The Effect of Time Pressure on Surgical Skill Retention in Novices: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: There are limited opportunities to practice surgical skills and techniques in residency. Therefore, it is important to explore strategies which optimize surgical simulation experiences to enhance learning outcomes and skill retention. METHODS: Novice medical students (n = 29) were recruited to participate in a Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) peg transfer task training. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group, practicing the peg transfer task independently, or an experimental group, practicing with time pressure. Participant skill assessments were completed before the training, after the training, and 8-weeks after the training. Subjective and objective stress measurements were taken in the form of self-report surveys and heart rate variability data, respectively. RESULTS: For all the skill assessment measurements, there was no difference between groups in performance on the FLS task. Both groups showed improvement in performance after the training compared to before. The experimental group reported higher stress during and after the training period compared to the control group; however, there was no difference between groups on heart rate variability metrics. CONCLUSION: Time pressure while practicing an FLS task did not significantly impact learning acquisition or retention. However, the experimental group reported higher levels of stress. This preliminary study suggests time pressure does not confer an enhanced surgical skill learning experience for novices.

Surgeon Assessment of a Novel Multi-Resolution Foveated Laparoscope.

BACKGROUND: We developed a multi-resolution foveated laparoscope (MRFL) to improve situational awareness in laparoscopic surgery. We assessed surgeon objective task performance and subjective attitudes with MRFL when used for box trainer tasks and porcine surgery. METHODS: The MRFL simultaneously obtains a wide-angle view and a magnified view. The 2 images are displayed simultaneously. 6 urologists and 2 general surgeons performed box trainer and porcine surgery tasks with the MRFL and a standard laparoscope. Task time, use of display options, and subjective assessments were obtained. RESULTS: Subjectively, surgeons rated situational awareness, depth perception, and instrument interference as comparable between the prototype MRFL and laparoscope for trainer tasks. For porcine surgery, the MRFL was rated as having less interference than the standard laparoscope. The image quality of the MRFL was rated interior to the standard laparoscope. Participants found the different viewing modes useful for different roles and reported that they would likely use the MRFL for conventional laparoscopic and robotic surgery. Objectively, box trainer task time was comparable for 2 of 3 tasks with the remaining task shorter for the standard laparoscope. Porcine nephrectomy and oophorectomy were feasible with the prototype MRFL, although nephrectomy task time was significantly longer than traditional laparoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The MRFL demonstrated feasibility for performing complex surgery. Surgeons had favorable attitudes toward its features and likelihood to use the device if available. Users utilized different view types for different tasks. Longer MRFL task times were attributed to poorer image quality of the prototype.

Neural changes following equine-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A longitudinal multimodal imaging study.

BACKGROUND: While effective treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exist, many individuals, including military personnel and veterans fail to respond to them. Equine-assisted therapy (EAT), a novel PTSD treatment, may complement existing PTSD interventions. This study employs longitudinal neuro-imaging, including structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), resting state-fMRI (rs-fMRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), to determine mechanisms and predictors of EAT outcomes for PTSD. METHOD: Nineteen veterans with PTSD completed eight weekly group sessions of EAT undergoing multimodal MRI assessments before and after treatment. Clinical assessments were conducted at baseline, post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: At post-treatment patients showed a significant increase in caudate functional connectivity (FC) and reduction in the gray matter density of the thalamus and the caudate. The increase of caudate FC was positively associated with clinical improvement seen immediately at post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up. In addition, higher baseline caudate FC was associated with greater PTSD symptom reduction post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study is the first to demonstrate that EAT can affect functional and structural changes in the brains of patients with PTSD. The findings suggest that EAT may target reward circuitry responsiveness and produce a caudate pruning effect from pre- to post-treatment.

Further Comparison of 4 Display Modes for a Multi-Resolution Foveated Laparoscope.

