Design and synthesis of 6-methylpyridin-2-one derivatives as novel and potent GluN2A positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of cognitive impairment.

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are key regulators of synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Potentiation of NMDARs containing GluN2A subunit has been recently recognized as a promising therapeutic approach for neurological disorders. We identified a novel series of GluN2A positive allosteric modulator (PAM) with a pyridin-2-one scaffold. Initial lead compound 1 was discovered through in silico-based screening of virtual ligands with various monocyclic scaffolds. GluN2A PAM activity was increased by introduction of a methyl group at the 6-position of the pyridin-2-one ring and a cyano group in the side chain. Modification of the aromatic ring led to the identification of potent and brain-penetrant 6-methylpyridin-2-one 17 with a negligible binding activity for α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). Oral administration of 17 significantly enhanced rat hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Thus, 17 would be a useful in vivo pharmacological tool to investigate complex NMDAR functions for the discovery of therapeutics toward diseases associated with NMDAR dysfunction.

Balanced Activation of Striatal Output Pathways by Faster Off-Rate PDE10A Inhibitors Elicits Not Only Antipsychotic-Like Effects But Also Procognitive Effects in Rodents.

BACKGROUND: Faster off-rate competitive enzyme inhibitors are generally more sensitive than slower off-rate ones to binding inhibition by enzyme substrates. We previously reported that the cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) may be higher than that in D2-MSNs. Consequently, compared with slower off-rate phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors, faster off-rate ones comparably activated D2-MSNs but partially activated D1-MSNs. We further investigated the pharmacological profiles of phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors with different off-rates. METHODS: Phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors with slower (T-609) and faster (T-773) off-rates were used. D1- and D2-MSN activation was assessed by substance P and enkephalin mRNA induction, respectively, in rodents. Antipsychotic-like effects were evaluated by MK-801- and methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition in rodents. Cognition was assessed by novel object recognition task and radial arm maze in rats. Prefrontal cortex activation was evaluated by c-Fos immunohistochemistry in rats. Gene translations in D1- and D2-MSNs were evaluated by translating ribosome affinity purification and RNA sequencing in mice. RESULTS: Compared with T-609, T-773 comparably activated D2-MSNs but partially activated D1-MSNs. Haloperidol (a D2 antagonist) and T-773, but not T-609, produced antipsychotic-like effects in all paradigms. T-773, but not T-609 or haloperidol, activated the prefrontal cortex and improved cognition. Overall gene translation patterns in D2-MSNs by all drugs and those in D1-MSNs by T-773 and T-609 were qualitatively similar. CONCLUSIONS: Differential pharmacological profiles among those drugs could be attributable to activation balance of D1- and D2-MSNs. The "balanced activation" of MSNs by faster off-rate phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors may be favorable to treat schizophrenia.

TAK-063, a Novel Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitor, Protects from Striatal Neurodegeneration and Ameliorates Behavioral Deficits in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by progressive loss of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that constitute direct and indirect pathways: the indirect pathway MSNs is more vulnerable than the direct pathway MSNs. Impairment of cAMP/cGMP signaling by mutant huntingtin is hypothesized as the molecular mechanism underlying degeneration of MSNs. Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is selectively expressed in MSNs and degrades both cAMP and cGMP; thus, PDE10A inhibition can restore impaired cAMP/cGMP signaling. Compared with other PDE10A inhibitors, a novel PDE10A inhibitor 1-[2-fluoro-4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-5-methoxy-3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridazin-4(1H)-one (TAK-063) showed comparable activation of the indirect pathway MSNs, whereas it produced partial activation of the direct pathway MSNs by its faster off-rate property. In this study, we report the effects of TAK-063 on striatal neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits in the R6/2 mouse model of HD. TAK-063 at 0.5 or 5 mg/kg/day was orally administrated from 4.5-5 to 12 weeks of age, and the effects of TAK-063 were characterized over this period. Repeated treatment with TAK-063 suppressed the reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, prevented striatal neurodegeneration, and suppressed increase in seizure frequency, but did not prevent the suppression of body weight gain. As for motor deficits, TAK-063 suppressed the development of clasping behavior and motor dysfunctions, including decreased motor activity in the open field, but did not improve the impairment in motor coordination on the rotarod. Regarding cognitive functions, TAK-063 improved deficits in procedural learning, but was ineffective for deficits in contextual memory. These results suggest that TAK-063 reduces striatal neurodegeneration and ameliorates behavioral deficits in R6/2 mice.

