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Merriam-Webster and Oxford define a xenobiotic as any substance foreign to living systems. Allura Red AC (a.k.a., E129; FD&C Red No. 40), a synthetic food dye extensively used in manufacturing ultra-processed foods and therefore highly prevalent in our food supply, falls under this category. The surge in synthetic food dye consumption during the 70s, and 80s was followed by an epidemic of metabolic diseases and the emergence of early onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) in the 1990s. This temporal association raises significant concerns, particularly given the widespread inclusion of synthetic food dyes in ultra-processed products, notably those marketed towards children. Given its interactions with key contributors to colorectal carcinogenesis such as inflammatory mediators, the microbiome, and DNA damage, there is growing interest in understanding Allura Red AC's potential impact on colon health as a putative carcinogen. This review discusses the history of Allura Red AC, current research on its effects on the colon and rectum, potential mechanisms underlying its impact on colon health, and provides future considerations. Indeed, although no governing agencies classify Allura Red AC as a carcinogen, its' interaction with key guardians of carcinogenesis makes it suspect and worthy of further molecular investigation. The goal of this review is to inspire research into the impact of synthetic food dyes on colon health.
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Our objective was to evaluate the association of antioxidant intake and the inflammatory potential of the diet with functional decline in older men. A diet history questionnaire was used to collect dietary intake data from men aged ≥ 75 years (n 794) participating in the Concord Health and Aging in Men Project cohort study. Intake of vitamins A, C, E and Zn were compared with the Australian Nutrient Reference Values to determine adequacy. The Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DIITM) was used to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. Physical performance data were collected via handgrip strength and walking speed tests, and activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) questionnaires, at baseline and 3-year follow-up (n 616). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between diet and incident poor physical function and disability. Both poor antioxidant intake and high E-DII scores at baseline were significantly associated with poor grip strength and ADL disability at 3-year follow-up. No significant associations with walking speed or IADL disability were observed. Individual micronutrient analysis revealed a significant association between the lowest two quartiles of vitamin C intake and poor grip strength. The lowest quartiles of intake for vitamins A, C, E and Zn were significantly associated with incident ADL disability. The study observed that poor antioxidant and anti-inflammatory food intake were associated with odds of developing disability and declining muscle strength in older men. Further interventional research is necessary to clarify the causality of these associations.
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Actividades Cotidianas , Antioxidantes , Dieta , Fuerza de la Mano , Inflamación , Humanos , Masculino , Anciano , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Antioxidantes/análisis , Australia , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Zinc/administración & dosificación , Personas con Discapacidad , Estudios de Cohortes , Velocidad al Caminar , Ácido Ascórbico/administración & dosificación , Rendimiento Físico Funcional , Vitamina E/administración & dosificación , Micronutrientes/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Research into the relationship between an Energy-adjusted Diet-Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and a wider health-related biomarkers profile is limited. Much of the existing evidence centers on traditional metabolic biomarkers in populations with chronic diseases, with scarce data on healthy individuals. Thus, this study aims to investigate the association between an E-DII score and 30 biomarkers spanning metabolic health, endocrine, bone health, liver function, cardiovascular, and renal functions, in healthy individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS: 66,978 healthy UK Biobank participants, the overall mean age was 55.3 (7.9) years were included in this cross-sectional study. E-DII scores, based on 18 food parameters, were categorised as anti-inflammatory (E-DII < -1), neutral (-1 to 1), and pro-inflammatory (>1). Regression analyses, adjusted for confounding factors, were conducted to investigate the association of 30 biomarkers with E-DII. Compared to those with an anti-inflammatory diet, individuals with a pro-inflammatory diet had increased levels of 16 biomarkers, including six cardiometabolic, five liver, and four renal markers. The concentration difference ranged from 0.27 SD for creatinine to 0.03 SD for total cholesterol. Conversely, those on a pro-inflammatory diet had decreased concentrations in six biomarkers, including two for endocrine and cardiometabolic. The association range varied from -0.04 for IGF-1 to -0.23 for SHBG. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted that a pro-inflammatory diet was associated with an adverse profile of biomarkers linked to cardiometabolic health, endocrine, liver function, and renal health.
