Pre-polycystic ovary syndrome and polymenorrhoea as new facets of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Evidences from a single centre data set.

OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disorder with diverse metabolic implications. Diagnosis typically relies on oligo-amenorrhoea (OA), hyperandrogenism (HA), and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). However, the role of polymenorrhoea in PCOS remains understudied. Additionally, limited information exists regarding metabolic disturbances in women with partial PCOS phenotypes that do not meet diagnostic criteria. This extensive database aims to provide substantial evidence on the metabolic implications of polymenorrhoea and partial PCOS phenotypes. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: In this single-centre study, 6463 women with PCOS-like characteristics and 3142 age-matched healthy women were included. The study compared clinical (anthropometry, modified Ferriman Gallwey [mFG] score), hormonal (serum testosterone), and metabolic (plasma glucose, serum lipids, insulin) characteristics between women diagnosed with PCOS, those with partial PCOS phenotypes, and the healthy control group RESULTS: In all, 5174 women met Rotterdam criteria for PCOS diagnosis, while 737 were classified as Pre-PCOS, including HA (n = 538), OA (n = 121), or PCOM (n = 78). Common clinical features included oligomenorrhoea (75.5%), hirsutism (82.9%), obesity (27.2%), hypertension (1.6%), metabolic syndrome (19.6%), and diabetes mellitus (5.6%). Women diagnosed with PCOS, HA only, and OA only exhibited higher average body mass index, plasma glucose levels (both fasting and 2 h after the oral glucose tolerance test), and lipid fractions in comparison to those with PCOM and the healthy controls. However, indices of insulin resistance were similar among women with PCOS, HA, PCOM, and OA, albeit higher than in the healthy controls. The polymenorrhoea subgroup (5.9%) had lower BMI and serum testosterone, but similar mFG score, plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid levels as the oligomenorrhoea subgroup. CONCLUSION: The metabolic disturbances observed in Pre-PCOS women highlight the need to reassess diagnostic criteria. Including the polymenorrhoea subcategory in PCOS criteria is recommended due to similar metabolic dysfunctions as the oligomenorrhoea group.

Contrast venography vs. microwire assisted axillary venipuncture for cardiovascular implantable electronic device implantation.

Aims: This study was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of microwire assisted technique with contrast venography guided axillary venipuncture in patients undergoing cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation. Methods and results: This prospective randomized study included 212 consecutive adult patients undergoing CIED implantation at our institute between 2013 and 2015. Patients were randomized to either venography guided technique (Group I; n = 105) or microwire assisted technique (Group II; n = 107) for axillary venipuncture. In Group I axillary venogram was used as a roadmap for guiding the puncture. In Group II, a 0.014 inch hydrophilic coronary guidewire ('microwire') was introduced through the ipsilateral antecubital vein and puncture needle was aimed to hit the microwire over the first or second rib. Outcome measures including technical success rates; number of attempts to successful puncture; puncture duration; fluoroscopy times and adverse events were compared in the two groups. Overall success rates were similar in both groups (97.4% in Group I and 100% in Group II, P = 0.061). We demonstrated significantly higher first attempt success rates; shorter puncture durations and fluoroscopy times; and lower number of attempts to successful puncture with microwire assisted technique (89.3% vs. 65.6%; 36.7 ± 23.1 s vs. 67.8 ± 44.9 s; 62.4 ± 35.3 s vs. 118.9 ± 63.2 s; and 1.21 ± 0.82 vs. 2.16 ± 1.54 respectively, P < 0.001). Adverse event rates were significantly lower with microwire assisted technique (0.9% vs. 8.6%, P = 0.009). Conclusion: Microwire assisted technique is a simple, quicker, safer and more efficacious alternative to contrast venography guided axillary venipuncture.

An Innovation in Pacemaker Lead Implantation via Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: The "3D Alpha Curve" Stylet.

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) draining into coronary sinus is typically detected incidentally during transcatheter interventions using left subclavian venous approach. In our experience, we have encountered this anomaly on a few occasions and in all these cases we successfully implanted leads in the right ventricle (RV) by shaping the stylet into a "U-shaped" or "pigtail-shaped" curve. Herein, we report a case of an adult male who underwent successful dual-chamber pacemaker implantation via PLSVC through left axillary venous approach. In this case, we were unable to deliver the lead into RV using aforementioned stylets. As an innovation, we used a "three-dimensional alpha curve"-shaped stylet that facilitated an easy entry of pacing lead into the RV.

