Health of singleton neonates in Switzerland through time and crises: a cross-sectional study at the population level, 2007-2022.

BACKGROUND: Being exposed to crises during pregnancy can affect maternal health through stress exposure, which can in return impact neonatal health. We investigated temporal trends in neonatal outcomes in Switzerland between 2007 and 2022 and their variations depending on exposure to the economic crisis of 2008, the flu pandemic of 2009, heatwaves (2015 and 2018) and the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Using individual cross-sectional data encompassing all births occurring in Switzerland at the monthly level (2007-2022), we analysed changes in birth weight and in the rates of preterm birth (PTB) and stillbirth through time with generalized additive models. We assessed whether the intensity or length of crisis exposure was associated with variations in these outcomes. Furthermore, we explored effects of exposure depending on trimesters of pregnancy. RESULTS: Over 1.2 million singleton births were included in our analyses. While birth weight and the rate of stillbirth have remained stable since 2007, the rate of PTB has declined by one percentage point. Exposure to the crises led to different results, but effect sizes were overall small. Exposure to COVID-19, irrespective of the pregnancy trimester, was associated with a higher birth weight (+12 grams [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5 to 17.9 grams]). Being exposed to COVID-19 during the last trimester was associated with an increased risk of stillbirth (odds ratio 1.24 [95%CI 1.02 to 1.50]). Exposure to the 2008 economic crisis during pregnancy was not associated with any changes in neonatal health outcomes, while heatwave effect was difficult to interpret. CONCLUSION: Overall, maternal and neonatal health demonstrated resilience to the economic crisis and to the COVID-19 pandemic in a high-income country like Switzerland. However, the effect of exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic is dual, and the negative impact of maternal infection on pregnancy is well-documented. Stress exposure and economic constraint may also have had adverse effects among the most vulnerable subgroups of Switzerland. To investigate better the impact of heatwave exposure on neonatal health, weekly or daily-level data is needed, instead of monthly-level data.

Implementing Preeclampsia Screening in Switzerland (IPSISS): First Results from a Multicentre Registry.

INTRODUCTION: The Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) London developed a first trimester combined screening algorithm for preterm preeclampsia (pPE) that allows a significantly higher detection of pregnancies at risk compared to conventional screening by maternal risk factors only. The aim of this trial is to validate this screening model in the Swiss population in order to implement this screening into routine first trimester ultrasound and to prescribe low-dose aspirin 150 mg (LDA) in patients at risk for pPE. Therefore, a multicentre registry study collecting and screening pregnancy outcome data was initiated in 2020; these are the preliminary results. METHODS: Between June 1, 2020, and May 31, 2021, we included all singleton pregnancies with pPE screening at the hospitals of Basel, Lucerne, and Bern. Multiple of medians of uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI), mean arterial pressure (MAP), placental growth factor (PlGF), and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) as well as risks were analysed as calculated by each centre's software and recalculated on the FMF online calculator for comparative reasons. Statistical analyses were performed by GraphPad Version 9.1. RESULTS: During the study period, 1,027 patients with singleton pregnancies were included. 174 (16.9%) had a risk >1:100 at first trimester combined screening. Combining the background risk, MAP, UtA-PI, and PlGF only, the cut-off to obtain a screen positive rate (SPR) of 11% is ≥1:75. Outcomes were available for 968/1,027 (94.3%) of all patients; 951 resulted in live birth. Fifteen (1.58%) developed classical preeclampsia (PE), 23 (2.42%) developed PE according to the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) definition. CONCLUSION: First trimester combined screening for PE and prevention with LDA results in a low prevalence of PE. The screening algorithm performs according to expectations; however, the cut-off of >1:100 results in a SPR above the accepted range and a cut-off of ≥1:75 should be considered for screening. More data are needed to evaluate, if these results are representative for the general Swiss population.

Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation - Medications used in Swiss Obstetrics.