Background. To overcome field of view and ergonomic limitations of standard laparoscopes, we are developing a multi-resolution foveated laparoscope (MRFL), which can simultaneously obtain both wide- and zoomed-in-view images. To facilitate the effectiveness of our MRFL, we have been investigating various ways of organizing and visualizing dual-view multi-resolution images acquired by the MRFL. In our prior study, we implemented and compared 6 display modes for the MRFL, assuming a typical clinical environment where a standard (but limited) resolution monitor is available. To take full advantage of our MRFL, displays having sufficient screen resolutions might be advantageous. The present study aims to further understand the effects of view configurations through displays with a standard high-definition (HD) resolution and a 4K resolution. In this study, we compare 3 display modes for limited-resolution displays against a new mode for sufficient-resolution displays. Methods. Twenty subjects performed 3 evaluation trials of a touching task with each display mode in an emulated MRFL environment. Various objective measurements including task completion time and the number of collisions, and subjective preference were recorded. Results. The new mode showed a better task completion time than the other modes, while it maintained a low number of collisions similar to the others. Moreover, the majority of participants selected the new mode as their most preferred one. Conclusions. With a sufficient display resolution, the co-registration between the unblocked and unwarped wide context view and the high-resolution zoomed-in view offered by the new mode was highly effective on both task performance and user preference.

Comparison of six display modes for a multi-resolution foveated laparoscope.

BACKGROUND: To overcome the field of view and ergonomic limitations of standard laparoscopes, we are developing a multi-resolution foveated laparoscope that can simultaneously obtain both wide- and zoomed-in-view images through a single scope. To facilitate the effective access to the dual views of images with different resolution and field coverage acquired by our laparoscope, six different display modes have been developed. Each of the six display modes has inherent advantages and disadvantages. This study compares the six display modes through a human-subject experiment, which was conducted with an emulated laparoscope using a 4K camera. METHODS: Twenty-four subjects without medicine background performed three evaluation trials of a touching task with each of the display modes. Various objective measurements including task completion time, the number of collisions, gaze position, and tooltip position, and subjective preference for the display modes were recorded. RESULTS: For all the measurements except for task completion time and moving speed of tooltip, there were statistically significant differences among the display modes. Although the focus plus warped context view mode was selected as one of the least preferred modes, it showed the best task performance. CONCLUSIONS: The unblocked wide context view was useful to provide a situational awareness even when it was severely distorted in some of the display modes, and information continuity played an important role in improving task performance. Moreover, the position change of viewing window coupled to the location of region of interest helped improve task performance, by providing an additional cue for spatial awareness.

Feasibility of Air Transport Simulation Training: A Case Series.

Limited clinical site availability and an increased need for clinical training experiences often make it difficult for prehospital health care providers to complete new and annual training requirements. Medical simulation provides an alternative learning environment that provides trainees the opportunity to acquire and perfect new clinical skills without compromising patient care. The following is a detailed description of an air medical transport simulation of a neonate with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy requiring transport to a higher level of care. Patient parameters were altered during flight to simulate potential complications unique to air medical transport. Use of this training strategy is particularly beneficial for low-volume, high-risk patients, and these lessons can be applied across all age patient groups, making the experience broadly applicable.

Simulation trainer for practicing emergent open thoracotomy procedures.

BACKGROUND: An emergent open thoracotomy (OT) is a high-risk, low-frequency procedure uniquely suited for simulation training. We developed a cost-effective Cardiothoracic (CT) Surgery trainer and assessed its potential for improving technical and interprofessional skills during an emergent simulated OT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We modified a commercially available mannequin torso with artificial tissue models to create a custom CT Surgery trainer. The trainer's feasibility for simulating emergent OT was tested using a multidisciplinary CT team in three consecutive in situ simulations. Five discretely observable milestones were identified as requisite steps in carrying out an emergent OT; namely (1) diagnosis and declaration of a code situation, (2) arrival of the code cart, (3) arrival of the thoracotomy tray, (4) initiation of the thoracotomy incision, and (5) defibrillation of a simulated heart. The time required for a team to achieve each discrete step was measured by an independent observer over the course of each OT simulation trial and compared. RESULTS: Over the course of the three OT simulation trials conducted in the coronary care unit, there was an average reduction of 29.5% (P < 0.05) in the times required to achieve the five critical milestones. The time required to complete the whole OT procedure improved by 7 min and 31 s from the initial to the final trial-an overall improvement of 40%. CONCLUSIONS: In our preliminary evaluation, the CT Surgery trainer appears to be useful for improving team performance during a simulated emergent bedside OT in the coronary care unit.

Telepresent intubation supervision is as effective as in-person supervision of procedurally naive operators.

