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This study was investigated to determine the faecal volatiles, steroid hormones and their correlation with behavioural signs during oestrous cycle in sheep (Ovis aries). This experiment was monitored from pro-oestrous to met-oestrous phases for correlation of endocrine dependence biochemical constituents in faeces and blood to detection of oestrous biomarkers. Medroxyprogesterone acetate sponges were used for 8 days to bring uniformity of oestrus in sheep. Faeces were collected during different phases of cycle and subjected to determination of fatty acids, minerals, oestrogens and progesterone analysis. Likewise, blood samples were also obtained for enzymatic and no-enzymatic antioxidants. The results revealed that faecal progesterone and oestrogen levels significantly increased during pro-oestrous and oestrous phase, respectively (p < .05). The blood plasma enzymatic levels showed significant demarcation during the oestrous phase than other periods (p < .05). There were also reported marked variations in volatile fatty acids across different phases of the oestrous cycle. Interestingly, methyl octanoate, methyl cis-10 pentadecenoate and methyl heptadecanoate volatiles were found to be specific to oestrus period. In addition, methyl hexanoate, methyl palmitoleate and methyl cis-9 oleate were identified in met-oestrus, indicating their possible role to be an oestrous biomarker. It is concluded that the pattern of volatile compounds and faecal steroids, in association with behavioural patterns, could be measured as a non-invasive method of heat detection in sheep.
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Progesterona , Oveja Doméstica , Ovinos , Animales , Estro/metabolismo , Estrógenos , Heces/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Around the globe, salinity is one of the serious environmental stresses which negatively affect rapid seed germination, uniform seedling establishment and plant developments restricting sustainable agricultural productivity. In recent years, the concepts of sustainable agriculture and cleaner production strategy have emphasized the introduction of greener agrochemicals using biocompatible and natural sources to maximize crop yield with minimum ecotoxicological effects. Over the last decade, the emergence of nanotechnology as a forefront of interdisciplinary science has introduced nanomaterials as fast-acting plant growth-promoting agents. RESULTS: Herein, we report the preparation of nanocomposite using chitosan and green tea (CS-GTE NC) as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent to elicit salt stress tolerance through priming imprints. The CS-GTE NC-primed (0.02, 0.04 and 0.06%), hydroprimed and non-primed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under normal and salt stress (150 mM NaCl) conditions. The seedlings developed from aforesaid seeds were used for physiological, biochemical and germination studies. The priming treatments increased protein contents (10-12%), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a (4-6%), Chl b (34-36%), Total Chl (7-14%) and upregulated the machinery of antioxidants (CAT (26-42%), POD (22-43%)) in wheat seedlings under stress conditions. It also reduced MDA contents (65-75%) and regulated ROS production resulting in improved membrane stability. The priming-mediated alterations in biochemical attributes resulted in improved final germination (20-22%), vigor (4-11%) and germination index (6-13%) under both conditions. It reduced mean germination time significantly, establishing the stress-insulating role of the nanocomposite. The improvement of germination parameters validated the stimulation of priming memory in composite-treated seeds. CONCLUSION: Pre-treatment of seeds with nanocomposite enables them to counter salinity at the seedling development stage by means of priming memory warranting sustainable plant growth and high crop productivity.