BACKGROUND: In order to improve the safety of drugs in pregnancy and lactation, it is imperative that data on clinical practice be collected and validated. METHODS: Data on routinely used medications were requested from 9 Swiss perinatal centres (5 university hospitals for obstetrics and 4 non-university centres). Furthermore, recommendations and guidelines from scientific societies for the fields of application were sought. RESULTS: Part II (lactation): For the lactation period, 48 different active substances were each identified by at least 4 centres. The active constituents most frequently cited by the centres were i. v. iron, lorazepam, nifedipine and paracetamol. Only a few guidelines were found that explicitly refer to the breastfeeding period. Therefore, fewer recommendations for use during lactation could be found compared with during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: As with during pregnancy, the same active ingredients are consistently used in Swiss perinatal centres for many different indications during lactation. Most of these active ingredients are labelled with a warning or are even considered to be contraindicated; their use is therefore mainly off-label. Official authorisation for frequently or consistently used active substances is urgently needed. With this study, a first important step towards national harmonisation has been taken.

[Harvest of Stem Cells from Umbilical Cord Blood: Relevance of Perinatal Factors for the Quality of Umbilical Cord Transplant Units]. / Gewinnung von Stammzellen aus Nabelschnurblut: Relevanz peripartaler Faktoren für die Qualität von Transplantaten.

INTRODUCTION: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) contains hematopoietic stem cells with therapeutic potential and unique cellular properties. Due to the limited number of stem cells in the UCB (surrogate marker total nucleated cells, TNC), only one in five donations is suitable for transplantation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether predictive factors exist for a TNC count above the 99th percentile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective data analysis of the 100 largest donations from 2,299 registered UCB units. Differences between maternal, fetal, and obstetric factors were analyzed and compared with a standardized cohort of 731 registered UCB units. RESULTS: maternal age and BMI in the Top100 cohort were higher compared with the comparative cohort (32 vs. 31 years, p=0.007; 30 kg/m2 vs. 29 kg/m2, p=0.024). There were significantly more P1 (76.0 vs. 62.8%, p=0.013) and women with gestational diabetes (5.00 vs. 1.65%, p=0.044). The gestational week, birth weight, the proportion of vaginal-operative deliveries and secondary caesarean sections were higher in the Top100 cohort (40+4 vs. 40+1 wks, p=0.002), (3700 vs. 3450 g, p<0.001), (53.0 vs. 22.7%, p<0.001) (10 vs. 6.2%, p=0.014). CONCLUSION: For a successful transplant, the amount of TNC in the UCB unit is crucial. Vaginal-operative deliveries, secondary caesarean sections, and a birth weight above 3700 g are favorable with regard to stem cell content. In cases with a complicated course of delivery, collection should not be neglected once the mother and child are safely cared for.

Characteristics of gestational diabetes subtypes classified by oral glucose tolerance test values.

BACKGROUND: In clinical practice, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is treated as a homogenous disease but emerging evidence suggests that the diagnosis of GDM possibly comprises different metabolic entities. In this study, we aimed to assess early pregnancy characteristics of gestational diabetes mellitus entities classified according to the presence of fasting and/or post-load hyperglycaemia in the diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test performed at mid-gestation. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 1087 pregnant women received a broad risk evaluation and laboratory examination at early gestation and were later classified as normal glucose tolerant (NGT), as having isolated fasting hyperglycaemia (GDM-IFH), isolated post-load hyperglycaemia (GDM-IPH) or combined hyperglycaemia (GDM-CH) according to oral glucose tolerance test results. Participants were followed up until delivery to assess data on pharmacotherapy and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: Women affected by elevated fasting and post-load glucose concentrations (GDM-CH) showed adverse metabolic profiles already at beginning of pregnancy including a higher degree of insulin resistance as compared to women with normal glucose tolerance and those with isolated defects (especially GDM-IPH). The GDM-IPH subgroup had lower body mass index at early gestation and required glucose-lowering medications less often (28.9%) as compared to GDM-IFH (47.8%, P = .019) and GDM-CH (54.5%, P = .005). No differences were observed in pregnancy outcome data. CONCLUSIONS: Women with fasting hyperglycaemia, especially those with combined hyperglycaemia, showed an unfavourable metabolic phenotype already at early gestation. Therefore, categorization based on abnormal oral glucose tolerance test values provides a practicable basis for clinical risk stratification.