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Biomarcadores , Mediadores de Inflamación , Inflamación , Riñón , Hígado , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Biomarcadores/sangre , Femenino , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Anciano , Riñón/fisiopatología , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/diagnóstico , Adulto , Mediadores de Inflamación/sangre , Hígado/metabolismo , Factores de Riesgo Cardiometabólico , Dieta/efectos adversos , Medición de Riesgo , Bancos de Muestras Biológicas , Huesos/metabolismo , Biobanco del Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Background/aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) may cause modifications in body composition, particularly for body fat associated with obesity and some biochemical parameters such as lipid profiles. We investigated whether there is a link between the inflammatory contents of diets and body composition and lipid profiles in patients with MS. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included 85 MS patients. The study data of the patients were collected in the Neurology Clinic of Ondokuz Mayis University's Health Practice and Research Center. The data included demographic characteristics; anthropometric measurements such as body weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat mass, body fat-free mass, and waist-hip ratio; and biochemical parameters such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and total cholesterol. Results: The body fat percentages of the patients were higher among those with proinflammatory diets (p < 0.05). Body fat percentage had a positive and very weak correlation with the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) score (rho = 0.206 and rho = 0.217, respectively; p < 0.05). HDL-c levels were higher in the group with high DII scores and there was a positive and weak correlation between HDL-c and DII scores (rho = 0.307, p < 0.05). Crude and adjusted linear regression models showed that the effect of HDL-c on DII scores was significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We showed that DII scores, associated with the inflammatory potential of the diet and proinflammatory diets, may be associated with adiposity in MS patients and can be used from a clinical point of view for assessment.
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Tejido Adiposo , Índice de Masa Corporal , Inflamación , Esclerosis Múltiple , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Adulto , Esclerosis Múltiple/sangre , Inflamación/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Lípidos/sangre , Dieta , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , Composición Corporal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous studies have demonstrated associations between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), an analytical tool which evaluates the inflammatory potential of the diet according to the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of its components, and renal stone formation. However, these have not comprehensively addressed important parameters such as stone type, gender, DII scores in stone formers (SFs) and healthy controls (Cs) and associations of DII with urine and blood chemistries. These were adopted as the survey parameters for the present study, the purpose of which was to test whether the contributory role of an inflammatory diet on stone formation could be further confirmed. METHODS: 97 calcium oxalate (CaOx) SFs and 63 Cs, matched for age and gender each completed a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire from which nutrient composition was computed. These data were used to calculate the DII® score. To control the effect of energy intake, energy-adjusted DII scores were calculated per 1000 kcal consumed (E-DII™). A single blood sample and two consecutive overnight (8h) urine samples were collected from a subset (n = 59 SFs and n = 54 Cs) of the overall number of particpants (n = 160). These were analysed for renal stone risk factors. Data were analysed using regression models fit in R software. RESULTS: E-DII scores were found to fit the data better than DII, so they were used throughout. E-DII scores were significantly more positive (more pro-inflammatory) in SFs than in controls in the combined gender group (-0.34 vs. -1.73, p < 0.0001) and separately in males (-0.43 vs. -1.78, p = 0.01) and females (-0.26 vs. - 1.61, p = 0.05). In blood, a significant negative correlation was seen between E-DII and HDL cholesterol. In urine significant positive correlations were seen between E-DII and each of calcium (ρ = 0.25, p = 0.02), phosphate (ρ = 0.48, p < 0.001), magnesium (ρ = 0.33, p < 0.0001) and uric acid (ρ = 0.27, p = 0.004) concentrations. A significant negative correlation was seen between E-DII and urinary volume ρ = -0.27, p = 0.003). There was no correlation between E-DII scores and the relative supersaturations of urinary CaOx, calcium phosphate (brushite) and uric acid. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide hitherto unreported quantitative evidence in support of the notion that the diet of calcium oxalate renal stone patients is significantly more pro-inflammatory than that of healthy controls.