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Plantones , Triticum , Plantones/metabolismo , Germinación , Semillas , Estrés SalinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chickpea is one of the major legume crops being cultivated in the arid and semi-arid regions of Pakistan. It is mainly grown on the marginal areas where, terminal drought stress is one of the serious threats to its productivity. For defining the appropriate selection criteria for screening drought tolerant chickpea genotypes, present study was conducted. Distinct chickpea germplasm was collected from different pulses breeding institutes of Pakistan and evaluated for drought tolerance at germination and early seedling stages, furthermore, at late vegetative growth stages physiochemical traits and multi-environment yield performance were also tested. RESULTS: Chickpea genotypes under different environments, were significantly varied for different seedling traits, physio-chemical attributes and seed yield. Genotypes showing drought tolerance by performing better at an early seedling stages were not correspondingly high yielding. Screening for drought tolerance on seed yield basis is the most appropriate trait to develop the drought tolerant as well as high yielding chickpea genotypes. Results confirmed that traits of early growth stages were not reflecting the drought tolerance at terminal growth stages and also did not confer high yielding. NIAB-rain fed environment proved ideal in nature to screen the chickpea genotypes whereas, NIAB-lysimeter and Kalur Kot was least effective for selecting genotypes with high seed yield. Genotypes D0091-10, K010-10, D0085-10, K005-10, D0078-10, 08AG016, 08AG004, D0080-10, 09AG002, K002-10 and D0099-10 were high yielding and drought tolerant based on their performance across multiple hotspot environments. CONCLUSIONS: The selected genotypes are intended for further evaluation for varietal approval to recommend for general cultivation on farmer fields in drought hit areas of Pakistan. Among physio-biochemical traits, higher proline, glycine betain, RWC and CMS were reflecting the higher capability to tolerate the drought stress in chickpea. Drought sensitive genotypes (K0037-10, 2204, K0052-10, 09AG015, K0042-10, CM709/06, K0068-10, K004-10, K0026-10 and K0063-10) were also identified in present study which were resourceful asset for using as contrasting parents in hybridization programs. To our knowledge, this is first report using an integrated approach involving, physio-biochemical indices, and multi-environmental yield trials, for comparison, screening and selection of chickpea genotypes for drought tolerance.
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Cicer/fisiología , Sequías , Genotipo , Selección Genética/fisiología , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Cicer/genética , Cicer/crecimiento & desarrollo , AmbienteRESUMEN
Phytoextraction is an environmentally friendly and a cost-effective strategy for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. However, lower bioavailability of some of the metals in polluted environments e.g. lead (Pb) is a major constraint of phytoextraction process that could be overcome by applying organic chelators. We conducted a glasshouse experiment to evaluate the role of citric acid (CA) in enhancing Pb phytoextraction. Brassica napus L. seedlings were grown in hydroponic media and exposed to various treatments of Pb (50 and 100 µM) as alone or in combination with CA (2.5mM) for six weeks. Pb-induced damage in B. napus toxicity was evident from elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 that significantly inhibited plant growth, biomass accumulation, leaf chlorophyll contents and gas exchange parameters. Alternatively, CA application to Pb-stressed B. napus plants arrested lipid membrane damage by limiting MDA and H2O2 production and by improving antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, CA significantly increased the Pb accumulation in B. napus plants. The study concludes that CA has a potential to improve Pb phytoextraction without damaging plant growth.
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Brassica napus/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Cítrico/farmacología , Plomo/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Biodegradación Ambiental , Biomasa , Brassica napus/química , Brassica napus/enzimología , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Plomo/análisis , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/química , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Tallos de la Planta/química , Tallos de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Tallos de la Planta/metabolismo , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/aislamiento & purificación , Espectrofotometría AtómicaRESUMEN
The lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus ssp. Culinaris) is a self-pollinating, diploid (2n = 2X = 14) crop with a genome size of 4 Gbp. The present study was conducted to provide a database for the evaluation of lentil antioxidant capacity, nutritional quality, and biochemical attributes. For these purposes, lentil germplasm, including 100 exotic and local genotypes from different agro-climatic zones of Pakistan, was collected. Significant variation (p < 0.05) was found among the genotypes under investigation using the Tukey HSD test. Ascorbate peroxidase was highest in ALTINOPARK (2,465 Units/g s. wt.), catalase in LPP 12110 (5,595 Units/g s. wt.), superoxide dismutase in LPP 12105 (296.75 Units/g s. wt.), and peroxidase in NIAB Masoor 2002 (3,170 Units/g s. wt.). Furthermore, NLM 15016 had a maximum total antioxidant capacity of 15.763 mg/g s. wt. The maximum values of total soluble sugars (83.93 mg/g. s. wt.) and non-reducing sugars (74.79 mg/g. s. wt.) were noticed in NLM 15015. The highest reducing sugars were detected in ILL 8006 (45.68 mg/g. s. wt.) ascorbic acid in LPP 12182 (706 µg/g s. wt.), total phenolic content in NLI 17003 (54,600 µM/g s. wt.), and tannins in NLI 17057 (24,563 µM/g s. wt.). The highest chlorophyll a (236.12 µg/g s. wt.), chlorophyll b (317 µg/g s. wt.), total chlorophyll (552.58 µg/g s. wt.), and lycopene (10.881 µg/g s. wt.) were found in NLH 12097. Maximum total carotenoids were revealed in the local approved variety Markaz 2009 (17.89 µg/g s. wt.). Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis (Pearson's test), and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) were performed to detect the extent of variation in genotypes. In cluster analysis, all genotypes were categorized into three clusters. Cluster II genotypes showed remarkable divergence with cluster III. According to PCA, the contribution of PC-I regarding tested nutritional parameters toward variability was the highest (39.75%) and indicated positive factor loading for the tested nutritional and biochemical parameters. In conclusion, genotype X 2011S 33-34-32 can be used by the food industry in making pasta, multigrain bread, and snacking foods due to its high protein content for meat alternative seekers. Identified genotypes with high nutritional attributes can be utilized to improve quality parameters in the respective lentil breeding lines.