Placental Pathology Findings during and after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Features of Villitis and Malperfusion.

Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there has been a debate whether pregnant women are at a specific risk for COVID-19 and whether it might be vertically transmittable through the placenta. We present a series of five placentas of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive women who had been diagnosed with mild symptoms of COVID-19 or had been asymptomatic before birth. We provide a detailed histopathologic description of morphological changes accompanied by an analysis of presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the placental tissue. All placentas were term deliveries (40th and 41st gestational weeks). One SARS-CoV-2-positive patient presented with cough and dyspnoea. This placenta showed prominent lymphohistiocytic villitis and intervillositis and signs of maternal and foetal malperfusion. Viral RNA was present in both placenta tissue and the umbilical cord and could be visualized by in situ hybridization in the decidua. SARS-CoV-2 tests were negative at the time of delivery of 3/5 women, and their placentas did not show increased inflammatory infiltrates. Signs of maternal and/or foetal malperfusion were present in 100% and 40% of cases, respectively. There was no transplacental transmission to the infants. In our cohort, we can document different time points regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection. In acute COVID-19, prominent lymphohistiocytic villitis may occur and might potentially be attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection of the placenta. Furthermore, there are histopathological signs of maternal and foetal malperfusion, which might have a relationship to an altered coagulative or microangiopathic state induced by SARS-CoV-2, yet this cannot be proven considering a plethora of confounding factors.

Uterine pseudoaneurysm on the basis of deep infiltrating endometriosis during pregnancy-a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pseudoaneurysm of the uterine artery (UPA) is a rare cause of potentially life-threatening hemorrhage during pregnancy and puerperium. It is an uncommon condition that mainly occurs after traumatic injury to a vessel following pelvic surgical intervention, but also has been reported based on underlying endometriosis. There is an increased risk of developing UPA during pregnancy. Diagnosis includes clinical symptoms, with severe abdominal pain and is confirmed by sonographic or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Due to its potential risk of rupture, with a subsequent hypovolemic maternal shock and high fetal mortality, an interdisciplinary treatment should be considered expeditiously. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 34-year old pregnant symptomatic patient, where a large UPA was detected at 26 weeks, based on deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). The UPA was successfully treated by selective arterial embolization. After embolization, the pain decreased but the woman still required intravenous analgesics during follow-up. At 37 weeks she developed a sepsis from the intravenous catheter which led to a cesarean section and delivery of a healthy boy. She was discharged 10 days postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: UPA should be considered in pregnant women with severe abdominal and pelvic pain, once other obstetrical factors have been excluded. DIE might be the underlying diagnosis. It is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition for mother and fetus.

Patient blood management (PBM) in pregnancy and childbirth: literature review and expert opinion.

PURPOSE: Patient blood management [PBM] has been acknowledged and successfully introduced in a wide range of medical specialities, where blood transfusions are an important issue, including anaesthesiology, orthopaedic surgery, cardiac surgery, or traumatology. Although pregnancy and obstetrics have been recognized as a major field of potential haemorrhage and necessity of blood transfusions, there is still little awareness among obstetricians regarding the importance of PBM in this area. This review, therefore, summarizes the importance of PBM in obstetrics and the current evidence on this topic. METHOD: We review the current literature and summarize the current evidence of PBM in pregnant women and postpartum with a focus on postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) using PubMed as literature source. The literature was reviewed and analysed and conclusions were made by the Swiss PBM in obstetrics working group of experts in a consensus meeting. RESULTS: PBM comprises a series of measures to maintain an adequate haemoglobin level, improve haemostasis and reduce bleeding, aiming to improve patient outcomes. Despite the fact that the WHO has recommended PBM early 2010, the majority of hospitals are in need of guidelines to apply PBM in daily practice. PBM demonstrated a reduction in morbidity, mortality, and costs for patients undergoing surgery or medical interventions with a high bleeding potential. All pregnant women have a significant risk for PPH. Risk factors do exist; however, 60% of women who experience PPH do not have a pre-existing risk factor. Patient blood management in obstetrics must, therefore, not only be focused on women with identified risk factor for PPH, but on all pregnant women. Due to the risk of PPH, which is inherent to every pregnancy, PBM is of particular importance in obstetrics. Although so far, there is no clear guideline how to implement PBM in obstetrics, there are some simple, effective measures to reduce anaemia and the necessity of transfusions in women giving birth and thereby improving clinical outcome and avoiding complications. CONCLUSION: PBM in obstetrics is based on three main pillars: diagnostic and/or therapeutic interventions during pregnancy, during delivery and in the postpartum phase. These three main pillars should be kept in mind by all professionals taking care of pregnant women, including obstetricians, general practitioners, midwifes, and anaesthesiologists, to improve pregnancy outcome and optimize resources.