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Oxalato de Calcio , Cálculos Renales , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Oxalato de Calcio/orina , Oxalatos , Ácido Úrico/orina , Cálculos Renales/etiología , Cálculos Renales/orina , Dieta , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
A healthy diet is dominant in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. Inflammation is pivotal for CVD development. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the pro-inflammatory diet and the CVD risk. This cross-sectional study involved 10,138 Fasa adult cohort study participants. After excluding participants with missing data, the Energy-Adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) was calculated to assess the inflammatory potential of diet using the recorded Food Frequency Questionnaire. Framingham risk score (FRS) was used to predict the 10-year risk of CVD. The association between E-DII and high risk for CVD was investigated using multinominal regression. After exclusion, the mean age of studied individuals (n = 10,030) was 48.6 ± 9.6 years, including 4522 men. Most participants were low risk (FRS <10%) for CVD (87.6%), while 2.7% of them were high risk (FRS ≥20%). The median FRS was 2.80 (1.70, 6.30). The E-DII ranged from -4.22 to 4.49 (mean E-DII = 0.880 ± 1.127). E-DII was significantly associated with FRS. This result persisted after adjusting for confounding factors and in both genders. This study revealed that the pro-inflammatory diet significantly increases the CVD risk. Consequently, reducing the inflammatory potential of diet should be considered an effective dietary intervention in CVD prevention.
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Introduction: Sleep disruption affects biological processes that facilitate carcinogenesis. This retrospective cohort study used de-identified data from the Veterans Administration (VA) electronic medical record system to test the hypothesis that patients with diagnosed sleep disorders had an increased risk of prostate, breast, colorectal, or other cancers (1999-2010, N=663,869). This study builds upon existing evidence by examining whether patients with more severe or longer-duration diagnoses were at a greater risk of these cancers relative to those with a less severe or shorter duration sleep disorder. Methods: Incident cancer cases were identified in the VA Tumor Registry and sleep disorders were defined by International Classification of Sleep Disorder codes. Analyses were performed using extended Cox regression with sleep disorder diagnosis as a time-varying covariate. Results: Sleep disorders were present among 56,055 eligible patients (8% of the study population); sleep apnea (46%) and insomnia (40%) were the most common diagnoses. There were 18,181 cancer diagnoses (41% prostate, 12% colorectal, 1% female breast, 46% other). The hazard ratio (HR) for a cancer diagnosis was 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37, 1.54) among those with any sleep disorder, after adjustment for age, sex, state of residence, and marital status. Risks increased with increasing sleep disorder duration (short [<1-2 years] HR: 1.04 [CI: 1.03-1.06], medium [>2-5 years] 1.23 [1.16-1.32]; long [>5-12 years] 1.52 [1.34-1.73]). Risks also increased with increasing sleep disorder severity using cumulative sleep disorder treatments as a surrogate exposure; African Americans with more severe disorders had greater risks relative to those with fewer treatments and other race groups. Results among patients with only sleep apnea, insomnia, or another sleep disorder were similar to those for all sleep disorders combined. Discussion: The findings are consistent with other studies indicating that sleep disruption is a cancer risk factor. Optimal sleep and appropriate sleep disorder management are modifiable risk factors that may facilitate cancer prevention.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although there is extensive literature showing the ability of the dietary inflammation index (DII®) to predict concentrations of plasma inflammatory markers, few studies are testing the association between DII scores and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Considering the high prevalence of NAFLD and its complications, we conducted a validation study of DII scores and examined its association with NAFLD in the general adult population of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 3110 adult participants in the Amol Cohort Study (AmolCS) who underwent abdominal ultrasonography to diagnose NAFLD. DII and energy-adjusted DII (E-DII™) scores were computed using data from a valid semi-quantitative 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and health-related factors was used to assess association. RESULTS: The EDII was associated with CRP inflammatory biomarker. Participants in the highest, i.e., most pro-inflammatory tertile had the highest odds of NAFLD by ultrasound in all models [fully adjusted model: OR (95 % CI) tertile3vs.1:1.54 (1.05-2.05); Ptrend = 0.04, and 1.63 (1.19-2.21); Ptrend = 0.03 in women and men, respectively]. The highest tertile had the highest OR for NAFLD by fatty liver index (FLI) only in men [fully adjusted model OR (95 % CI) tertile3vs.1: 1.77 (1.15-2.71); Ptrend = 0.01]. Similar results were also obtained for NAFLD by hepatic steatosis index (HSI) in women [fully adjusted model: OR (95 % CI) tertile3vs.1: 1.70 (1.12-2.58); Ptrend = 0.03]. The results of the fully adjusted multivariable model of liver markers and NAFLD status, stratified by gender and abdominal obesity, revealed that the highest tertiles had the highest OR for NAFLD by ultrasound and NAFLD by FLI only in men without abdominal obesity [fully adjusted model: OR (95 % CI) tertile3vs.1: 1.83 (1.17-2.84); Ptrend = 0.03, and, respectively]. NAFLD by FLI tended to increase strongly with tertile E-DII scores in men without abdominal obesity in crude and three adjusted models [full-adjusted model: OR (95 % CI) tertile3vs.1: 3.64 (1.56-8.46); Ptrend = 0.005]. By contrast, women with abdominal obesity in the highest tertile had the highest OR for NAFLD by ultrasound in all models [full-adjusted model: OR (95 % CI) tertile3vs.1: 1.67 (1.07-2.62); Ptrend = 0.02]. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that diet plays a role in regulating inflammation. Additionally, we observed an inflammatory diet predicts the risk of NAFLD in Iranian adults. However, longitudinal studies are required in order to further substantiate the utility of the DII in the development of more effective dietary interventions among populations at risk of chronic disease.
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Proteína C-Reactiva , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Masculino , Adulto , Humanos , Femenino , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Transversales , Irán/epidemiología , Obesidad Abdominal , Dieta , Inflamación , ObesidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: We examined the dietary inflammatory potential in patients who underwent liver transplantation (LTx), associated factors and its relationship with clinical outcomes ten years after the initial evaluation. METHODS: Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) scores were generated from data derived from the 24-h recall in 108 patients. RESULTS: Patients with higher DII scores (highest tertile), indicating a pro-inflammatory diet, had significantly higher serum LDL cholesterol (108.0 vs 78.2 mg/dL, p = <0.01) at the initial evaluation. However, DII scores did not significantly predict the occurrence of clinical outcomes after ten years of follow-up. Patient age was predictive of neoplasia (OR:1.05 95% CI:1.00-1.11; p = 0.03). Higher BMI at the initial evaluation was associated with steatosis (OR:1.51; 95% CI:1.29-1.77; p < 0.01), and smoking history was associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular events (OR:7.71; 95% CI:1.53-38.79; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A pro-inflammatory diet was associated with higher serum LDL cholesterol in the initial evaluation but may not be strongly related to clinical outcomes during long-term follow-up.
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Índice de Masa Corporal , LDL-Colesterol , Dieta , Inflamación , Trasplante de Hígado , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Estudios de Seguimiento , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto , Resultado del Tratamiento , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Hígado Graso , AncianoRESUMEN
Sleep has strong inflammatory underpinnings and diet is one of the primary determinants of systemic inflammation. A systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize current research associating dietary inflammatory potential, as measured by the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) or the energy-adjusted DII (E-DII™) and sleep quality and duration. The National Library of Medicine (Medline), Web of Science, and PsycInfo databases were searched through March 2023. Studies must have used the DII/E-DII as the independent variable and sleep outcomes as dependent variables. Study characteristics, based on STROBE guidelines, were scored based on the presence of the recommendation. Out of the initial 14 studies identified, a total of 12 studies were included for data synthesis. In all 12 studies, more anti-inflammatory diets (i.e., low DII/E-DII scores) were associated with better sleep in at least one sleep domain (most often sleep efficiency and wake-after-sleep-onset). Among those studies with more rigorous diet and sleep measurements, such as dietary recalls and actigraphy, associations between DII/E-DII and sleep outcomes were stronger and more consistent compared to studies using primarily subjective assessments. More rigorous measurement of diet and sleep, especially those relating to sleep stage structure, should be considered in future studies with prospective designs.
