Cardiovascular Risk in Men with Prostate Cancer: Insights from the RADICAL PC Study.

PURPOSE: We describe the cardiovascular risk profile in a representative cohort of patients with prostate cancer treated with or without androgen deprivation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively characterized in detail 2,492 consecutive men (mean age 68 years) with prostate cancer (newly diagnosed or with a plan to prescribe androgen deprivation therapy for the first time) from 16 Canadian sites. Cardiovascular risk was estimated by calculating Framingham risk scores. RESULTS: Most men (92%) had new prostate cancer (intermediate risk 41%, high risk 50%). The highest level of education achieved was primary school in 12%. Most (58%) were current or former smokers, 22% had known cardiovascular disease, 16% diabetes, 45% hypertension, 31% body mass index 30 kg/m2 or greater, 24% low levels of physical activity, mean handgrip strength was 37.3 kg and 69% had a Framingham risk score consistent with high cardiovascular risk. Participants in whom androgen deprivation therapy was planned had higher Framingham risk scores than those not intending to receive androgen deprivation therapy, and this risk was abolished after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Two-thirds of men with prostate cancer are at high cardiovascular risk. There is a positive association between a plan to use androgen deprivation therapy and baseline cardiovascular risk factors. However, this association is explained by confounding factors.

Defining a Cohort that May Not Require Repeat Prostate Biopsy Based on PCA3 Score and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The Dual Negative Effect.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer over diagnosis and overtreatment are concerns for clinicians and policy makers. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and the PCA3 (prostate cancer antigen 3) urine test select for clinically significant cases. We explored how well the tests performed together with previous biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In accordance with ethics committee approval we collected clinicopathological data on all patients in whom a PCA3 test was done from January 2011 to June 2016. This included patients on active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer and those without prostate cancer who had previous negative biopsies and suspicion of occult disease. We explored whether age, prostate specific antigen, PCA3 score, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, digital rectal examination, family history and prostate size would predict clinically significant prostate cancer on repeat biopsy. The negative predictive value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and PCA3 score was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 470 patients were included in study. The PCA3 score was abnormal at 35 or greater in 32.5% of cases. In the multivariate model including 154 men only age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16), multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging PI-RADS™ (Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System) score 4 (OR 16.6, 95% CI 3.9-70.0) or 5 (OR 28.3, 95% CI 5.7-138) and PCA3 score (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.0-8.8) predicted clinically significant cancer on biopsy. No patient with negative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and a normal PCA3 score had clinically significant prostate cancer on biopsy for a negative predictive value of 100% (p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with dual negative tests (multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and PCA3 score) clinically significant prostate cancer was never found on biopsy, which may be unnecessary in this group. This study was limited by its retrospective design, selection bias and lack of cost-effectiveness data.

Limitations in Predicting Organ Confined Prostate Cancer in Patients with Gleason Pattern 4 on Biopsy: Implications for Active Surveillance.

PURPOSE: In prostate cancer biopsy Gleason score predicts stage and helps determine active surveillance suitability. Evidence suggests that small incremental differences in the quantitative percent of Gleason pattern 4 on biopsy stratify disease extent, biochemical failure following surgery and eligibility for active surveillance. We explored the overall quantitative percent of Gleason pattern 4 levels and adverse outcomes in patients with low and intermediate risk prostate cancer to whom active surveillance may be offered under expanded criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the records of patients with biopsy Gleason score 6 (3 + 3) or 7 (3 + 4) who underwent radical prostatectomy from January 2008 to August 2015. Age, prostate specific antigen, Gleason score, quantitative percent of Gleason pattern 4, overall percent positive cores (percent of prostate cancer) and clinical stage were explored as predictors of nonorgan confined disease and time to failure after radical prostatectomy. RESULTS: In 1,255 patients biopsy Gleason score 7 (3 + 4) was associated with T3 or greater disease at radical prostatectomy in 35.0% compared with Gleason score 6 (3 + 3) in 19.0% (p <0.001). On multivariate analysis for each quantitative percent of Gleason pattern 4 increase there were 2% higher odds of T3 or greater disease (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04, p <0.001). When stratified, patients with Gleason score 7 (3 + 4) only approximated the pT3 rates of Gleason score 6 (3 + 3) when prostate specific antigen was less than 8 ng/ml and the percent of prostate cancer was less than 15%. In those cases the quantitative percent of Gleason pattern 4 had less effect. Time to failure after radical prostatectomy was worse in Gleason score 7 (3 + 4) than 6 (3 + 3) cases. CONCLUSIONS: The quantitative percent of Gleason pattern 4 helps predict advanced disease and Gleason score 7 (3 + 4) is associated with worse outcomes. However, the impact of the quantitative percent of Gleason pattern 4 on adverse pathological and clinical outcomes is best used in combination with prostate specific antigen, age and disease volume since each has a greater impact on predicting nonorgan confined disease. The calculated absolute risk of T3 or greater can be used in shared decision making on prostate cancer treatment by patients and clinicians.

Clinicopathologic factors that influence prognosis and survival outcomes in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with Radium-223.