[Prevention and Therapy of Preterm Birth. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k Level, AWMF Registry Number 015/025, February 2019) - Part 1 with Recommendations on the Epidemiology, Etiology, Prediction, Primary and Secondary Prevention of Preterm Birth]. / Prävention und Therapie der Frühgeburt. Leitlinie der DGGG, OEGGG und SGGG (S2k-Niveau, AWMF-Registernummer 015/025, Februar 2019) ­ Teil 1 mit Empfehlungen zur Epidemiologie, Ätiologie, Prädiktion, primären und sekundären Prävention der Frühgeburt.

AIMS: This is an official guideline of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the Austrian Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (ÖGGG) and the Swiss Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (SGGG). The aim of this guideline is to improve the prediction, prevention and management of preterm birth based on evidence obtained from recent scientific literature, the experience of the members of the guideline commission and the views of self-help groups. METHODS: Based on the international literature, the members of the participating medical societies and organizations developed Recommendations and Statements. These were adopted following a formal process (structured consensus conference with neutral moderation, voting was done in writing using the Delphi method to achieve consensus). RECOMMENDATIONS: Part I of this short version of the guideline lists Statements and Recommendations on the epidemiology, etiology, prediction and primary and secondary prevention of preterm birth.

[Prevention and Therapy of Preterm Birth. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k Level, AWMF Registry Number 015/025, February 2019) - Part 2 with Recommendations on the Tertiary Prevention of Preterm Birth and the Management of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes]. / Prävention und Therapie der Frühgeburt. Leitlinie der DGGG, OEGGG und SGGG (S2k-Niveau, AWMF-Registernummer 015/025, Februar 2019) ­ Teil 2 mit Empfehlungen zur tertiären Prävention der Frühgeburt und zum Management des frühen vorzeitigen Blasensprungs.

AIMS: This is an official guideline of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the Austrian Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (ÖGGG) and the Swiss Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (SGGG). The aim of this guideline is to improve the prediction, prevention and management of preterm birth based on evidence obtained from recently published scientific literature, the experience of the members of the guideline commission and the views of self-help groups. METHODS: The members of the participating medical societies and organizations developed Recommendations and Statements based on the international literature. The Recommendations and Statements were adopted following a formal consensus process (structured consensus conference with neutral moderation, voting done in writing using the Delphi method to achieve consensus). RECOMMENDATIONS: Part 2 of this short version of the guideline presents Statements and Recommendations on the tertiary prevention of preterm birth and the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes.