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Chickpea pod borer (CPB) (Helicoverpa armigera) is one of the major pests, causing significant yield losses. The objectives were to screen chickpea mutants for pod borer resistance/tolerance under field conditions and identification of biochemical markers of tolerance. Chickpea mutant CM216-A/15 had highest leaf (25 trichomes/mm2) and stem trichome density (17 trichomes/mm2) with least pod damage at Kallur Kot and highest pod weight per plant (22.8 ± 2.6g) at AZRI. Higher total phenolic contents (TPCs) and antioxidant capacity were detected in tolerant mutants, i.e., CM216-A/15 and CM664/15. TPC was positively associated with pod yield and had negative correlation with pod damage. Mutants CM216-A/15, CM664/15, and CM766/15 depicted the highest resilience to CPB, owing to higher hairiness, better antioxidant defense response, and lower levels of hydrolytic enzymes and sugars. Identified biochemical markers like TPC, total oxidant status, superoxide dismutase, and pigments can be used for screening of CPB-tolerant/resistant mutants.
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Water deficit stress triggers various physiological and biochemical changes in plants, substantially affecting both overall plant defense response and thus nutritional quality of tomatoes. The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant defense response and nutritional quality of different tomato genotypes under water deficit stress. In this study, six tomato genotypes were used and subjected to water deficit stress by withholding water for eight days under glass house conditions. Various physiological parameters from leaves and biochemical parameters from tomato fruits were measured to check the effect of antioxidant defense response and nutritional value. Multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) was used for the selection of genotypes with improved defense response and nutritional value under water deficit stress condition. Results indicated that all physiological parameters declined under stress conditions compared to the control. Notably, NBH-362 demonstrated resilience to water deficit stress, improving both defense response and nutritional quality which is evident by an increase in proline (16.91%), reducing sugars (20.15%), total flavonoids (10.43%), superoxide dismutase (24.65%), peroxidase (14.7%), and total antioxidant capacity (29.9%), along with a decrease in total oxidant status (4.38%) under stress condition. Overall, the findings suggest that exposure to water deficit stress has the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of tomatoes. However, the degree of this enhancement is contingent upon the distinct genetic characteristics of various tomato genotypes. Furthermore, the promising genotype (NBH-362) identified in this study holds potential for future utilization in breeding programs.
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Brown spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae is a major damaging fungal disease of rice which can decrease the yield and value of produce due to grain discoloration. The objectives of the current study were to investigate and understand the biochemical indices of brown spot disease resistance in rice. A total of 108 genotypes (mutant and hybrid) along with Super Basmati and parent RICF-160 were evaluated against brown spot disease. The genotypes exhibiting resistant and susceptible responses to brown spot disease according to the IRRI standard disease rating scale were screened and selected. To study the biochemical response mechanism, forty five selected genotypes along with Super Basmati and RICF-160 were analyzed using the biochemical markers. The physiological and biochemical analysis provided valuable insights and confirmed the resistance of rice hybrids and mutants against brown spot disease. Positive correlations were observed among stress bio-markers and disease response. Rice genotypes i.e. Mu-AS-8, Mu-AS-19, Mu-AS-20 and Mu-AS-35 exhibited moderate resistant response while Hy-AS-92, Hy-AS-98, Hy-AS-99, Hy-AS-101, Hy-AS-102 and Hy-AS-107 showed resistant response to brown spot disease. Brown spot resistant rice genotypes had lesser values of malondialdehyde and total oxidant status and higher antioxidant activities i.e. superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, total phenolic content and lycopene. The selected resistant rice genotypes had resistance capacity against Bipolaris oryzae stress. In conclusion, identified resistant mutants i.e. Mu-AS-8, Mu-AS-19, Mu-AS-20 and Mu-AS-35 and hybrids i.e. Hy-AS-92, Hy-AS-98, Hy-AS-99, Hy-AS-101, Hy-AS-102 and Hy-AS-107 could be used in rice breeding program to achieve sustainable rice production by coping the emerging challenge of brown spot disease under variable climate conditions.
