[Chemical constituents from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa. METHODS: The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatographic methods on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectral data. RESULTS: 12 compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract. Their structures were idenified as 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxours-12-ene (1), 3beta-acetoxy-11-oxours-12-ene (2), oleanic acid (3), 3beta-hydroxy-oleana-11,13 (18)-dien-28-oic acid (4), betulinic acid (5), pyracrenic acid (6), platanic acid (7), isowigtheone (8), myrsininone A (9), derrone (10), alpinumisoflavone (11) and caffeic acid methyl ester (12), respectively. CONCLUSION: Compounds 4, 6, 12 are obtained from this genus for the first time, compounds 1, 7 - 11 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Sarcoidosis mimicking metastases in an echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive non-small-lung cancer patient: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Rearrangements of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene (ALK-positive) represent an oncogenic driver in approximately 3%-5% of non-small-lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease, and its reported incidence in Asia is 1 or less per 100000 people per year. The co-occurrence of sarcoidosis and ALK-positive NSCLC is rare, and ALK-positive lung cancer is likely to spread quickly. Therefore, the co-occurrence of sarcoidosis is more easily misdiagnosed as metastatic lung cancer by radiological examination. CASE SUMMARY: A 50-year-old man had a nodule in the left superior lobe, many small nodules in left superior and right lungs, and enlarged bilateral hilar, mediastinal, and right supraclavicular lymph nodes. Computed tomography-guided pulmonary biopsy of the nodule in the left superior lobe revealed echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 gene-ALK positive NSCLC with concomitant noncaseating granuloma. This patient was treated with crizotinib. Thirty days later, a chest computed tomography scan revealed a dramatic decrease in the size of the left superior lobe nodule; however, the lesions in the right lung progressed. The right supraclavicular lymph nodes showed granulomas, and no tumor cells were identified in the specimens. The angiotensin-converting enzyme level was high. After 1 wk of methylprednisolone treatment, a significant response of all lesions was revealed. Following radical resection of the lung cancer, noncaseating granulomas were observed in both lung tissues and lymph nodes, which resulted in a diagnosis of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-ALK positive NSCLC accompanied with sarcoidosis. CONCLUSION: Our experience illustrates that pathological evidence is needed to confirm metastatic disease, especially when some suspected metastatic lesions are negative for malignancy.

Three new flavane glucosides from the leaves of Morus wittiorum.

Three new flavane glucosides (1-3) were isolated from the leaves of Morus wittiorum. The structures with absolute configuration were determined on the basis of hydrolysis and spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR.

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a COVID-19 patient with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after lung transplantation: a case report.

We present an unusual case of a patient with bilateral-lung transplantation due to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), who subsequently suffered complications with acute myocardial infarction and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Molecular mechanisms of bufadienolides and their novel strategies for cancer treatment.

Bufadienolides are cardioactive C24 steroids with an α-pyrone ring at position C17. In the last ten years, accumulating studies have revealed the anticancer activities of bufadienolides and their underlying mechanisms, such as induction of autophagy and apoptosis, cell cycle disruption, inhibition of angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness, and multidrug resistance reversal. As Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors, bufadienolides have inevitable cardiotoxicity. Short half-lives, poor stability, low plasma concentration and oral bioavailability in vivo are obstacles for their applications as drugs. To improve the drug potency of bufadienolides and reduce their side effects, prodrug strategies and drug delivery systems such as liposomes and nanoparticles have been applied. Therefore, systematic and recapitulated information about the antitumor activity of bufadienolides, with special emphasis on the molecular or cellular mechanisms, prodrug strategies and drug delivery systems, is of high interest. Here, we systematically review the anticancer effects of bufadienolides and the molecular or cellular mechanisms of action. Research advancements regarding bufadienolide prodrugs and their tumor-targeting delivery strategies are critically summarized. This work highlights recent scientific advances regarding bufadienolides as effective anticancer agents from 2011 to 2019, which will help researchers to understand the molecular pathways involving bufadienolides, resulting in a selective and safe new lead compound or therapeutic strategy with improved therapeutic applications of bufadienolides for cancer therapy.

Mitochondrial superoxide anions induced by exogenous oxidative stress determine tumor cell fate: an individual cell-based study.