FE65 and FE65L1 amyloid precursor protein-binding protein compound null mice display adult-onset cataract and muscle weakness.

FE65 and FE65L1 are cytoplasmic adaptor proteins that bind a variety of proteins, including the amyloid precursor protein, and that mediate the assembly of multimolecular complexes. We previously reported that FE65/FE65L1 double knockout (DKO) mice display disorganized laminin in meningeal fibroblasts and a cobblestone lissencephaly-like phenotype in the developing cortex. Here, we examined whether loss of FE65 and FE65L1 causes ocular and muscular deficits, 2 phenotypes that frequently accompany cobblestone lissencephaly. Eyes of FE65/FE65L1 DKO mice develop normally, but lens degeneration becomes apparent in young adult mice. Abnormal lens epithelial cell migration, widespread small vacuole formation, and increased laminin expression underneath lens capsules suggest impaired interaction between epithelial cells and capsular extracellular matrix in DKO lenses. Cortical cataracts develop in FE65L1 knockout (KO) mice aged 16 months or more but are absent in wild-type or FE65 KO mice. FE65 family KO mice show attenuated grip strength, and the nuclei of DKO muscle cells frequently locate in the middle of muscle fibers. These findings reveal that FE65 and FE65L1 are essential for the maintenance of lens transparency, and their loss produce phenotypes in brain, eye, and muscle that are comparable to the clinical features of congenital muscular dystrophies in humans.

Clinical, Demographic, and Angiographic Profiles of Amarnath Pilgrims Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: The challenges posed by high altitude are particularly significant in terms of cardiovascular health. There are currently no data available on acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among Amarnath pilgrims. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical and angiographic profiles of ACS among Amarnath pilgrims, focusing on demographic characteristics, risk factors, types of ACS, clinical presentation, angiographic findings, and in-hospital outcomes. By examining these aspects, we aimed to provide insights into the unique challenges faced by pilgrims during their spiritual journey and to identify potential strategies for improving the prevention and management of ACS in this population.  Methods: This was a hospital-based, prospective, observational study that included patients who had participated in the pilgrimage and presented with ACS between 2022 and 2023.  Results: Sixty patients were recruited for the study, with a mean age of 51.19 ± 11.17 years. Of these, 43 (71.7%) were male. Risk factors identified in the study included hypertension in 35 (58.3%), smoking in 23 (38.3%), diabetes mellitus in 18 (30%), and dyslipidemia in 25 (41.6%) patients. ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was present in 46 (76.66%) patients, Anterior wall myocardial infarction (AWMI) occurred in 29 (48.3%), inferior wall myocardial infarction (IWMI) in 15 (25%), and high lateral wall myocardial infarction (HLWMI) in two (3.3%) patients. Of the 60 patients, 19 (31.6%) were in Killip class I, 16 (26.6%) were in class II, and 25 (41.6%) were in classes III or IV. The average time from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization was 7.6 ± 3.1 hours, significantly higher in those with Killip class III or IV (9.3 ± 3.6 vs. 5.4 ± 2.7 hours, p = 0.01). There were nine (15%) in-hospital deaths, and in the multivariate analysis, advanced Killip class (p = 0.04) and delays in hospitalization of more than six hours (p = 0.03) were found to be significant predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, 40% of patients presented in the advanced Killip class, and 15% experienced in-hospital mortality. The average time from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization was significantly higher for those categorized in the advanced Killip classes. Our study highlights a significant association between advanced Killip class, delay in hospitalization, and in-hospital mortality among Amarnath pilgrims with ACS, underscoring the importance of timely intervention. It is recommended that appropriate measures be taken to improve patient outcomes in these cases.