BACKGROUND: Telepresence is emerging in clinical and educational settings as a potential modality to provide expert guidance during remote airway management. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of telepresent versus in-person supervision of tracheal intubation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, crossover study was performed in a university medical simulation center with 48 first- and second-year medical students with no formal procedural training in tracheal intubation. Each participant was assigned to receive each of four study arms in random sequence: (1) direct laryngoscopy (DL) with in-person supervision, (2) DL with telepresent supervision, (3) videolaryngoscopy (VL) with in-person supervision, and (4) VL with telepresent supervision. Telepresence was established with a smartphone (Apple [Cupertino, CA] iPhone(®)) via FaceTime(®) connection. The primary outcome measure was the time to successful intubation. Secondary outcome measures included first pass success rate and the number of blade and tube attempts. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between in-person and telepresent supervision for any of the outcomes. The median difference (in-person versus telepresent) for time to intubation was -3 s (95% confidence interval [CI], -20 to 14 s). The odds ratio for first attempt success was 0.7 (95% CI, 0.3-1.3), and the rate ratio for extra number of blade attempts (i.e., attempts in addition to first) was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.7-1.7) and 1.4 (95% CI, 0.9-2.2) for extra number of tube attempts. CONCLUSIONS: In this study population of procedurally naive medical students, telepresent supervision was as effective as in-person supervision for tracheal intubation.

Construction of a reusable, high-fidelity model to enhance extracorporeal membrane oxygenation training through simulation.

Initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is stressful, especially for inexperienced extracorporeal life support providers. The main objective of this study was to create a novel, reusable mannequin for high-fidelity simulation of ECMO initiation. We modified a Laerdal neonatal mannequin (SimNewB; Stavanger, Norway) so that it could be used to simulate an ECMO initiation. A simulation of a neonatal patient suffering from meconium aspiration was performed in the pediatric intensive care unit, and participants included new extracorporeal life support specialists in addition to the composition of the clinical ECMO team. A total of 17 individuals participated in the neonatal ECMO initiation simulation. Questionnaire results showed that 88% of participants felt better prepared to assist in an ECMO initiation after the simulation. All participants (100%) agreed that the modified mannequin and the environment were realistic and that this simulation helps teamwork and communication in future initiations of ECMO. Simulation can be used for the prevention, identification, and reduction of anxiety-related crisis situations that novice providers may infrequently encounter during routine clinical use of mechanical circulatory support. Use of a reusable, high-fidelity mannequin may be beneficial for effective team training of complex pediatric ECMO-related procedures.

The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Surgery.

Until recently, innovations in surgery were largely represented by extensions or augmentations of the surgeon's perception. This includes advancements such as the operating microscope, tumor fluorescence, intraoperative ultrasound, and minimally invasive surgical instrumentation. However, introducing artificial intelligence (AI) into the surgical disciplines represents a transformational event. Not only does AI contribute substantively to enhancing a surgeon's perception with such methodologies as three-dimensional anatomic overlays with augmented reality, AI-improved visualization for tumor resection, and AI-formatted endoscopic and robotic surgery guidance. What truly makes AI so different is that it also provides ways to augment the surgeon's cognition. By analyzing enormous databases, AI can offer new insights that can transform the operative environment in several ways. It can enable preoperative risk assessment and allow a better selection of candidates for procedures such as organ transplantation. AI can also increase the efficiency and throughput of operating rooms and staff and coordinate the utilization of critical resources such as intensive care unit beds and ventilators. Furthermore, AI is revolutionizing intraoperative guidance, improving the detection of cancers, permitting endovascular navigation, and ensuring the reduction in collateral damage to adjacent tissues during surgery (e.g., identification of parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy). AI is also transforming how we evaluate and assess surgical proficiency and trainees in postgraduate programs. It offers the potential for multiple, serial evaluations, using various scoring systems while remaining free from the biases that can plague human supervisors. The future of AI-driven surgery holds promising trends, including the globalization of surgical education, the miniaturization of instrumentation, and the increasing success of autonomous surgical robots. These advancements raise the prospect of deploying fully autonomous surgical robots in the near future into challenging environments such as the battlefield, disaster areas, and even extraplanetary exploration. In light of these transformative developments, it is clear that the future of surgery will belong to those who can most readily embrace and harness the power of AI.

Artificial Intelligence and Healthcare Simulation: The Shifting Landscape of Medical Education.

