. Excess weight decreased by 3.9 percentage points since 2011, mainly due to overweight in boys. Obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren with less healthy eating and physical activity habits, and in families with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: the prevalence of excess weight is high, although it has declined since 2011 and remains stable since 2015 among schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain, this reduction being mainly due to a decrease in overweight in children. It is necessary to continue promoting healthy habits from the earliest stages of life, thus reducing health inequalities.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública cuya prevalencia no ha dejado de crecer en las últimas décadas. Objetivo: describir la situación ponderal de los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España en 2019, y sus factores asociados. Métodos: ALADINO es un estudio transversal en escolares de 6 a 9 años, representativo de la población española, aplicando la metodología de la Child Obesity Surveillance Initative de la Oficina Regional para Europa de la OMS. Se midieron el peso, la talla y el perímetro abdominal de los participantes, definiendo la situación ponderal según diferentes estándares (OMS, IOTF y Orbegozo). Se pasó a los progenitores un cuestionario sobre estilo de vida y características sociodemográficas. Resultados: se midieron 16.665 escolares de 276 colegios. El 40,6 % presentaban exceso de peso ­23,3 % sobrepeso y 17,3 % obesidad­, siendo la obesidad más prevalente en los niños y el sobrepeso en las niñas, y aumentando ambos con la edad. La prevalencia de la obesidad abdominal era del 22,6 %. El exceso de peso disminuyó 3,9 puntos porcentuales desde 2011, principalmente el sobrepeso de los niños. La obesidad permaneció estable. El exceso de peso fue más prevalente en los escolares con hábitos menos saludables de alimentación y actividad física, y en las familias con menor nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del exceso de peso es elevada, aunque ha descendido desde 2011 y permanece estable desde 2015 entre los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España, debiéndose esta reducción fundamentalmente al descenso del sobrepeso en los niños. Es necesario seguir fomentando hábitos saludables desde las etapas más tempranas, reduciendo las desigualdades en salud.

Childhood overweight and obesity in Europe: Changes from 2007 to 2017.

The Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) routinely measures height and weight of primary school children aged 6-9 years and calculates overweight and obesity prevalence within the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region using a standard methodology. This study examines the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity from the first round of COSI carried out in 2007/2008 to the latest of 2015/2017 in 11 European countries in which data were collected for at least three rounds. In total 303,155 children were measured. In general, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among boys and girls decreased in countries with high prevalence (Southern Europe) and remained stable or slightly increased in Northern European and Eastern European countries included in the analysis. Among boys, the highest decrease in overweight (including obesity) was observed in Portugal (from 40.5% in 2007/2008 to 28.4 in 2015/2017) and in Greece for obesity (from 30.5% in 2009/2010 to 21.7% in 2015/2017). Lithuania recorded the strongest increase in the proportion of boys with overweight (from 24.8% to 28.5%) and obesity (from 9.4% to 12.2%). The trends were similar for boys and girls in most countries. Several countries in Europe have successfully implemented policies and interventions to counteract the increase of overweight and obesity, but there is still much to be done.

Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in 7-year-old children-WHO Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative.

Childhood obesity is a serious global health problem. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) reflect body fat distribution in children. The objectives of this study were to assess WC and WHtR in 7-year-old children and to determine body mass index (BMI), WC, and WHtR differences in children from 10 selected countries across Europe (Bulgaria, Czechia, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Norway, Spain, and Sweden) participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). The 50th and 90th percentile of WC (according to COSI and "Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS" (IDEFICS) cutoff values) and WHtR above 0.5 were used as measures of abdominal obesity in a unique sample of 38,975 children aged 7.00-7.99 years. Southern European countries, including Greece and Spain, showed significantly higher BMI, WC, and WHtRin both genders (p < 0.0001) than Eastern and Northern Europe. The highest values for WC were observed in Greece (60.8 ± 7.36 cm boys; 60.3 ± 7.48 cm girls), North Macedonia (60.4 ± 7.91 cm boys; 59.0 ± 8.01 cm girls), and Spain (59.7 ± 6.96 cm boys; 58.9 ± 6.77 cm girls). WC and WHtRin may add an information about the occurrence of central obesity in children.

Socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity among 6- to 9-year-old children in 24 countries from the World Health Organization European region.

Childhood overweight and obesity have significant short- and long-term negative impacts on children's health and well-being. These challenges are unequally distributed according to socioeconomic status (SES); however, previous studies have often lacked standardized and objectively measured data across national contexts to assess these differences. This study provides a cross-sectional picture of the association between SES and childhood overweight and obesity, based on data from 123,487 children aged 6-9 years in 24 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) European region. Overall, associations were found between overweight/obesity and the three SES indicators used (parental education, parental employment status, and family-perceived wealth). Our results showed an inverse relationship between the prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity and parental education in high-income countries, whereas the opposite relationship was observed in most of the middle-income countries. The same applied to family-perceived wealth, although parental employment status appeared to be less associated with overweight and obesity or not associated at all. This paper highlights the need for close attention to context when designing interventions, as the association between SES and childhood overweight and obesity varies by country economic development. Population-based interventions have an important role to play, but policies that target specific SES groups are also needed to address inequalities.