OBJECTIVE: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in a variety of biological phenomena and serve both deleterious and beneficial roles. ROS quantification and assessment of reaction networks are desirable but difficult because of their short half-life and high reactivity. Here, we describe a pro-oxidative model in a single human lung carcinoma SPC-A-1 cell that was created by application of extracellular H2O2 stimuli. METHODS: Modified microfluidics and imaging techniques were used to determine O2 •- levels and construct an O2 •- reaction network. To elucidate the consequences of increased O2 •- input, the mitochondria were given a central role in the oxidative stress mode, by manipulating mitochondria-interrelated cytosolic Ca2+ levels, mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, auto-amplification of intracellular ROS and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Results from a modified microchip demonstrated that 1 mmol/L H2O2 induced a rapid increase in cellular O2 •- levels (>27 vs. >406 amol in 20 min), leading to increased cellular oxidizing power (evaluated by ROS levels) and decreased reducing power (evaluated by glutathione (GSH) levels). In addition, we examined the dynamics of cytosolic Ca2+ and mitochondrial Ca2+ by confocal laser scanning microscopy and confirmed that Ca2+ stores in the endoplasmic reticulum were the primary source of H2O2-induced cytosolic Ca2+ bursts. It is clear that mitochondria have pivotal roles in determining how exogenous oxidative stress affects cell fate. The stress response involves the transfer of Ca2+ signals between organelles, ROS auto-amplification, mitochondrial dysfunction, and a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway.

[Protective effects of propofol preconditioning on cardiopulmonary bypass-induced apoptosis: report of 40 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of propofol preconditioning on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-induced apoptosis and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing CPB were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: propofol preconditioning group (Group P, pre-treated with propofol 2 mg/kg pre-operatively and 5 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) intra-operatively) and control group (Group C, pre-treated with midazolam 0.2 mg/kg pre- and 0.1 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) intra-operatively). Specimens of right auricle tissue were taken before and after CPB to undergo HE staining and electron microscopy to observe the changes of mitochondria. TUNEL technique was used to detect the apoptotic cells and the apoptotic index (AI) was calculated. Avidin biotin complex method was used to detect the expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3. RESULTS: The rate of spontaneous restoration of beats of Group P was 65%, significantly higher than that of Group C (30%, P < 0.05). The amount used of dobutamine within 12 h post-operatively of Group P was 4.6 +/- 1.1 microg.kg(-1).h(-1), significantly lower than that of Group C (7.8 +/- 1.0 microg.kg(-1).h(-1), P < 0.05). The ICU stay time of Group P was 40 +/- 6 h. significantly shorter than that of Group C (58 +/- 7 h, P < 0.05). The specimens taken after CPB showed that in comparison with Group C the mitochondria were relatively intact with clear ridges and intermembrane spaces in Group P. The AI after CPB of Group C was (19.3 +/- 3.5)%, significantly higher than that before CPB [(7.1 +/- 1.4)%, P < 0.05] and the corresponding level of Group P [(10.9 +/- 1.4)%, P < 0.05]. The expression levels of Caspace-9 and Caspace-3 after CPO of Group C were both significantly higher than those before CPB (both P < 0.05), and the corresponding levels of Group P (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Propofol preconditioning significantly inhibits CPB-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the mechanism is associated with protecting the mitochondria and down-regulating the expression of caspase-9 and caspases-3.

[Chemical constituents from leaves of Morus multicaulis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from the leaves of Morus multicaulis. METHOD: The compounds were isolated by ion exchange resin, silica gel and Sephadex LH -20 column chromatographies. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physico-chemical properties and spectral data. RESULT: Twelve compounds were isolated from the leaves of this plant. Their structures were identified as 1-deoxynojirimycin (1), fagomine (2), 2-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (3), quercetin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside (4), kaempferol (5), quercetin (6), scopoletin (7), D-aspartic acid (8), L-proline (9), D-alpha-alanine (10), myo-inositol (11) and dausterol (12). CONCLUSION: All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Truth telling for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Henan, China.

OBJECTIVE: : This study aims to investigate the truth-telling status and the relevant factors of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients in Henan, China. METHODS: : A cross-sectional study from April to June 2015 using questionnaires was given to 301 family members of hospitalized ESCC patients based in three affiliated hospitals of Zhengzhou University (i.e., The First Hospital, The Second Hospital, and Tumor Hospital) and Anyang Tumor Hospital. RESULTS: : Among the 41.9% (126/301) hospitalized ESCC patients who knew of their true diagnoses, only 4.0% patients were informed by their corresponding responsible doctors, 39.7% by their family members, and 56.3% by themselves. Univariate analyses showed that disclosure of confirmed ESCC diagnosis to patients was correlated with gender, family history of cancer (FHC), education level, vocation, hospital administrative level, and attitudes of family members (P < 0.05). Furthermore, multivariate analysis indicated that attitude of family members was the most important and an independent factor for diagnosis disclosure. Those patients with a negative FHC, under-education, manual occupation, advanced stages, and hospitalized in municipal hospitals exhibited a low rate of truth telling. CONCLUSIONS: : Truth telling for ESCC patients in Henan is not prevalent and may be improved through consultation with family members, particularly for patients with a negative FHC, poor education, manual occupation, and advanced stages.