Short term sequelae of preeclampsia: a single center cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Data on the prevalence of persistent symptoms in the first year after preeclampsia are limited. Furthermore, possible risk factors for these sequelae are poorly defined. We investigated kidney function, blood pressure, proteinuria and urine sediment in women with preeclampsia 6 months after delivery with secondary analysis for possible associated clinical characteristics. METHODS: From January 2007 to July 2014 all women with preeclampsia and 6-months follow up at the University Hospital Basel were analyzed. Preeclampsia was defined as new onset of hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) and either proteinuria or signs of end-organ dysfunction. Hypertension was defined as a blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg or the use of antihypertensive medication. Proteinuria was defined as a protein-to-creatinine ratio in a spot urine > 11 mg/mmol. Urine sediment was evaluated by a nephrologist. Secondary analyses were performed to investigate for possible parameters associated with persistent symptoms after preeclampsia. RESULTS: Two hundred two women were included into the analysis. At a mean time of follow up of 172 days (+/- 39.6) after delivery, mean blood pressure was 124/76 mmHg (+/- 14/11, range 116-182/63-110) and the mean serum-creatinine was 61.8 µmol/l (33-105 µmol/l) (normal < 110 µmol/l). Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate using CKD-EPI was 110.7 mml/min/1.73m2 (range 59.7-142.4 mml/min/1.73m2) (normal > 60 mml/min/1.73m2). 20.3% (41/202) had a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher (mean 143/89 mmHg) or were receiving antihypertensive medication (5.5%, 11/202). Proteinuria was present in 33.1% (66/199) (mean 27.5 mg/mmol). Proteinuria and hypertension was present in 8% (16/199). No active urine sediment (e.g. signs of glomerulonephritis) was observed. Age and gestational diabetes were associated with persistent proteinuria and severe preeclampsia with eGFR decline of ≥ 10 ml/min/1.73m2. CONCLUSION: Hypertension and proteinuria are common after 6 months underlining the importance of close follow up to identify those women who need further care.

Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation - Medications Used in Swiss Obstetrics.

BACKGROUND: In order to improve the safety for drugs in pregnancy and lactation, data on the clinical practice must be collected and validated. METHODS: Data on the medications routinely used were requested from the university hospitals for obstetrics and the non-university perinatal centres in Switzerland and recommendations and guidelines of scientific societies for the various fields of application were sought. RESULTS: Part I: For during pregnancy and the peripartal period respectively, 69 and 21 different active constituents of medications were identified from at least 4 centres. For during pregnancy, the active constituents used in most of the centres are nifedipine, iron i. v. and oral, labetalol and magnesium sulphate, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, paracetamol, dalteparine, metoclopramide as well as atosiban and hexoprenaline; for during the peripartal period betamethasone, misoprostol, oxytocin, clindamycin as well as fibrinogen, sulprostone and tranexamic acid were most frequently cited. Recommendations of various scientific societies were found primarily for pregnancy-specific fields of application. CONCLUSION: The same active constituents of medications are consistently used in Swiss perinatal centres for the main indications in pregnant women. Despite the existing experience and available evidence, they are mainly used off-label. Official authorisations for frequently or consistently used active ingredients should be granted.

Human platelet antigen antibody induction in uncomplicated pregnancy is associated with HLA sensitization.

BACKGROUND: Alloimmunization against human platelet antigens (HPAs) during pregnancy is rare but can lead to severe bleeding disorders, such as fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In a cohort of 241 uncomplicated pregnancies, we investigated the immunogenicity of HPA mismatches and correlated HLA sensitization with HPA antibody formation. HPA antibodies were measured with a Luminex-based multiplex assay. RESULTS: HPA mismatches were observed in 109 of 241 pregnancies (45%), but child-specific HPA antibodies were only found in two of 109 cases (2%), indicating a low immunogenicity. Only nine of 241 women (4%) had detectable HPA antibodies. HLA sensitization was identified as a strong and independent predictor for HPA antibody formation (hazard ratio, 10.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-193; p = 0.006), whereas the number of pregnancies was not. CONCLUSION: Our observational data indicated a low immunogenicity of HPA and suggest that a broader immune response-inferred by HLA sensitization-is probably associated with HPA antibody induction.

Replacement of oxytocin bolus administration by infusion: influences on postpartum outcome.

PURPOSE: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) represents a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Giving oxytocin after birth reduces the risk for PPH. It has never been tested whether different methods of oxytocin administration affect the maternal outcome. This study aims to compare the infusion versus the bolus application of oxytocin after singleton vaginal delivery. METHODS: This retrospective monocentre study compares the incidence of clinically relevant postpartum complications in women receiving 5 IE of oxytocin as a bolus or as a 100 ml-infusion over 5 min, given immediately after birth. Included were women delivering singletons vaginally at term. We used propensity score weighting to compare outcomes between women receiving bolus and infusion and to minimize the selection bias in this retrospective cohort. RESULTS: 1765 patients were included. Patient characteristics were balanced. We found no significant differences for the combined overall postpartum adverse outcome (the incidence of PPH, manual removal of the placenta and/or curettage). For the single outcomes, we observed a significantly higher frequency of manual removal of the placenta (Odds ratio 1.47, 95 % CI 1.02-2.13) and a slightly higher but clinically not relevant estimated blood loss (Relative effect 1.05, 95 % CI 1.01-1.10) in the infusion group. CONCLUSION: The data show a tendency towards more complications in the infusion group. It is related to a more frequent need for manual removal of the placenta.