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This study analyzed the overall quality of the diet using predefined indices, including the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), the alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMED) score, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score, and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), to explore their association with the risk of bladder cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Data were taken from 186,979 African American, Japanese American, Latino, Native Hawaiian, and non-Hispanic White participants aged 45-75 years, with 1152 incident cases of invasive bladder cancer during a mean follow-up period of 19.2 ± 6.6 years. Cox models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with comprehensive adjustment for smoking. Comparing the highest vs. lowest diet quality score quintile, HRs (95% CIs) in men was 1.08 (0.86-1.36) for HEI-2015, 1.05 (0.84-1.30) for AHEI-2010, 1.01 (0.80-1.27) for aMED, 1.13 (0.90-1.41) for DASH, and 0.96 (0.76-1.21) for DII®, whereas the corresponding HRs for women were 0.75 (0.53-1.07), 0.64 (0.45-0.92), 0.60 (0.40-0.88), 0.66 (0.46-0.95), and 0.63 (0.43-0.90) with all p values for trend <0.05. The inverse association found in women did not vary by smoking status or race and ethnicity. Our findings suggest that adopting high-quality diets may reduce the risk of invasive bladder cancer among women in a multiethnic population.
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Dieta , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/etnología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/epidemiología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/prevención & control , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Factores de Riesgo , Dieta/etnología , Dieta Saludable/estadística & datos numéricos , Dieta Saludable/etnología , Estudios de Cohortes , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Enfoques Dietéticos para Detener la Hipertensión/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Prospectivos , IncidenciaRESUMEN
Introduction: Dietary choices play a crucial role in influencing systemic inflammation and the eventual development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) is a novel tool designed to assess the inflammatory potential of one's diet. Firefighting, which is characterized by high-stress environments and elevated CVD risk, represents an interesting context for exploring the dietary inflammatory-CVD connection. Aim: This study aims to investigate the associations between Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII™) scores and cardiometabolic risk parameters among US firefighters. Methods: The study analyzed 413 participants from the Indianapolis Fire Department who took part in a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)-sponsored Mediterranean diet intervention trial. Thorough medical evaluations, encompassing physical examinations, standard laboratory tests, resting electrocardiograms, and submaximal treadmill exercise testing, were carried out. Participants also completed a detailed food frequency questionnaire to evaluate dietary patterns, and E-DII scores were subsequently computed based on the gathered information. Results: Participants had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 30.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2 and an average body fat percentage of 28.1 ± 6.6%. Regression analyses, adjusted for sex, BMI, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), max metabolic equivalents (METS), age, and body fat percentage, revealed significant associations between high vs. low E-DII scores and total cholesterol (ß = 10.37, p = 0.04). When comparing low Vs median E-DII scores there is an increase in glucose (ß = 0.91, p = 0.72) and total cholesterol (ß = 5.51, p = 0.26). Conclusion: Our findings support an association between higher E-DII scores and increasing adiposity, as well as worse lipid profiles.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores were associated with knee structural changes and pain over a 10.7-year follow-up. METHODS: This study used data from a prospective population-based cohort study (mean age 63 years, 51% female) in which 1,099, 875, 768, and 566 participants completed assessments at baseline, 2.6, 5.1, and 10.7 years, respectively. T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was performed to measure cartilage volume (CV) and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) at baseline and 10.7 years. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain questionnaire was used to measure knee pain at each visit. Pain trajectories ("minimal pain," "mild pain," and "moderate pain") were previously identified. Baseline energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) scores were calculated. Linear, log-binomial regression, linear mixed-effects modeling, and multi-nominal logistic regression were used for analyses. RESULTS: The mean ± SD E-DII score at baseline was -0.48 ± 1.39. In multivariable analyses, higher E-DII scores were not associated with tibial CV loss or BML size increase except for medial tibial BML size increase. Higher E-DII scores were associated with a higher pain score (ß = 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.004-0.43) and an increased risk of belonging to the "moderate pain" compared to the "minimal pain" trajectory group (relative risk ratio 1.19; 95% CI 1.02-1.39). CONCLUSION: A proinflammatory diet, as indicated by a higher DII score, may be associated with a greater pain score and higher risk of more severe pain trajectory over 10 years. However, inconsistent findings related to structural changes suggest a discordance between the potential impact of diet on structural damage and pain in knee OA.