Left ventricular diastolic function and cardiotoxic chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular ejection fraction falls when the myocardium has already lost a significant portion of its functional capacity. There are conflicting data on whether diastolic dysfunction precedes systolic dysfunction after cardiotoxic chemotherapy. We aimed to study systolic and diastolic dysfunction after cardiotoxic chemotherapy and whether diastolic dysfunction can predict subsequent risk of systolic dysfunction. It was an observational prospective cohort study, and patients receiving cardiotoxic chemotherapy were included. Baseline, demographic, and clinical details were recorded. Echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular systolic function, global longitudinal strain, and diastolic function were noted at baseline, three months, and 6 months. RESULTS: We included eighty patients. The mean age of the patients was 54.92 ± 7.6 years, predominantly females (80%). The mean left ventricular ejection fraction fell from 64.92 ± 1.96 to 60.97 ± 4.94 at 6 months. Low ejection fraction was seen in 8 (10%) patients at 6 months. The mean global longitudinal strain (GLS) at baseline was - 18.81 ± 0.797 and fell to - 17.65 ± 2.057 at 6 months, with 12 (15%) patients having low GLS (< - 18). Grade 1 diastolic dysfunction was seen in 22 (27.5%) patients, and grade 2 diastolic dysfunction was seen in 3 (3.8%) patients at 6 months. There was a significant decrease in E/A ratio (inflow early diastolic velocity/Inflow late diastolic velocity), mitral tissue Doppler velocity, and an increase in isovolumic relaxation time, mitral valve deceleration time, and E/e' (inflow early diastolic velocity/tissue Doppler mitral annular velocity), at three months and 6 months. Ejection fraction at 6 months was significantly and negatively correlated with diastolic dysfunction at three months (r = - 0.595, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiotoxic chemotherapy is associated with early diastolic dysfunction. Early diastolic dysfunction predicts subsequent left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in identifying infarct related artery and non-ischemic pathogenesis in patients presenting with non ST elevation myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION: Identifying an Infarct-related artery (IRA)in Non-STEMI is sometimes tricky. Besides, myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) mimickers are often labeled as myocardial infarction. Late Gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac MRI can help in identifying IRA besides MINOCA mimickers. AIMS: To study the role of LGE on cardiac MRI(CMR) in NSTEMI. MATERIAL METHODS: It was a prospective observational, double-blinded study. 70 NSTEMI patients were prospectively enrolled over two years. CMR was done before coronary angiography (CAG) during the index hospitalization. Matching was done between IRA selected by CAG and IRA as determined by LGE on MRI. RESULTS: Mean age was 58 ± 15 years. CAG could not identify IRA in 38.6% (n = 27) patients. In this patient group, LGE-CMR identified IRA in 48.1% (n = 13) & a new non-CAD diagnosis was identified in 18.5% (n = 5) patients. IRA was identified in 61.4% (n = 43) by CAG & in this patient group, LGE-CMR identified a different IRA in 6.9% (n = 3) patients. LGE-CMR also identified a new non-CAD diagnosis in 11.6% (n = 5) of patients from this group. Overall, LGE-CMR led to a new IRA diagnosis in 23% (n = 16) patients & a diagnosis of non-ischemic pathogenesis in 14% (n = 10) patients. Non-Ischemic diagnosis on CMR included stress cardiomyopathy in 3, myocarditis in 6, and infiltrative disorder in 1 patient. CONCLUSION: CMR leads to new IRA diagnoses or non-ischemic pathogenesis in one-third of the cohort.

Management of PDA device closure complicated by severe hemolysis by transcatheter retrieval and deployment of new device.

BACKGROUND: Hemolysis after Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) device closure is rare. Although in most cases, hemolysis settles on its own; however, in some cases it may not settle spontaneously and may require additional procedures like putting additional coils, gel foam or thrombin instillation, balloon occlusion, or removing it surgically. We report a case of adult PDA device closure who persisted with hemolysis and was managed by transcatheter retrieval. CASE PRESENTATION: A 52-year-old gentleman presented to us with a diagnosis of large PDA with operable hemodynamics. Descending thoracic aortic Angio showed a large 11 mm PDA. Transcatheter device closure was done in the same sitting with a 16 × 14 Amplatzer Ductal Occluder I(ADO) device,;however, after device release, the aortic end of the device was not fully formed and there was residual flow. The next morning patient started with gross hematuria with persistent residual flow. We tried to manage with conservative means including hydration, and blood transfusion; however, residual flow persisted for 10 days and his hemoglobin dropped from 13 gm/dl preprocedural to 7 gm/dl, creatinine increased from 0.5 mg/dl to 1.9 mg/dl, bilirubin increased to 3.5 mg/dl & urine showed hemoglobinuria. As the patient continued to deteriorate it was planned to retrieve the device by transcatheter approach. 10 French amplatzer sheath was parked in the pulmonary artery near the ductus. We tried with a combination of multiple catheters and Gooseneck snare (10 mm) and finally, we successfully retrieved with a combination of Multipurpose (MP) catheter and 10 mm Gooseneck snare. After that, we closed the defect successfully with a double disk device (muscular Ventricular septal defect 14 mm Amplatzer). The patient's hematuria settled and was discharged after 2 days with normal hemoglobin and creatinine. CONCLUSIONS: Patent ductus arteriosus ADO 1 device should not be released if the aortic end of the disk is not fully formed Patient should be carefully monitored for hemolysis if evidence of residual shunt and given supportive treatment. If conservative treatment fails, residual flow needs to be eliminated. Transcatheter retrieval although technically challenging is a feasible treatment. A muscular VSD device is a good alternative to the usual PDA device to close PDA, especially in adults.