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Bipolaris , Etilenos , Oryza , Oryza/genética , Oryza/microbiología , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , FitomejoramientoRESUMEN
Over-accumulating salts in soil are hazardous materials that interfere with the biochemical pathways in growing plants drastically affecting their physiological attributes, growth, and productivity. Soil salinization poses severe threats to highly-demanded and important crops directly challenging food security and sustainable productivity. Recently, there has been a great demand to exploit natural sources for the development of nontoxic nanoformulations of growth enhancers and stress emulators. The chitosan (CS) has growth-stimulating properties and widespread use as nanocarriers, while curcumin (CUR) has a well-established high ROS scavenging potential. Herein, we use CS and CUR for the preparation of CSNPs encapsulating CUR as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent. The hydroprimed, nanoprimed (0.02 and 0.04%), and unprimed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) and normal conditions. The seedlings established from the aforementioned seeds were employed for germination studies and biochemical analyses. Priming imprints mitigated the ionic toxicity by upregulating the machinery of antioxidants (CAT, POD, APX, and SOD), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, and lycopene), tannins, flavonoids, and protein contents in wheat seedlings under salt stress. It controlled ROS production and avoided structural injuries, thus reducing MDA contents and regulating osmoregulation. The nanopriming-induced readjustments in biochemical attributes counteracted the ionic toxicity and positively influenced the growth parameters including final germination, vigor, and germination index. It also reduced the mean germination time, significantly validating the growth-stimulating and stress-emulating role of the prepared nanosystem. Hence, the nanopriming conferred tolerance against salt stress during germination and seedling development, ensuring sustainable growth.
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Quitosano , Curcumina , Nanopartículas , Plantones/metabolismo , Triticum , Quitosano/metabolismo , Curcumina/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Germinación , Suelo , SemillasRESUMEN
Effective identification and usage of genetic variation are prerequisites for developing nutrient-efficient cultivars. A collection of 94 safflower (Carthamus tinctorius ) genotypes (G) was investigated for important morphological and photosynthetic traits at four nitrogen (N) treatments. We found significant variation for all the studied traits except chlorophyll b (chl b ) among safflower genotypes, nitrogen treatments and G×N interaction. The examined traits showed a 2.82-50.00% increase in response to N application. Biological yield (BY) reflected a significantly positive correlation with fresh shoot weight (FSW), root length (RL), fresh root weight (FRW) and number of leaves (NOL), while a significantly positive correlation was also observed among carotenoids (C), chlorophyll a (chl a ), chl b and total chlorophyll content (CT) under all treatments. Superior genotypes with respect to plant height (PH), FSW, NOL, RL, FRW and BY were clustered into Group 3, while genotypes with better mean performance regarding chl a , chl b C and CT were clustered into Group 2 as observed in principal component analysis. The identified eight best-performing genotypes could be useful to develop improved nitrogen efficient cultivars. Genome-wide association analysis resulted in 32 marker-trait associations (MTAs) under four treatments. Markers namely DArT-45481731 , DArT-17812864 , DArT-15670279 and DArT-45482737 were found consistent. Protein-protein interaction networks of loci associated with MTAs were related to fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism and histone modifications.