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Artralgia , Articulación de la Rodilla , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla , Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Masculino , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación de la Rodilla/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación de la Rodilla/patología , Estudios Prospectivos , Anciano , Estudios de Seguimiento , Artralgia/diagnóstico por imagen , Artralgia/etiología , Dimensión del Dolor , Dieta/efectos adversos , Factores de Tiempo , Cartílago Articular/diagnóstico por imagen , Cartílago Articular/patología , Factores de Riesgo , Inflamación/diagnóstico por imagen , Valor Predictivo de las PruebasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is amongst the most substantial mental health problems in elderly people, and inflammation is an underlying mechanism for cognitive impairment. The dietary inflammatory index (DII®) reflects the overall inflammatory potential of individuals' diets. The current study aimed to assess the relationship between the DII and cognitive function among the Iranian old population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 221 subjects≥65 years old in healthcare centers in five socioeconomically distinct districts of Tehran, Iran. Dietary intake data were obtained using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Energy-adjusted-DII (E-DIITM) scores were calculated for each participant according to a total of 35 food parameters, which were available from the FFQ. Mini mental state examination (MMSE), a brief screening questionnaire was used to assess cognitive function. RESULTS: E-DII scores were not significantly associated with cognitive function, both in the crude model (ß=-0.04, p-value=0.82) and after adjusting for potential confounders (ß=0.22, pvalue= 0.14). Additionally, in the unadjusted model, individuals in the highest tertile of E-DII score had increased odds of mild cognitive impairment (OR=1.13, p-trend=0.01) compared to those older adults in the lowest tertile of E-DII score. However, after controlling for potential confounders, these relationships faded (AOR=1.46, p-trend=0.12). CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study showed no significant relationship between E- DII and cognitive function among the Iranian elderly. Future prospective studies should be undertaken to explore the association between diet-associated inflammation and cognitive decline in the elderly.
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Cognición , Disfunción Cognitiva , Dieta , Inflamación , Humanos , Irán/epidemiología , Anciano , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Inflamación/epidemiología , Cognición/fisiología , Dieta/efectos adversos , Disfunción Cognitiva/epidemiología , Disfunción Cognitiva/diagnóstico , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Introduction: Banning the sales of loose cigarettes is recommended by Article 16 of the World Health Organization - Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. This study aims to understand the perceptions of cigarette users and tobacco vendors regarding such a ban. Methods: Using a systematic recruitment and interview protocol, we interviewed cigarette users (n = 28) and tobacco vendors (n = 28) from two Indian cities where sales of loose cigarettes were banned (Mumbai) or not banned (Delhi). Separate semi-structured interview guides were used for users and vendors. Interview questions focused on reasons for purchasing loose cigarettes, preference for buying and selling loose vs. packs, thoughts on the necessity of banning loose cigarettes, and the perceived impact of the policy ban for vendors and cigarette users. We performed thematic analysis and used NVivo for organizing transcript coding. Results: The main reasons users cited for purchasing loose cigarettes were financial constraints, social restrictions (fear of getting caught), and limiting cigarette consumption. In Mumbai, awareness of the existing ban was poor among both users and vendors. Those who were aware did not think the policy had been implemented. Users thought that loose cigarettes promoted smoking initiation and prevented them from quitting. Both users and vendors reported that a ban on loose cigarettes would reduce cigarette consumption and promote quit attempts as it would not be possible for everyone to purchase packs because of financial and social reasons. Conclusion: Users in both cities reported easy access to and widespread availability of loose cigarettes. Low awareness of the ban in Mumbai suggested inadequate enforcement. A country-wide ban on the sale of loose cigarettes could be highly effective in preventing smoking initiation and promoting quitting.