GWAS follow-up study of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma identifies potential genetic loci associated with family history of upper gastrointestinal cancer.

Based on our initial genome-wide association study (GWAS) on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Han Chinese, we conducted a follow-up study to examine the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with family history (FH) of upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGI) cancer in cases with ESCC. We evaluated the association between SNPs and FH of UGI cancer among ESCC cases in a stage-1 case-only analysis of the National Cancer Institute (NCI, 541 cases with FH and 1399 without FH) and Henan GWAS (493 cases with FH and 869 without FH) data (discovery phase). The top SNPs (or their surrogates) from discovery were advanced to a stage-2 evaluation in additional Henan subjects (2801 cases with FH and 3136 without FH, replication phase). A total of 19 SNPs were associated with FH of UGI cancer in ESCC cases with P < 10-5 in the stage-1 meta-analysis of NCI and Henan GWAS data. In stage-2, the association for rs79747906 (located at 18p11.31, P = 5.79 × 10-6 in discovery) was replicated (P = 0.006), with a pooled-OR of 1.59 (95%CI: 1.11-2.28). We identified potential genetic variants associated with FH of UGI cancer. Our findings may provide important insights into new low-penetrance susceptibility regions involved in the susceptibility of families with multiple UGI cancer cases.

[Comparative study on bilateral temporomandibular joint of patients with unilateral multiple symptoms in cone-beam computed tomography].

PURPOSE: To investigate bilateral temporomandibular joint of patients with unilateral multiple symptoms in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and explore the reference planes that may be different,providing reference for the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders and comparative study. METHODS: 50 cases with unilateral multiple symptoms（except for cases with unilateral single symptom）were examined by CBCT and the following indexes were observed and analyzed,including horizontal angles of the cross-sectional condyle after the reconstruction in the same patient, joint space, macroaxis diameter of condyle and vertical angles of condyle, which were commonly used at oblique position parallelled to the long axis of condyle, the gradient of articular tubercle and the joint space,which could be obtained at sagittal and oblique position vertical to the long axis of condyle.The data obtained was analyzed by paired t test with SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: There was significant difference between the bilateral measured value of joint space when the angle was 60° in sagittal plane (P<0.05).The difference was more significant when the angle was 120° in parallel plane and 90° in sagittal plane (P<0.01). The other measured parameters were not significant different. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with TMD, it is more easily to observe differences between the bilateral measured value of joint space in the sagittal or vertical plane,where the increase of the front joint space can be seen and construction was more significant.

A new cytotoxic biflavonoid from the rhizome of Wikstroemia indica.

One new chalcone-flavone biflavonoid, 3'-hydroxydaphnodorin A (1), together with 12 known biflavonoids (2-13), was isolated from the rhizome of Wikstroemia indica. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods. Eight isolated compounds 1-3, 6, 7, 9, 12 and 13 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against cancer-derived cell lines Hep3B, HepG2 and CNE2, and 1 was found to possess moderate cytotoxicity against HepG2 and CNE2 cell lines, with IC50 values of 65.5 ± 11.4 and 53.6 ± 10.1 µM, respectively.

FBW7 upregulation enhances cisplatin cytotoxicity in non- small cell lung cancer cells.

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer is extremely harmful to human health and has one of the highest worldwide incidences of all malignant tumors. Approximately 80% of lung cancers are classified as non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Cisplatin-based multidrug chemotherapy regimen is standard for such lesions, but drug resistance is an increasing problem. F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBW7) is a member of the F-box protein family that regulates cell cycle progression, and cell growth and differentiation. FBW7 also functions as a tumor suppressor. METHODS: We used cell viability assays, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence combined with siRNA interference or plasmid transfection to investigate the underlying mechanism of cisplatin resistance in NSCLC cells. RESULTS: We found that FBW7 upregulation significantly increased cisplatin chemosensitivity and that cells expressing low levels of FBW7, such as NCI-H1299 cells, have a mesenchymal phenotype. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated silencing or plasmid-mediated upregulation of FBW7 resulted in altered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) patterns in NSCLC cells. These data support a role for FBW7 in regulating the EMT in NSCLC cells. CONCLUSION: FBW7 is a potential drug target for combating drug resistance and regulating the EMT in NSCLC cells.