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Aminoácidos de Cadena Ramificada , Carthamus tinctorius , Ácidos Grasos , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Nitrógeno , Carthamus tinctorius/genética , Carthamus tinctorius/metabolismo , Carthamus tinctorius/efectos de los fármacos , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Aminoácidos de Cadena Ramificada/metabolismo , Genotipo , Código de Histonas/efectos de los fármacos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Sitios GenéticosRESUMEN
This study investigated the antioxidant effect of quercetin-treated semen on frozen-thawed spermatozoa quality and in-vivo fertility in crossbred Kamori goats. In total, 32 ejaculates from four fertile bucks were diluted in Tris-based egg yolk extender with varying levels of quercetin (0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 µM). Qualified semen samples were pooled and frozen in French straws. The results revealed that the addition of quercetin in the semen extender increased (p < 0.05) frozen-thawed sperm total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), rapid velocity (RV), average path velocity (VAP), straight line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL), and amplitude of lateral head (ALH) displacement in contrast to the control group. Quercetin supplementation had no effect on beat cross frequency (BCF), straightness (STR), and linearity (LIN) (p > 0.05). Quercetin showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) plasma membrane and acrosome integrity and viability (p < 0.05) of spermatozoa in contrast to the control group. Quercetin in the semen extender significantly increased (p < 0.05) superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels while reduced (p < 0.05) the contents of total oxidant status (TOS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), which were in contrast to the control group. Ultrasound results revealed that 24 out of 30 (80%) goats were found pregnant when semen was treated with 5 µM quercetin while the control group showed 18 out of 30 (60%) animals were pregnant. Thus, the study concluded that 5 µM quercetin-treated semen was found to be efficient, showed increased antioxidant status, and reduced oxidant production, leading to improved spermatozoa quality and in-vivo fertility in goats.
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Biotic systems face immense environmental hazards such as accumulation of heavy metals, particularly in agricultural ecosystems that might cause deterioration of yield and quality of crops. In this study, we evaluated the role of silicon (Si) in alleviating the heavy metal (Cd) stress tolerance in cotton by analyzing the induced Physio-chemical changes. Cotton plants were grown in hydroponic culture with three different Cd levels (0, 1 and 5µM) along with two Si treatment levels (0 and 1mM). The data showed that Cd alone reduced the plant growth as well as the efficiency of antioxidant activity as compared to control plants. Plant growth, gas exchange characteristics (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency) chlorophyll contents, and carotenoids as well as the performance of antioxidant enzymes were improved by the exogenous application of Si. The adverse effects of Cd on plant growth were alleviated by the exogenous application of Si. It was observed that Si effectively mitigated the adverse effects of Cd on cotton plants and markedly enhanced the growth, biomass and photosynthetic parameters while decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and electrolytic leakage (EL). The antioxidant enzyme activities in cotton leaves and roots increased significantly, when Si was added to control as well as Cd stressed plants. In conclusion, Si improved the growth and photosynthesis attributes of cotton plants by mitigating the adverse effects of Cd stress through reduced EL, MDA and H2O2 contents and improved activities of antioxidant enzymes.
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Cadmio/metabolismo , Cadmio/toxicidad , Gossypium/efectos de los fármacos , Gossypium/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Silicio/farmacología , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Gossypium/enzimología , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/enzimología , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Oligoelementos/farmacología , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) belonging to one of the most diverse and substantial families, Poaceae, is the principal cereal crop for the majority of the world's population. This cereal is polyploidy in nature and domestically grown worldwide. Wheat is the source of approximately half of the food calories consumed worldwide and is rich in proteins (gluten), minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, P, and Fe), vitamins (B-group and E), riboflavin, niacin, thiamine, and dietary fiber. Wheat seed-storage proteins represent an important source of food and energy and play a major role in the determination of bread-making quality. The two groups of wheat grain proteins, i.e., gliadins and glutenins, have been widely studied using SDS-PAGE and other techniques. Sustainable production with little input of chemicals along with high nutritional quality for its precise ultimate uses in the human diet are major focus areas for wheat improvement. An expansion in the hereditary base of wheat varieties must be considered in the wheat breeding program. It may be accomplished in several ways, such as the use of plant genetic resources, comprising wild relatives and landraces, germplasm-assisted breeding through advanced genomic tools, and the application of modern methods, such as genome editing. In this review, we critically focus on phytochemical composition, reproduction growth, types, quality, seed storage protein, and recent challenges in wheat breeding and discuss possible ways forward to combat those issues.