The impact of artificial intelligence (AI) will be felt not only in the arena of patient care and deliverable therapies but will also be uniquely disruptive in medical education and healthcare simulation (HCS), in particular. As HCS is intertwined with computer technology, it offers opportunities for rapid scalability with AI and, therefore, will be the most practical place to test new AI applications. This will ensure the acquisition of AI literacy for graduates from the country's various healthcare professional schools. Artificial intelligence has proven to be a useful adjunct in developing interprofessional education and team and leadership skills assessments. Outcome-driven medical simulation has been extensively used to train students in image-centric disciplines such as radiology, ultrasound, echocardiography, and pathology. Allowing students and trainees in healthcare to first apply diagnostic decision support systems (DDSS) under simulated conditions leads to improved diagnostic accuracy, enhanced communication with patients, safer triage decisions, and improved outcomes from rapid response teams. However, the issue of bias, hallucinations, and the uncertainty of emergent properties may undermine the faith of healthcare professionals as they see AI systems deployed in the clinical setting and participating in diagnostic judgments. Also, the demands of ensuring AI literacy in our healthcare professional curricula will place burdens on simulation assets and faculty to adapt to a rapidly changing technological landscape. Nevertheless, the introduction of AI will place increased emphasis on virtual reality platforms, thereby improving the availability of self-directed learning and making it available 24/7, along with uniquely personalized evaluations and customized coaching. Yet, caution must be exercised concerning AI, especially as society's earlier, delayed, and muted responses to the inherent dangers of social media raise serious questions about whether the American government and its citizenry can anticipate the security and privacy guardrails that need to be in place to protect our healthcare practitioners, medical students, and patients.

Optimizing Individual Wound Closure Practice Using Augmented Reality: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Background Suturing requires repeated practice with guidance to prevent skill deterioration; however, guidance is often limited by expert availability. There is evidence that augmented reality (AR) may assist procedural skill acquisition among learners. This study examines the use of an AR suture guidance application to assist the independent practice of suturing. Methodology A novel suture guidance application was designed for the Microsoft HoloLens. The guidance system included a calibration system and holograms that projected over a suture pad in a stepwise manner. To assess the application, 30 medical students were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups. The control group (n = 16) was given 30 minutes of independent suture practice, while the experimental group (n = 14) utilized the suture guidance application. Both groups completed a pre- and post-test wound closure assessment. After the post-test, the control group trialed the suture guidance application. All participants completed a feedback survey on the application. Statistical analysis was completed using Stata (StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA) with paired Student's t-tests and Welch's t-tests with a significance of 95%. Results Both groups demonstrated a significant improvement in total time and time per stitch during the post-test. Additionally, comparing pre- and post-test assessments in the experimental group revealed a significant improvement in the total number of stitches (p = 0.007), the ratio of bisecting stitches (p = 0.02), and the symmetry of stitch bite (p = 0.03). The feedback survey supported the application for guiding suture placement and spacing. Participants identified limitations in the hologram stability and neck positioning. Conclusions This study suggests the potential to use AR to facilitate the independent practice of wound closure within simulation environments.

A dual-view multi-resolution laparoscope for safer and more efficient minimally invasive surgery.

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is limited in safety and efficiency by the hand-held nature and narrow fields of view of traditional laparoscopes. A multi-resolution foveated laparoscope (MRFL) was invented to address these concerns. The MRFL is a stationary dual-view imaging device with optical panning and zooming capabilities. It is designed to simultaneously capture and display a zoomed view and supplemental wide view of the surgical field. Optical zooming and panning capabilities facilitate repositioning of the zoomed view without physically moving the system. Additional MRFL features designed to improve safety and efficiency include its snub-nosed endoscope, tool-tip auto tracking, programmable focus profiles, unique selectable display modalities, foot pedal controls, and independently controlled surgeon and assistant displays. An MRFL prototype was constructed to demonstrate and test these features. Testing of the prototype validates its design architecture and confirms the functionality of its features. The current MRFL prototype functions adequately as a proof of concept, but the system features and performance require further improvement to be practical for clinical use.

A computerized assessment to compare the impact of standard, stereoscopic, and high-definition laparoscopic monitor displays on surgical technique.