Saxifragifolin D induces the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells through ROS-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among females, and novel chemotherapeutic drugs for treating breast cancer are needed urgently. Saxifragifolin D (SD) was isolated by our group from Androsace umbellata which is commonly used to treat solid tumor. In this study, we evaluated its growth inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that SD inhibited the growth of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells significantly. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that SD induced apoptosis through mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Evidence of SD-induced autophagy included the occurrence of autophagic vacuoles, up-regulation of LC3-II, Beclin1 and Vps34. Inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin A1 or Beclin1 siRNA pretreatment decreased the ratio of apoptosis, indicating that autophagy induction contributes to apoptosis and is required for the latter. SD was also found to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, accompanied by ROS production, increase of intracellular calcium and up-regulation of Bip, IRE1α and XBP-1s. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress by N-acetyl-l-cysteine, tauroursodeoxycholic acid or IRE1α siRNA pretreatment could suppress both apoptosis and autophagy. Besides, increases in CHOP, calnexin, calpain, p-JNK and p-Bcl-2 were followed by subsequent dissociation of Beclin1 from Bcl-2, further suggesting endoplasmic reticulum stress to be the common signaling pathway shared by SD-induced apoptosis and autophagy. In conclusion, SD inhibits breast cancer cell growth and induces interplay between apoptosis and autophagy through ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. It will provide molecular bases for developing SD into a drug candidate for the treatment of breast cancer.

ECMO-assisted esophagectomy after left pneumonectomy.

BACKGROUND: Esophagectomy after pneumonectomy has been rarely reported, mainly due to the technical difficulty in performing this surgical approach. Conventional intubation to the contralateral respiratory passage is technically challenging, while the homolateral respiratory tract is absent, making oxygenation impossible. METHODS: To overcome this problem, we used venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) which can help achieve gas exchange despite the collapsed lung and provide a clear unobstructed surgical field for esophagectomy. RESULTS: We obtained satisfactory outcomes with VA ECMO in our treated patient. CONCLUSIONS: This technique may be an excellent option for the treatment of complex situations such as esophagectomy after pneumonectomy.

Chylous pleural effusion caused by mediastinal angiomyolipomas.

Classical angiomyolipomas are benign tumors composed of various tissues, including fat, abnormal blood vessels and smooth muscle cells. The present study reports a male patient affected by mediastinal angiomyolipomas with massive chylous pleural effusion. The tumors were characterized with histological and immunohistochemical methods.

Expression of the recepteur d'originenantais receptor tyrosine kinase in non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical significance.

BACKGROUND: Recepteur d'originenantais (RON) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that belongs to the MET proto-oncogene family. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of RON receptor tyrosine kinase in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its relationship with clinical pathology of NSCLC and prognosis. METHODS: RON protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 96 NSCLC specimens was evaluated and compared with the clinical pathology and prognosis, and 20 para-neoplastic tissues were included as controls. RON mRNA and protein expression in 25 fresh tissue samples of lung cancer and 10 normal lung tissues were also analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. RESULTS: The rate of positive RON expression differed significantly between NSCLC tissues (55.2%, 53/96) and para-neoplastic tissues (5%, 1/20) (P < 0.001). RON protein expression was not found to be associated with gender or age. However, RON expression positively correlated with clinical TNM stage (P = 0.004), histological types (P = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.012) and differentiation (P = 0.035). RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis also confirmed that the expression of RON mRNA and protein was significantly increased in the NSCLC tissues versus normal tissues. In addition, RON expression was associated with a poor prognosis for patients with NSCLC (P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of RON protein and mRNA is significant in human NSCLC and low in para-neoplastic and normal tissues. Elevated RON expression may contribute to the occurrence, progression and metastasis of NSCLC, inferring that it could be useful as a new prognostic indicator for patients with NSCLC.

Two pairs of enantiomeric neolignans from Lobelia chinensis.

A pair of new enantiomeric neolignans, ethyl 3-[(2R,3S)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl] propanoate (+) (1) and ethyl 3-[(2S,3R)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl] propanoate (-) (1), together with a pair of known enantiomeric neolignans (+) (2) and (-) (2), as well as five known lignans (3-7) were isolated from the ethanol extract of Lobelia chinensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS and CD spectra.