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Tomato is the second most important vegetable crop consumed globally, by the virtue of its antioxidant-rich phytochemicals and bioactive compounds. Identifying genotypes with high antioxidant capacities and nutritionally rich phytochemicals is imperative for improving human health. The present study aimed to analyze 21 antioxidant and nutritional compounds in 93 geographically diverse, high yielding, better quality, stress tolerant tomato genotypes (hybrids, parental lines, inbred lines, and advanced lines). Significant variation (p < 0.05) was detected for investigated traits among the tested genotypes. Principal component analysis revealed the hybrids NIAB-Jauhar, Iron-lady F1, NBH-258, Ahmar F1, NIAB-Gohar, the parents H-24, B-25, AVTO1080, Astra and AVTO1003, as well as the lines LBR-17, AVTO1315, AVTO1311 and Lyp-1 revealed superior performance for the traits such as chlorophylls, lycopene, total carotenoids, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, protease, alpha-amylase and total flavonoid content. Whereas the hybrids Surkhail F1, NBH-204, NBH-229, NBH-151, NBH-196, NBH-152, NBH-261, NBH-228, NIAB-Jauhar, NBH-256 and NBH-255, the lines 21354, AVTO1315, Newcherry, LA4097, AVTO1311 and UAF-1 together with the parents Naqeeb, NCEBR-5, M-82 and LBR-10 exhibited significant contribution to the traits such as total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, malondialdehyde, ascorbic acid, esterase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Moreover, the semi-determinate and determinate tomato genotypes together with the categories parent and line with positive factor scores of 3.184, 0.015, 0.325 and 0.186 in PC- I, exhibited better performance for the trait such as total chlorophylls, lycopene, total carotenoids, total oxidant status, protease, alpha-amylase, total antioxidant capacity, esterase and total flavonoid content. Whereas again the semi-determinate and indeterminate tomato genotypes along with the category hybrid with positive factor scores of 2.619, 0.252 and 0.114 in PC- II, exhibited better performance for the traits such as total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, chlorophyll b, malondialdehyde content, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Hybrid vigor was observed in the hybrids for investigated traits. The aforementioned tomato genotypes showing outstanding performance in the respective traits can be exploited in the breeding programs to improve nutritional quality of tomato that can further improve human health.
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Keeping in mind the ascribed repute of Diospyros malabarica (D. malabarica), this investigation was commenced to assess the effect of diverse solvents on extraction yields, phytochemical components and antioxidant capability, and in vitro biological activities of D. malabarica for pharmaceutically active constituents to combat various infections. To screen phytochemicals both qualitatively (flavonoids, terpenoid, saponins, tannins) and quantitatively like total phenolic and flavonoid contents, Diospyros malabarica parts include the following: root, leaves, bark, stem, ripe, and unripe fruit were sequentially extracted with organic solvents such as petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water in increasing order of polarity from less polar to more polar solvents. Furthermore, biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory were explored. The results revealed that all the tested solvents displayed a vital role in the extraction yield, the content of phytochemicals, and the studied biological activities. Methanol was found as the best solvent followed by the ethanol for the extraction, representing the highest extraction yield (18.3%), rich diversity of phytochemicals, and the highest total phenolic contents (602 ± 0.001 µg EAG/mg of extract) and total flavonoid contents (455 ± 0.6 µg EQ/mg of extract) in bark extract. Furthermore, methanol bark extract showed high in vitro antibacterial activity (30.25 mm ± 0.9), antifungal activity (18.25 mm ± 0.2), anticancer activity (48%), antidiabetic activity (68%) and anti-inflammatory activity (62%) followed by ethanol amongst other extracts of D. malabarica. Accordingly, methanol might be as an ideal solvent to get maximum content of phytochemicals, promising antioxidants, and in vitro biological activities from bark extract amongst other extracts of D. malabarica compared to pet ether, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane and may act as free radical rummager because phytochemical constituents exhibit antioxidant capability. Our findings suggest that phytochemical compounds (flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids) found in the bark extract of D. malabarica may be attributed to evaluate potent anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities.