Prognostic value of hematological parameters in older adult patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary intervention: a single centre prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is a significant contributor to the disease burden in geriatric patients. Underlying systemic inflammation is thought to be the cause of age-related changes in the bone marrow and a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. The purpose of the study was to assess the accuracy of these hematological biomarkers in predicting 30-day mortality in older patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of 601 older adult patients (age > 60 years) with ACS who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention over two years (2017-2019). The relationship between baseline hematological parameters and mortality was assessed during the 30-day follow-up. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were done to evaluate for diagnostic accuracy of various hematological parameters. RESULTS: The mean age of presentation was 77 ± 17 years. The mean neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) value was 5.07 ± 4.90 and the mean platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) value was 108.65 ± 85.82. On univariate analysis, total leucocyte count [odds ratio (OR) = 0.85, P = 0.021], hematocrit (OR = 0.91, P = 0.018), NLR (OR = 1.10, P = 0.001) and PLR (OR = 1.05, P = 0.001) were associated with mortality. On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, NLR predicted mortality with 68.1% and PLR with 65.7% accuracy. On multivariate analysis, NLR (OR = 1.096, 95% CI: 1.006-1.15, P = 0.035) was an independent predictor of 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: For the risk classification of all elderly ACS patients, we highly advise using NLR rather than the total white blood cell count.

Echocardiographic Measurements in Normal Healthy Adult Population of North India.

BACKGROUND AND AIM:  Interpretation of imaging modalities depends on robust normal reference limits. Ethnicity is an essential determinant of cardiac chamber sizes. Though few studies from India have focused on this research, it has yet to include the Kashmiri population. We aimed to study normal echocardiographic values of healthy Kashmiri adults and compare them with Western and Indian studies. METHODS:  It was a prospective observational study on healthy adults of Kashmir Valley. A comprehensive echocardiographic analysis following standardized protocols was performed. RESULTS:  A total of 2245 study participants were analyzed. The mean age was 32.52±11.55 years. There were 1100 (49%) males. Males had higher absolute left ventricular volumes and mass, left atrial volumes, right ventricular diameter, and aortic size, while females had higher absolute left ventricular ejection fraction and early and late diastolic mitral inflow velocities. Males had higher indexed left ventricular end-systolic volume, while females had higher indexed left ventricular end diastole diameter, aorta diameter, right ventricle, and left and right atrial sizes. Left ventricular mass and diastolic parameters were significantly associated with age. Compared with the American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, absolute values of left ventricle size, volumes, mass, right ventricle size, aortic size, and left and right atrial size were higher than those in our study. Our study population had a higher left ventricle ejection fraction. Among indexed parameters, left ventricle volumes, left ventricle systolic diameter, aortic annulus, and left and right atrial volumes were still significantly higher in Western data. While comparing with Indian data, we noted significant regional differences. CONCLUSION:  We provide normal reference values for our local population. We noted significant differences with Western as well as other Indian populations. Our study highlights the need for developing ethnic-specific reference values of various echocardiographic measurements.

Prevalence and Predictors of Venous Stenosis Following First Transvenous Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Implantation.