Human pregnancy and generation of anti-angiotensin receptor and anti-perlecan antibodies.

Non-HLA antibodies against the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 R) and the C-terminal fragment of perlecan (i.e., LG3) are associated with the development of renal allograft rejection. It is currently unknown how humans develop anti-AT1 R or anti-LG3 antibodies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pregnancy-as a model of sensitization to polymorphic proteins-induces anti-AT1 R and/or anti-LG3 antibodies. We included 104 samples from women obtained after physiologic full-term pregnancy and 80 samples from healthy nonsensitized controls (40 women and 40 men). Both anti-AT1 R and anti-LG3 antibody levels were lower in pregnancy samples than in controls (both P < 0.05). By multivariate analysis, male gender was an independent predictor for high anti-AT1 R antibody levels (OR 3.66, P = 0.04) and pregnancy was predictive for low anti-LG3 antibody levels (OR 6.53, P = 0.0001). There was no correlation of anti-AT1 R with anti-LG3 antibody levels, either in the pregnancy or in the control samples (r(2) ≤ 0.03, P ≥ 0.26). In conclusion, physiologic full-term pregnancy does not induce anti-AT1 R or anti-LG3 antibodies and may even lower their levels. Therefore, anti-AT1 R and anti-LG3 antibodies are likely not caused by allosensitization. The lack of correlation of anti-AT1 R with anti-LG3 antibodies suggests different mechanisms of generation, which remain to be elucidated.

Internet-based stress management for women with preterm labour--a case-based experience report.

Pregnant women with preterm labour (PTL) in pregnancy often experience increased distress and anxieties regarding both the pregnancy and the child's health. The pathogenesis of PTL is, among other causes, related to the stress-associated activation of the maternal-foetal stress system. In spite of these psychobiological associations, only a few research studies have investigated the potential of psychological stress-reducing interventions. The following paper will present an online anxiety and stress management self-help program for pregnant women with PTL. Structure and content of the program will be illustrated by a case-based experience report. L.B., 32 years (G3, P1), was recruited at gestational week 27 while hospitalized for PTL for 3 weeks. She worked independently through the program for 6 weeks and had regular written contact with a therapist. Processing the program had a positive impact on L.B.'s anxiety and stress levels, as well as on her experienced depressive symptoms and bonding to the foetus. As PTL and the risk of PTB are associated with distress, psychological stress-reducing interventions might be beneficial. This study examines the applicability of an online intervention for pregnant women with PTL. The case report illustrates how adequate low-threshold psychological support could be provided to these women.

Tocolysis for preterm labor: expert opinion.

Tocolysis is an important treatment in the improvement of outcome in preterm labor and preterm birth, provided that its use follows clear evidence-based recommendations. In this expert opinion, the most recent evidence about efficacy and side effects of different tocolytics is being reviewed and evidence-based recommendation about diagnosis and treatment of preterm labor is given. Further aspects such as progesterone administration or antibiotic treatment for the prevention of preterm birth are included. Our review demonstrates that an individualized choice of different tocolytics and additional treatments is necessary to improve short- and long-term neonatal outcome in preterm labor and preterm birth.

Characteristics of the Basel Postpartum Hypertension Cohort (Basel-PPHT Cohort): An Interim Analysis.