BACKGROUND: Surgeons performing laparoscopic surgery have strong biases regarding the quality and nature of the laparoscopic video monitor display. In a comparative study, we used a unique computerized sensing and analysis system to evaluate the various types of monitors employed in laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: We compared the impact of different types of monitor displays on an individual's performance of a laparoscopic training task which required the subject to move the instrument to a set of targets. Participants (varying from no laparoscopic experience to board-certified surgeons) were asked to perform the assigned task while using all three display systems, which were randomly assigned: a conventional laparoscopic monitor system (2D), a high-definition monitor system (HD), and a stereoscopic display (3D). The effects of monitor system on various performance parameters (total time consumed to finish the task, average speed, and movement economy) were analyzed by computer. Each of the subjects filled out a subjective questionnaire at the end of their training session. RESULTS: A total of 27 participants completed our study. Performance with the HD monitor was significantly slower than with either the 3D or 2D monitor (p < 0.0001). Movement economy with the HD monitor was significantly reduced compared with the 3D (p < 0.0004) or 2D (p < 0.0001) monitor. In terms of average time required to complete the task, performance with the 3D monitor was significantly faster than with the HD (p < 0.0001) or 2D (p < 0.0086) monitor. However, the HD system was the overwhelming favorite according to subjective evaluation. CONCLUSION: Computerized sensing and analysis is capable of quantitatively assessing the seemingly minor effect of monitor display on surgical training performance. The study demonstrates that, while users expressed a decided preference for HD systems, actual quantitative analysis indicates that HD monitors offer no statistically significant advantage and may even worsen performance compared with standard 2D or 3D laparoscopic monitors.

Equine-Assisted Therapy for Veterans with PTSD: Manual Development and Preliminary Findings.

INTRODUCTION: Equine-assisted therapy (EAT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has attracted great interest despite lacking empirical support, a manual, and a standardized protocol. Our team of experts in EAT and PTSD developed an eight-session group EAT treatment protocol for PTSD (EAT-PTSD) and administered it to two pilot groups of military veterans to assess initial effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe the development of the treatment manual, which was used with two pilot groups of veterans. Protocol safety, feasibility, and acceptability were assessed by reported adverse events, treatment completion rates, and self-rated patient satisfaction. Preliminary data on PTSD, depressive, and anxiety symptoms and quality of life were collected pretreatment, midpoint, post-treatment, and at 3-month follow up. RESULTS: No adverse events were recorded. All patients completed treatment, reporting high satisfaction. Preliminary data showed decreases in clinician-assessed PTSD and depressive symptoms from pre to post-treatment and follow-up (medium to large effect sizes, d = .54-1.8), with similar trends across self-report measures (d = 0.72-1.6). In our pilot sample, treatment response and remission varied; all patients showed some benefit post-treatment, but gains did not persist at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This article presents the first standardized EAT protocol. Highly preliminary results suggest our new manualized group EAT-PTSD appears safe, well-regarded, and well-attended, yielding short-term benefits in symptomatology and quality of life if unclear length of effect. Future research should test this alternative treatment for PTSD more rigorously.

The impact of implementation of a hysterectomy enhanced recovery pathway on anesthetic medication costs.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of implementation of a hysterectomy Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol on perioperative anesthetic medication costs. Patients & methods: Historical cohort study of 84 adult patients who underwent a hysterectomy. Forty-two patients who underwent surgery before protocol implementation comprised the pre-ERAS group. Forty-two patients who underwent surgery after protocol implementation comprised the post-ERAS group. Data on anesthetic medication costs and outcomes were analyzed. Results: Compared with the pre-ERAS group, the post-ERAS group's total medication cost was significantly lower (median: 325.20 USD; interquartile range [IQR]: 256.12-430.65 USD vs median: 273.10 USD; IQR: 220.63-370.59 USD, median difference: -40.76, 95% CI: -130.39, 16.99, p = 0.047). Length of stay was significantly longer in pre-ERAS when compared with post-ERAS groups (median: 5.0 days; IQR: 4.0-7.0 days vs median: 3.0 days; IQR: 3.0-4.0 days, median difference: -2.0 days, 95% CI: -2.5581, -1.4419, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: ERAS protocols may reduce perioperative medication costs.

A phase I trial of Ad.hIFN-beta gene therapy for glioma.

Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is a pleiotropic cytokine with antitumoral activity. In an effort to improve the therapeutic index of IFN-beta by providing local, sustained delivery of IFN-beta to gliomas, the safety and biological activity of a human IFN-beta (hIFN-beta)-expressing adenovirus vector (Ad.hIFN-beta) was evaluated in patients with malignant glioma by stereotactic injection, followed 4-8 days later by surgical removal of tumor with additional injections of Ad.hIFN-beta into the tumor bed. Eleven patients received Ad.hIFN-beta in cohorts of 2 x 10(10), 6 x 10(10), or 2 x 10(11) vector particles (vp). The most common adverse events were considered by the investigator as being unrelated to treatment. One patient, who was enrolled in the cohort with the highest dose levels, experienced dose-limiting, treatment-related Grade 4 confusion following the post-operative injection. Ad.hIFN-beta DNA was detected within the tumor, blood, and nasal swabs in a dose-dependent fashion and hIFN-beta protein was detectable within the tumor. At the highest doses tested, a reproducible increase in tumor cell apoptosis in post-treatment versus pre-treatment biopsies with associated tumor necrosis was observed. Direct Ad.hIFN-beta injection into the tumor and the surrounding normal brain areas after surgical removal was feasible and associated with apoptosis induction.

A Phase I Trial of Ad.hIFN-ß Gene Therapy for Glioma.

Interferon-ß (IFN-ß) is a pleiotropic cytokine with antitumoral activity. In an effort to improve the therapeutic index of IFN-ß by providing local, sustained delivery of IFN-ß to gliomas, the safety and biological activity of a human IFN-ß (hIFN-ß)-expressing adenovirus vector (Ad.hIFN-ß) was evaluated in patients with malignant glioma by stereotactic injection, followed 4-8 days later by surgical removal of tumor with additional injections of Ad.hIFN-ß into the tumor bed. Eleven patients received Ad.hIFN-ß in cohorts of 2 × 1010, 6 × 1010, or 2 × 1011 vector particles (vp). The most common adverse events were considered by the investigator as being unrelated to treatment. One patient, who was enrolled in the cohort with the highest dose levels, experienced dose-limiting, treatment-related Grade 4 confusion following the post-operative injection. Ad.hIFN-ß DNA was detected within the tumor, blood, and nasal swabs in a dose-dependent fashion and hIFN-ß protein was detectable within the tumor. At the highest doses tested, a reproducible increase in tumor cell apoptosis in post-treatment versus pre-treatment biopsies with associated tumor necrosis was observed. Direct Ad.hIFN-ß injection into the tumor and the surrounding normal brain areas after surgical removal was feasible and associated with apoptosis induction.

Assessing radiology resident preparedness to manage IV contrast media reactions using simulation technology.

Investigate whether radiology residents make correct diagnosis of contrast media reactions and evaluate their treatment of reaction using simulation technology. Residents were presented with a test scenario of patient given IV contrast having anaphylactic reaction. A computer-run mechanical mannequin that simulates, with mathematical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and cardiovascular algorithms, was used. Sessions were evaluated with respect to whether residents performed key actions to treat anaphylaxis. Times were recorded. All residents recognized the contrast reaction and initiated basic actions. As the scenario progressed and patient deteriorated, all recognized need to intubate, but intubation performance varied significantly. Radiology residents generally not prepared to deal with IV contrast reactions. Simulation technology to practice key actions would improve their preparedness.

Case Report of Wernicke's Encephalopathy After Sleeve Gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND: We report a case of a patient who was 3 months post-sleeve gastrectomy and presented with acute stroke symptoms ultimately due to Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) after bariatric surgery. A 20-year-old white female presented to an outside hospital 3 months after sleeve gastrectomy complaining of nausea and vomiting. She initially underwent a cholecystectomy and later became less responsive and required intubation. Magnetic resonance imaging changes, presumed to be an acute stroke, prompted her transfer to our facility. Intravenous (IV) thiamin was administered, and the patient's symptoms improved over the course of her hospital stay. RESULTS: Thiamin levels were markedly low, and the patient rapidly improved with the administration of IV thiamin. The patient was discharged to inpatient rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Bariatric surgery is a less common cause of WE but can lead to acute WE due to malabsorption of thiamin. In patients undergoing bariatric surgery, clinicians should be vigilant about the potential for WE to occur. In addition, based on history, WE should be considered in the differential diagnosis for symptoms of acute ischemic stroke.