Objectives: Very few studies have been done on Venous stenosis following the first transvenous cardiac device implantation. We aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of Venous stenosis/Occlusion following the first transvenous cardiac device implantation with venous angiography at one year of follow-up. Methods: This study was a single-center prospective, observational study. Demographic, clinical, procedural, and device data was collected. All patients underwent a preimplant contrast and repeated venography at twelve months to look for upper limb venous anatomy, obstruction, or collaterals. Results: A total of 146 patients were included in the final analysis. 60 (41 %) patients developed some degree of venous stenosis. Most patients had mild to moderate stenosis, and almost all were asymptomatic. Among patient-related factors increasing age (64.66 ± 10.07 vs 60.91 ± 11.94 years p = 0.04), presence of hypertension (50.5 % vs 19.6 % p = 0.0004), diabetes (73 % vs 29.6 % p = 0.000) and dyslipidemia (66.7 % vs 36.3 p = 0.009) were significantly associated with Venous stenosis/occlusion. Among procedure-related factors, larger total lead diameter (3.88 ± 1.09 vs. 3.50 ± 1.03 mm p = 0.03) and implantation of biventricular devices (p = 0.0037) seem to be significantly associated with venous obstruction. In logistic regression analysis, hypertension (p = 0.018), total lead diameter (p = 0.024), and use of CRT-P/CRTD/ICD (p = 0.03) remained significant predictors of severe venous stenosis. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates venous obstruction in 40 % of cardiac implantable electronic device patients at one-year follow-up. Most patients have mild to moderate stenosis, and almost all are asymptomatic. Increasing age, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, larger total lead diameter, and implantation of biventricular devices are significantly associated with venous obstruction.

Concussion management for the adolescent patient: an algorithm for primary-care providers.

A sharp increase in the number of diagnosed concussions has been observed for the traditional adultathlete, as well as the young recreational athlete. An enhancing awareness and growing concern has been noted for the potentially larger number of concussions that go undiagnosed and the unknown capability for long-term complications associated with this injury. This increase in concussion awareness has appropriately led to an enhanced utilization of the health-care system for concussion evaluation and management. As is always the case in the practice of medicine, it is important for healthcare providers, from all points of entry in the healthcare system, to provide consistent management for the best outcomes for any disease process. Millions of sport-related concussions occur each year in the United States, placing a large demand on the healthcare system. Utilization of appropriate and congruent treatment plans during the medical discourse when transferring care of patients between providers is paramount. In the co-management model of care, subspecialists lend expertise to assist primary-care providers (PCPs) in gaining the core competencies necessary to provide appropriate levels of care for certain conditions. Increased use of co-management could make the health-care system more efficient and collaborative, leading to: increased access for patients, lower overall costs, and improved quality of care and health outcomes. Co-management allows patients and families to have access to the expert knowledge of subspecialist while receiving more of their care from their PCP, increasing their comfort and making treatment more convenient. The intent of this paper is to distribute an algorithm created by a multidisciplinary group of medical providers to provide a rational approach, congruent with the standard of care, for the primary-care provider to institute an individualized stepwise progression.

Role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in hypertensive patients having controlled office blood pressure.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring has become useful in the diagnosis and management of hypertensive individuals. In this study we tried to know the role of office and ambulatory BP in treated hypertensive patients. METHODS AND PATIENTS: Prospective cohort of 561 treated hypertensive patients were enrolled in the study. Hypertension definitions were according to JNC 8 classification. Office BP and ambulatory BP monitoring was done according to defined protocol. RESULTS: From a subgroup of 158 treated hypertensive patients, 91(16.2%) patients were having white coat hypertension (p value 0.00 by Pearson chi square test). In a subset of 403 patients who were having controlled BP on the day of enrolment as well as on the day of attaching ambulatory BP monitor; 98 (17.4%) patients were having masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH). In addition there was very significant percentage of non-dippers and reverse dippers. In our study we found that office BP has a moderate to low specificity and sensitivity and low negative predictive value for overall control in treated hypertensive patients. CONCLUSION: Ambulatory BP monitoring should be included in the management protocol of treated hypertensive patients, for the optimal BP control.