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Comercio , Productos de Tabaco , Humanos , India , Productos de Tabaco/economía , Productos de Tabaco/legislación & jurisprudencia , Comercio/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Entrevistas como Asunto , Adolescente , Percepción , FumarRESUMEN
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of medical conditions that elevate the chance of cardiovascular disease. An unhealthy diet is a major risk factors for MetS through different mechanisms, especially systemic chronic inflammation. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary inflammatory potential on MetS incidence and the role of MetS in the association between Energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) and cardiometabolic diseases. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 10,138 participants were recruited. All participants were divided into MetS or non-MetS groups based on the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The E-DII was used to assess the inflammatory potential of diet. After excluding the participants with MetS at baseline, 2252 individuals were followed for 5 years (longitudinal phase), and the effect of E-DII on MetS incidence was investigated using logistic regression models (p-value <0.05). Results: The cohort's mean age (45.1% men) was 48.6 ± 10.0 years. E-DII ranged from -6.5 to 5.6 (mean: -0.278 ± 2.07). Higher E-DII score had a 29% (95%CI: 1.22-1.36) increased risk for incidence of MetS and its components during five-year follow-up. Also, E-DII was significantly associated with the prevalence of MetS (OR = 1.55, 95%CI: 1.51-1.59). Among MetS components, E-DII had the strongest association with waist circumference in the cross-sectional study (OR = 2.17, 95%CI: 2.08-2.25) and triglyceride in the longitudinal study (OR = 1.19, 95%CI: 1.13-1.25). The association between E-DII and MetS was consistent in both obese (OR = 1.13, 95%CI:1.05-1.21) and non-obese (OR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.27-1.60) individuals and stronger among non-obese participants. Additionally, MetS mediated the association between E-DII and hypertension, diabetes, and myocardial infarction. Conclusion: In conclusion, a pro-inflammatory diet consumption is associated with a higher risk of MetS and its components. Furthermore, a pro-inflammatory diet increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. The higher E-DII had a stronger association with MetS, even among normal-weight individuals.
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OBJECTIVE: To deepen the understanding of the influence of diet on weight gain and metabolic disturbances, we examined associations between diet-related inflammation and body composition and fecal bacteria abundances in participants of the Nutritionists' Health Study. METHODS: Early-life, dietary and clinical data were obtained from 114 women aged ≤45 years. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII). Participants' data were compared by E-DII quartiles using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. Associations of DXA-determined body composition with the E-DII were tested by multiple linear regression using DAG-oriented adjustments. Fecal microbiota was analyzed targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to test linear associations; differential abundance of genera across the E-DII quartiles was assessed by pair-wise comparisons. RESULTS: E-DII score was associated with total fat (b=1.80, p<0.001), FMI (b=0.08, p<0.001) and visceral fat (b=1.19, p=0.02), independently of maternal BMI, birth type and breastfeeding. E-DII score was directly correlated to HOMA-IR (r=0.30; p=0.004), C-reactive protein (r=0.29; p=0.003) and to the abundance of Actinomyces, and inversely correlated to the abundance of Eubacterium.xylanophilum.group. Actinomyces were significantly more abundant in the highest (most proinflammatory) E-DII quartile. CONCLUSIONS: Association of E-DII with markers of insulin resistance, inflammation, body adiposity and certain gut bacteria are consistent with beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory diet on body composition and metabolic profile. Bacterial markers, such as Actinomyces, could be involved in the association between the dietary inflammation with visceral adiposity. Studies designed to explore how a pro-inflammatory diet affects both central fat deposition and gut microbiota are needed.