Postpartum hypertension (PPHT) is hypertension that persists or develops after delivery and is a frequent cause of readmission, affecting 10% of pregnancies. This interim analysis aims to describe the cohort and to determine the feasibility and acceptance of a home-based telemonitoring management strategy (HBTMS) in PPHT patients. Enrollment at the University Hospital Basel began during the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Maternity-ward patients were screened for preexisting hypertension, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and de novo PPHT. In this pragmatic non-randomized prospective trial, the participants chose the HBTMS or standard of care (SOC), which consisted of outpatient hypertension clinic appointments. The HBTMS was a smartphone application or a programmed spreadsheet to report blood pressure (BP), followed by telephone consultations. Three months postpartum, the participants underwent a 24 h BP measurement and a blood, biomarker, and urine analysis. A total of 311 participants were enrolled between 06/20 and 08/23. The mean age was 34 (±5.3) years. The current pregnancy history demonstrated the following (≥1 diagnosis possible): 10% had preexisting hypertension, 27.3% gestational hypertension, 53% preeclampsia (PE), 0.3% eclampsia, 6% HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets), and 18.3% de novo PPHT. A family history of cardiovascular disease and PE was reported in 49.5% and 7.5%, respectively. In total, 23.3% were high-risk for PE. A total of 68.5% delivered via c-section, the mean hospitalization was 6.3 days (±3.9), and newborn intrauterine growth restriction occurred in 21%. A total of 99% of the participants chose the HBTMS. This analysis demonstrated that the HBTMS was accepted. This is vital in the immediate postpartum period and pertinent when the exposure of hospital visits should be avoided.

Cohort profile: the Swiss Mother and Child HIV Cohort Study (MoCHiV).

PURPOSE: Prospective, multicentric observational cohort study in Switzerland investigating measures to prevent mother-to-child transmission in pregnant women with HIV (WWH) and assessing health and development of their exposed children as well as of children with HIV (CWH) in general. PARTICIPANTS: Between January 1986 and December 2022, a total of 1446 mother-child pairs were enrolled. During the same period, the study also registered 187 CWH and 521 HIV-exposed but uninfected children (HEU), for whom detailed maternal information was not available. Consequently, the cohort comprises a total of 2154 children. FINDINGS TO DATE: During these 37 years, research by the Swiss Mother and Child HIV Cohort Study (MoCHiV) and its international collaborators has strongly influenced the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV (eg, introduction and discontinuation of elective caesarean section, neonatal postexposure prophylaxis and breastfeeding). Contributions have also been made to the management of diagnostics (eg, p24 antigen assay) and the effects of antiretroviral treatment (eg, prematurity, growth) in HEU and CWH. FUTURE PLANS: Most children present within the cohort are now HEU, highlighting the need to investigate other vertically transmitted pathogens such as hepatitis B and C viruses, cytomegalovirus or Treponema pallidum. In addition, analyses are planned on the longitudinal health status of CWH (eg, resistance and prolonged exposure to antiretroviral therapy), on social aspects including stigma in CWH and HEU, and on interventions to further optimise antenatal and postpartum care in WWH.

The diagnosis of rupture of fetal membranes (ROM): a meta-analysis.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the performance of tests based on the detection of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) and placental α-microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) in diagnosing rupture of fetal membranes (ROM) across different patient populations. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted on prospective observational or cohort studies investigating ROM tests based on the detection of IGFBP-1 and PAMG-1 meeting the following criteria: (1) performance metrics calculated by comparing results to an adequate reference method; (2) sensitivity thresholds of the investigated tests matching those of the currently available tests; (3) study population, as a minimum, included patients between 25 and 37 weeks of gestation. Sensitivities, specificities, and diagnostic odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS: Across all patient populations, the analyzed performance measures of the PAMG-1 test were significantly superior compared with those of the IGFBP-1 test. Of particular clinical relevance, PAMG-1 outperformed IGFBP-1 in the equivocal group, which comprised patients with uncertain rupture of membranes (sensitivity, 96.0% vs. 73.9%; specificity, 98.9% vs. 77.8%; PAMG-1 vs. IGFBP-1 tests, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with its performance in women with known membrane status, the accuracy of the IGFBP-1 test decreases significantly when used on patients whose membrane status is unknown. In this latter clinically relevant population, the PAMG-1 test has higher accuracy than the IGFBP-1 test.