Safety and efficacy of ARNI (valsartan/sacubitril) vs ACEI (enalapril) in acute heart failure - A prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of valsartan/sacubitril (angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor [ARNI]) against enalapril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor [ACEI]) in patients with acute heart failure at 6-month follow-up. METHODS: In this prospective, single centre, and observational study conducted between September 2017 and February 2020 in India, patients with acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (<40%) were included. Patients were divided in two groups: valsartan/sacubitril (ARNI) group and enalapril (ACEI). Patients were followed up for at least 6 months after administration of first dose and were evaluated for safety, efficacy, and tolerability of target drug. Student's independent t-test was employed for comparing continuous variables. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, whichever appropriate, was applied for comparing categorical variables. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients were included in the present study, 100 each in ARNI and ACEI group. The mean age of the population was 61.2 ± 8.4 years and 62.6 ± 8.6 years in ARNI group and ACEI group, respectively. The mean maximum tolerated dose by population in ARNI group was 203.6 mg and 8.9 mg in ACEI group. Readmission for heart failure were seen significantly higher in ACEI group than ARNI group (p value = 0.001). Parameters like ejection fraction, left ventricular end diastolic and systolic dimensions, 6 min walk test and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaires (KCCQ) showed p values < 0.05 between the groups. CONCLUSION: The ARNI study group showed better safety and efficacy outcomes at the end of 6 months follow-up compared to ACEI group.

Effect of Cereclor as Rejuvenator to Enhance the Aging Resistance of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Binder.

Asphalt is the most commonly used material for pavement construction around the world, and therefore, it is vital to acquaint a practice that restores the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder properties to the required level of performance by adding proper rejuvenators. However, a rejuvenator may perform better in the early stages of its application but may not necessarily perform better in the long run. The aim of this study is to assess the rejuvenation effect on the aging resistance of RAP binder in long-life performance through applying artificial aging. In this study, base virgin binder of pen grade 60/70 and RAP binder rejuvenated with Cereclor were subjected to artificial aging to simulate the short- and long-term aging effects. Penetration, softening point, ductility, and viscosity; saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltene (SARA) fractionation; and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, bending beam rheometer (BBR), and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests were conducted to evaluate the potential improvements in various properties of RAP binder. The results indicated that the physical, fractional composition, rheological, and aging resistance of RAP binder improved through the rejuvenation mechanism. Therefore, the rejuvenator improved the chemical structure through re-balancing the constituents in the colloidal system, even after long-term re-aging, which proves it to be an aging-resistant binder. Furthermore, it has been concluded that Cereclor has substantial rejuvenation potential even after applying artificial aging, and it can be utilized in pavement recycling to achieve long-life performance. Furthermore, the results depict good correlations between the physical, rheological, and chemical parameters of virgin and RAP binder.

Left ventricular myocardial mass index and its correlates as an early marker of cardiovascular risk among nonobese normotensive Indian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: lessons from a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitate left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and correlate it with inflammation, insulin resistance (IR) and serum androgen levels among nonobese normotensive women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study SETTING: Tertiary care institute in North India PATIENTS: A total of 260 drug-naive women qualifying the Rotterdam 2003 criteria for diagnosis of PCOS and 250 apparently healthy women matched for age and body mass index (BMI). INTERVENTIONS: Clinical, biochemical, hormonal, and inflammatory marker assessment was followed by estimation of LVM and LVMI by 2-dimensional echocardiography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: LVM and LVMI in nonobese, normotensive women with PCOS and its correlation with subinflammation, IR, and androgen excess. RESULTS: Mean ages (28.08 ± 4.18 vs. 29.44 ± 6.33 years) and BMI (24.43 ± 4.15 vs. 23.92 ± 4.21 kg/m2) of cases vs. controls were comparable, as was blood pressure and plasma glucose (1 hour after oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]). Women with PCOS had fewer menstrual cycles per year and higher Ferriman-Gallwey scores, plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment of IR, total testosterone, plasma glucose (fasting and 2 hours after OGTT), serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 than did the controls (P<.001). Significant differences were observed in LVM (101.50 ± 30.19 vs. 89.35 ± 27.57 g) and LVMI (63.60 ± 16.67 vs. 56.32 ± 10.84 g/m2) between women with PCOS and the controls (P<.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that proinflammatory markers and IR rather than hyperandrogenism correlated with LVMI. CONCLUSION: We conclude that normotensive nonobese women with PCOS were more likely to have elevated mean LVMI than were healthy controls and it was positively correlated with proinflammatory markers and IR but not with androgen excess. Well-designed long-term follow-up studies with a larger cohort of subjects with comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment are warranted to conclusively answer the question.