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Adiposidad , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Femenino , ARN Ribosómico 16S/metabolismo , Dieta , Inflamación/metabolismo , Obesidad Abdominal/complicaciones , Bacterias/metabolismoRESUMEN
Diet and inflammation may contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the association between proinflammatory diet, as estimated by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), and the likelihood of developing MS or other demyelinating autoimmune diseases. A systematic search was performed of search engines and databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Sciences, Scopus, and Embase) to identify relevant studies before 10th June 2023. The search identified 182 potential studies, from which 39 full-text articles were screened for relevance. Five articles with case-control design (n = 4,322, intervention group: 1714; control group: 2608) met the study inclusion criteria. The exposure variable was DII, with studies using two distinct models: quartile-based comparisons of DII and assessment of continuous DII. The meta-analysis of high versus low quartiles of DII with four effect sizes showed a significant association with MS/demyelinating autoimmune disease likelihood, with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16, 9.10). The meta-analysis of four studies with DII fit as a continuous variable showed a 31% increased likelihood of MS per unit increment; which was not statistically significant at the nominal alpha equals 0.05 (OR 1.31; 95% CI 0.95, 1.81). In conclusion, this systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence of a positive association between higher DII scores with the likelihood of developing MS, highlighting that diet-induced inflammation could play a role in MS or other demyelinating autoimmune diseases risk.
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Dieta , Inflamación , Esclerosis Múltiple , Humanos , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes , Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
It is unclear whether diet-associated inflammation is related to the development of anxiety disorders. We aimed to investigate the association between energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) scores and the incidence of anxiety disorders, and explore the joint effects of E-DII scores with other inflammatory lifestyles in enhancing anxiety risk. In the UK Biobank Study of 96,679 participants, baseline E-DII scores were calculated from the average intake of at least two 24 h dietary recalls. Multivariable-adjusted Cox models were used to evaluate the associations between E-DII scores and the incidence of total anxiety disorders, and primary types and subtypes; additive and multiplicative interactions of a pro-inflammatory diet and seven inflammatory lifestyles were examined. After a median follow-up of 9.4 years, 2785 incident cases of anxiety disorders occurred. Consuming a pro-inflammatory diet was significantly associated with a higher risk of total anxiety disorders (HRQ4vsQ1 = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.00-1.25), and positive associations were consistently identified for primary types and subtypes of anxiety disorders, with HRs ranging from 1.08 to 1.52, and were present in women only. Both additive and multiplicative interactions of current smoking and a proinflammatory diet on total anxiety risk were identified. A proinflammatory diet was associated with a higher incidence of anxiety disorders, and current smoking may synergize with a proinflammatory diet to promote anxiety risk, particularly among women.
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Trastornos de Ansiedad , Dieta , Humanos , Femenino , Estudios Prospectivos , Dieta/efectos adversos , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Inflamación/epidemiología , Estilo de VidaRESUMEN
The association between diet quality and all-cause mortality in Chinese population is unclear. We aimed to study the associations of three a priori diet quality indices-including the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I), Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI), and energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII)-and their included components with all-cause mortality. We used baseline data from the 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). We used a multivariable-adjusted Cox model to examine the associations between DQI-I, CHEI, and E-DII with all-cause mortality. During a mean of 7 years of follow-up, a total of 461 deaths occurred among 12,914 participants. For DQI-I, there were significant inverse associations with mortality for the variety score (HRQ4 vs. Q1 = 0.69, 95%CI = 0.52-0.92) and overall balance score (HR>0 vs. 0 = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.66-0.91). The adequacy score of CHEI was associated with 40% less risk of all-cause mortality (HRQ4 vs. Q1 = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.43-0.84). E-DII was not associated with mortality. An estimated 20.1%, 13.9%, and 31.3% of total mortality would be averted if the DQI-I variety score, DQI-I overall balance score, and CHEI adequacy score improved from the bottom to the top quartile, respectively. Improving diet quality, especially improving diet variety and adequacy, and having a more balanced diet may reduce all-cause mortality in Chinese adults.