BACKGROUND: In men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with primarily bone metastases, radium-223 (223 Ra) improves overall survival (OS). However, the selection of 223 Ra is not guided by specific validated clinicopathologic factors, and thus outcomes are heterogeneous. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective survival analysis was performed in men with mCRPC treated with 223 Ra at our cancer center. Demographics and disease characteristics were collected. OS was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method (log-rank). The potential prognostic factors were determined using both univariable (UVA) and multivariable analysis (MVA) (Cox-regression) methods. RESULTS: In total, 150 patients with a median age of 74 years (52-93) received 223 Ra between May 2015 and July 2018, and 58% had 6-20 bone metastases. Ninety-four (63%) patients received >4 223 Ra doses, and 56 (37%) received ≤4. The following pre-treatment factors were analyzed (median [range]): eastern cooperative oncology group performance status (ECOG PS), (1 [0-3]); Albumin (ALB), (39 g/L [24-47]); alkaline phosphatase (ALP), (110 U/L [35-1633]); and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), (49 µg/L [0.83-7238]). The median OS for all patients was 14.5 months (95% CI: 11.2-18). These factors were associated with poor survival outcomes in UVA and MVA: ALB <35 g/L, ALP >150 U/L, ECOG PS 2-3, and PSA >80 µg/L. By assigning one point for each of these factors, a prognostic model was developed, wherein three distinct risk groups were identified: good, 0-1 (n = 103); intermediate, 2 (n = 30); and poor risk, 3-4 points (n = 17). The median OS was 19.4, 10.0, and 3.1 months, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-treatment ALB, ALP, ECOG, and PSA, were significantly correlated with OS and could guide treatment selection for men with mCRPC by identifying those who are most or least likely to benefit from 223 Ra. Validation in an independent dataset is required prior to widespread clinical utilization.

Understanding how prostate cancer patients value the current treatment options for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer.

Several new compounds are now available for castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Individual costs range between $40,000 and $93,000 with mean survival extensions from 2.4 to 4.8 months. Currently, it remains unclear how patients with prostate cancer (PCa) value the effect of these therapies in the setting of CRPC. OBJECTIVE: To assess patient understanding of core cancer concepts, opinions on the cost and overall benefit of CRPC drugs, whether out-of-pocket costs would change opinions and whether patients would ultimately opt out of CRPC drug treatment for an end-of-life (EOL) premium. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a qualitative survey among patients with various PCa states ranging from active surveillance to CRPC and from various familial, financial and educational demographics. Through a series of hypothetical scenarios, we extrapolated opinions on CRPC drug value, efficacy and monetary worth. We assessed patient willingness to accept an EOL ($50,000) premium in lieu of CRPC drug treatment. Statistically, chi-squared analysis and Fisher's exact test were used when appropriate. RESULTS: In total, 103 patients completed the questionnaire, one-half of whom did not understand "advanced PCa" state and more than one-third of the concept of palliative care despite multiple meetings with Urologists. Patients willingness-to-pay and proposed drug value was higher than that accepted by government when government funded, with costs exceeding $250,000 per person, but lower than that accepted by government when self-funded. A majority (60%) would accept/consider the EOL premium in the setting of CRPC. Patients with higher education were more skeptical about CRPC drug value and more likely to accept the EOL premium (P = 0.003.) CONCLUSION: Patients have an incomplete understanding of their own disease prognosis and its therapeutic options. This ultimately influences patient decision-making. Education, income and out-of-pocket costs diminished opinion of CRPC drugs considerably. As such, an EOL premium should be considered in subsets of patients.

Magnetic resonance imaging detected prostate evasive anterior tumours: Further insights.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical confusion continues to exist regarding the underestimation of cancers among patients on active surveillance and among men with repeated negative prostate biopsies despite worrisome prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. We have previously described our initial experience with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based detection of tumours in the anterior prostate gland. In this report, we update and expand our experience with these tumours in terms of multiparametric-MRI findings, staging, and grading. Furthermore, we report early treatment outcomes with these unique cancers. METHODS: We reviewed our prostate MRI dataset of 1117 cases from January 2006 until December 2012 and identified 189 patients who fulfilled criteria for prostate evasive anterior tumors (PEATS). Descriptive analyses were performed on multiple covariates. Kaplan-Meier actuarial technique was used to plot the treatment-related outcomes from PEATS tumours. RESULTS: Among the 189 patients who had MRI-detectable anterior tumours, 148 had biopsy proven disease in the anterior zone. Among these tumours, the average PSA was 18.3 ng/mL and most cancers were Gleason 7. In total, 68 patients chose surgical therapy. Among these men, most of their cancers had extra prostatic extension and 46% had positive surgical margins. Interestingly, upgrading of tumours that were biopsy Gleason 6 in the anterior zone was common, with 59% exhibiting upgrading to Gleason 7 or higher. Biochemical-free survival among men who elected surgery was not ideal, with 20% failing by 20 months. CONCLUSION: PEATS tumours are found late and are disproportionally high grade tumours. Careful consideration to MRI testing should be given to men at risk for PEATS.