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Diospyros , Saponinas , Antibacterianos/química , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antifúngicos , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Etanol , Flavonoides/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes , Metanol , Cloruro de Metileno , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Solventes , Taninos/farmacología , TerpenosRESUMEN
In this study Cu-chitosan nanoparticles (Cu-CNP) have been employed as eco-friendly and safer priming agents to induce salt and PEG-induced hyperosmotic stress tolerance in wheat seedlings. Seed priming is a facile on-farm stress management technique that requires a little amount of priming agent and minimizes the eco-toxicological effects on soil fertility. The wheat seeds were primed with 0.12% and 0.16% Cu-CNP for eight hours and were allowed to germinate under normal, PEG-induced hyperosmotic stress (15% PEG-6000 - 3.0 Mpa) and salt stress (150 mM). For comparison, non-primed and hydro-primed seeds were also allowed to germinate as control under the same conditions. The biochemical analyses suggested the priming treatments enhanced the POD activity under salt stress but it was decreased under PEG-induced hyperosmotic stress. Priming with 0.12% Cu-CNP induced a significant increase in CAT while the opposite effect was observed in 0.16% treated seedling under stress and non-stress conditions. Both priming treatments did not allow the over-expression of SOD under both stress conditions. The total phenolic contents were also decreased significantly under all conditions. Except for priming with 0.16% Cu-CNP under PEG-induced hyperosmotic stress, a suppression in MDA was observed under both stress conditions. Surprisingly, the Cu-CNP priming induced a significant increase in ß-carotenoids, total carotenoids, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll under normal and stress conditions. In conclusion, the controlled expression of enzymatic antioxidants, low contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants and suppression of MDA mirror the stress mitigating role of Cu-CNP against PEG-induced hyperosmotic stress and salinity. The stress-insulating potential has also been reinforced by the enhanced production of plant and photosynthetic pigments. All these priming-induced biochemical changes produced positive effects on growth and germinating parameters in wheat seedlings under PEG-induced hyperosmotic stress as well as salinity.
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The subtropical climatic conditions in the winter season characterized by low temperature may enable to induce cold stress in pregnancy and transition periods which results in the production of reactive oxygen species. However, flavonoid enriched impact on pregnancy and lactation of Beetal goats remains unclear in a subtropical cold environment. Forty-eight multiparous pregnant Beetal goats were randomly assigned into two groups, mid-pregnancy (nâ¯=â¯24), late pregnancy to early lactation (nâ¯=â¯24). Mid-pregnancy and late pregnancy were further sub-grouped into control and supplemented with an equal number of animals. Both groups of animals were offered concentrates while the supplemented group was provided additional flavonoid-rich supplementation (Loxidan) at 120â¯mg/kg/head during the experimental period of 45â¯days in each phase of pregnancy plus 33â¯days of kids suckling period only in late pregnancy to early lactation group. Fractional biochemical analysis of Loxidan feed revealed it contained a rich source of total flavonoids (8268⯱â¯92.1⯵g/g) with total antioxidant capacity (14.6⯱â¯1.7⯵M/g DW). Blood was collected fifteen days apart during mid-pregnancy (60 to 105â¯days) and late pregnancy plus early lactation (120 to 165â¯days) for the assessment of serum biochemical parameters. Results revealed that serum profile of total flavonoids, total antioxidant activity, total oxidant status, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, total phenolic, total proteins, and progesterone level showed significant values as compared to the control group in both phases of pregnancy (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Moreover, flavonoid enriched supplementation increased the initial kid's weight and total average weight gain as compared to the control group (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Overall, results illustrate that supplementation increased kid's birth weight, average daily weight gain, and fetal survival. Therefore, flavonoids could be used as an antioxidant regimen to mitigate cold stress of subtropical environment on pregnancy and lactation to improve reproductive traits.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Cabras , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Flavonoides/farmacología , Cabras/metabolismo , Lactancia , Embarazo , Aumento de PesoRESUMEN
High salinity levels affect 20% of the cultivated area and 9%-34% of the irrigated agricultural land worldwide, ultimately leading to yield losses of crops. The current study evaluated seven salt tolerance-related traits at the seedling stage in a set of 138 pre-breeding lines (PBLs) and identified 63 highly significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) linked to salt tolerance. Different candidate genes were identified in in silico analysis, many of which were involved in various stress conditions in plants, including glycine-rich cell wall structural protein 1-like, metacaspase-1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GAPA1, and plastidial GAPA1. Some of these genes coded for structural protein and participated in cell wall structure, some were linked to programmed cell death, and others were reported to show abiotic stress response roles in wheat and other plants. In addition, using the Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) protocol, the best-performing lines under salt stress were identified. The SNPs identified in this study and the genotypes with favorable alleles provide an excellent source to impart salt tolerance in wheat.