The effect of percutaneous coronary revascularization on plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels in stable coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess the effect of percutaneous coronary revascularization (PCR) on plasma NT-proBNP concentration in patients with chronic stable angina (CSA). METHODS: This prospective open label interventional study included 22 patients with moderate to severe CSA, normal left ventricular (LV) systolic functions and critical (>90%) proximal stenosis in one of the three major epicardial coronary arteries. After stabilization of medications for 8 weeks, resting supine plasma NT-proBNP levels were measured and patients underwent PCR of the involved vessels. Eight weeks later, with medications unaltered; plasma NT-proBNP levels were repeated and compared with the baseline levels. LV systolic and diastolic functions were assessed before and after PCR. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 61.27±8.87years. Out of 22 patients, 20 were male and 2 were female. PCR was performed on left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in 12 patients and in a non-LAD vessel in 10 patients. After 8 weeks of successful PCR, there was a significant overall reduction in mean plasma NT-proBNP levels (from 244.36±218.99 to 168.68±161.61pg/mL, p=0.016). The patients who underwent PCR of LAD demonstrated significantly reduced NT-pro-BNP levels after PCR (p=0.009). In the non-LAD group, NT-proBNP levels also decreased, albeit insignificantly (p=0.432). Reduction in NT-proBNP was independent of change in LV systolic functions. CONCLUSION: Successful PCR, by relieving myocardial ischemia, significantly reduced plasma NT-proBNP levels in majority of the patients with chronic stable angina secondary to critical epicardial coronary artery stenosis.

Clinical profile in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and a recessive plakophilin-2 gene mutation.

OBJECTIVE: Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is not an uncommon cause of cardiac morbidity in Kashmir valley. This study was designed to document various clinical features and to sequence exons 11 and 12 of plakophilin 2 (PKP2) gene in these patients. METHODS: ACM patients who attended cardiology outpatient department of our institute from January 2014 to April 2015 were included in the study. Their records were reviewed. Controls were randomly selected, who had no history or family history of cardiac illness and had a normal cardiac examination. A blood sample was also taken from both the groups for sequencing of exon 11 and 12 of PKP2 gene. ACM patients were followed up until July 2016. RESULTS: Eleven ACM patients and seven controls were included in the study. Most common mode of presentation was ventricular tachycardia (VT). Two patients had left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. One patient had a splice site mutation in exon 12 of PKP2 gene and one patient died during follow-up. One of the controls had an intronic variation that has no pathogenic significance vis-à-vis ACM. CONCLUSION: Our study describes various clinical parameters in ACM patients and a recessive plakophilin 2 mutation after a limited PKP2 gene sequencing.

Insertion/deletion polymorphism of ACE gene in females with peripartum cardiomyopathy: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The role of polymorphism of Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene and ACE activity in etiopathogenesis, prognosis, and many other clinical parameters in the various form of the cardiovascular disease has been established to some degree of certainty. The pathophysiology of Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) remains an area of active research. The main aim of our study was to see pattern of ACE- Insertion/Deletion (I/D) allele in PPCM and its implications on left ventricular performance indices. METHODS: This single-center case-control study included 45 cases and 70 controls. The diagnosis of PPCM was established clinically and echocardiographically. ACE genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in all subjects. RESULTS: The II, ID, and DD genotype was present in 16, 18 and 11 of subjects with PPCM and 48, 19 and 3 of controls respectively. The odds ratio for ACE-II genotype in cases vs. controls was 0.253 (95% CI=0.114-0.558; p=0.007), for that of II genotype was 1.93 (95% CI=0.86-4.3; p=0.107) and for DD genotype was 7.225 (95% CI; 1.88-27.6; p=0.0039). Overall frequency of D allele in cases was significantly higher than controls (odds=4.25; 95% CI=2.01-6.7; p=0.0001). Moreover, ejection fraction, left ventricular volume and linear dimensions were worse in patients with DD genotype. CONCLUSION: ACE DD genotype and overall frequency of D allele is significantly higher in patients with PPCM. Also, the presence of DD genotype is associated with worse systolic performance indices measured echocardiographically.