RESUMEN
Global climatic instabilities have become the main reason for drastic yield losses in chickpea. This shift in climate could be a great threat in the future for food security in developing countries. Chickpea production is badly hampered by heat stress coupled with drought stress, and these factors can reduce yields by 40-45%. To mitigate yield losses due these abiotic factors, irrigation supplementation could be the best strategy. The present study aimed to (i) investigate the tolerance response of 9 desi chickpea genotypes against heat stress (H), irrigation (I), and a combination of both (I+H) through morphophysiological and biochemical indices at early growth stage, and (ii) assess yield performance across multiple locations of the country. Results revealed that under irrigation treatment, all genotypes perform well, but the genotypes D-09027 and D-09013 showed best performance because, as compared to control, they retained root length, seedling fresh weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, esterase activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total chlorophyll, and total carotenoids. Shoot length and total phenolic contents (TPC) increased in both genotypes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased in D-09027 and retained in D-09013. Catalase activity increased in D-09013 and retained in D-09027. Protease activity, total water potential and osmotic potential decreased in both genotypes and depicted high yield potential with 27 and 30% increase in yield over Bhakhar-2011 (check), respectively. In case of heat stress, maximum tolerance was found in genotypes CH104/06 and D-09013 with no change in shoot and root length, seedling dry weight, shoot fresh and dry weight, root dry weight, relative water content, turgor water potential, catalase (CAT) activity, esterase activity, increased root fresh weight, peroxidase activity (POD), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX), and lycopene with low accumulation of protease and Malondialdehyde content (MDA). Both genotypes depicted high yield potential with 30 and 43% increase in yield over check across multiple locations of the country. Under the combined treatment, most genotypes showed good performance, while CH104/06 was selected as best performer genotype because significant of its increased root fresh weight, lycopene content, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids, total chlorophyll, retained shoot length, root length, seedling fresh and dry weight, total water potential, osmotic potential, relative water content, peroxidase activity (POD), catalase, esterase, and its ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity and total soluble proteins (TSP) showed highest yield potential with 43% increase over check. Identified best performing and tolerant genotypes can further be employed for breeding climate-smart chickpea genotypes for sustainable production under changing climate.
RESUMEN
Triticum aestivum is among the few species of crops which has been widely grown as a source of food. For seed quality trait analysis, wheat germplasm (77 genotypes) was collected from Pakistan's diverse agro-climatic regions. Significant variation (p < 0.05) was observed for tested parameters among tested genotypes. Genotypes with maximum protein content, i.e., GA2002 (16.5%) and Marvi (16.5%), moisture content, i.e., advance line 9,244 (11%), starch content, i.e., AARI 2011 (54.1%), zeleny sedimentation rate, i.e., advance line 2006 (44ml), wet gluten content, i.e., advance line 2006 (44%), kernel weight, i.e., advance line TC-4928 (41.6 ± 9.5 mg), kernel diameter, i.e., sassui (2.91 ± 0.32 mm), kernel moisture, i.e., AUQAB 2000 (11.7 ± 0.4%), Mairaj 2000 (11.7 ± 0.4%), and Barani-83 (11.7 ± 0.3%), and hardness index, i.e., Punjab 2011 (91 ± 39) are concluded as potential candidates to be explored for bakery products and the breeding program to improve quality attributes of wheat. Data were also analyzed for correlation, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis (PCA). Cluster analysis clustered all genotypes into five different groups. The D2 statistics confirmed maximum diversity of cluster-V genotypes against genotypes of cluster-IV regarding single kernel characteristics, whereas cluster-II genotypes revealed maximum diversity against cluster-III genotypes relating to grain nutritional profile. The contribution of PC-I regarding single kernel characteristics toward variability was highest (48.58%) and revealed positive factor loadings for kernel weight, kernel diameter, and kernel moisture, while the contribution of PC-I with respect to grain nutritional profile toward variability was highest (59.76%) and showed positive factor loadings for moisture and starch content. Varieties having good quality attributes can be combined by breeders via various breeding methods with the aim of developing high quality wheat in the future.