The Phosphodiesterase 10A Selective Inhibitor TAK-063 Improves Cognitive Functions Associated with Schizophrenia in Rodent Models.

Cognitive deficits in various domains, including recognition memory, attention, impulsivity, working memory, and executive function, substantially affect functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. TAK-063 [1-[2-fluoro-4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-5-methoxy-3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridazin-4(1H)-one] is a potent and selective phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor that produces antipsychotic-like effects in rodent models of schizophrenia. We evaluated the effects of TAK-063 on multiple cognitive functions associated with schizophrenia using naïve and drug-perturbed rodents. TAK-063 at 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg p.o. improved time-dependent memory decay in object recognition in naïve rats. TAK-063 at 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg p.o. increased accuracy rate, and TAK-063 at 0.3 mg/kg p.o. reduced impulsivity in a five-choice serial reaction time task in naïve rats. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine and MK-801 [(5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine], were used to induce working memory deficits relevant to schizophrenia in animals. TAK-063 at 0.3 mg/kg p.o. attenuated both phencyclidine-induced working memory deficits in a Y-maze test in mice and MK-801-induced working memory deficits in an eight-arm radial maze task in rats. An attentional set-shifting task using subchronic phencyclidine-treated rats was used to assess the executive function. TAK-063 at 0.3 mg/kg p.o. reversed cognitive deficits in extradimensional shifts. These findings suggest that TAK-063 has a potential to ameliorate deficits in multiple cognitive domains impaired in schizophrenia.

In vivo pharmacological characterization of TAK-063, a potent and selective phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor with antipsychotic-like activity in rodents.

Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a cAMP/cGMP phosphodiesterase highly expressed in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum. We evaluated the in vivo pharmacological profile of a potent and selective PDE10A inhibitor, TAK-063 (1-[2-fluoro-4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-5-methoxy-3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-pyridazin-4(1H)-one). TAK-063 at 0.3 and 1 mg/kg p.o., increased cAMP and cGMP levels in the rodent striatum and upregulated phosphorylation levels of key substrates of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases. TAK-063 at 0.3 and 1 mg/kg p.o., strongly suppressed MK-801 [(5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine]-induced hyperlocomotion, which is often used as a predictive model for antipsychotic-like activity in rodents. Upregulation of striatal cAMP/cGMP levels and the antipsychotic-like effect of TAK-063 were not attenuated after 15 days of pretreatment with TAK-063 in mice. The potential side effect profile of TAK-063 was assessed in rats using the clinical antipsychotics haloperidol, olanzapine, and aripiprazole as controls. TAK-063 did not affect plasma prolactin or glucose levels at doses up to 3 mg/kg p.o. At 3 mg/kg p.o., TAK-063 elicited a weak cataleptic response compared with haloperidol and olanzapine. Evaluation of pathway-specific markers (substance P mRNA for the direct pathway and enkephalin mRNA for the indirect pathway) revealed that TAK-063 activated both the direct and indirect pathways of MSNs. These findings suggest that TAK-063 represents a promising drug for the treatment of schizophrenia with potential for superior safety and tolerability profiles.

Design and synthesis of a novel 2-oxindole scaffold as a highly potent and brain-penetrant phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor.

Highly potent and brain-penetrant phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors based on the 2-oxindole scaffold were designed and synthesized. (2-Oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)phenyl derivative 1 showed the high P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux (efflux ratio (ER)=6.2) despite the potent PDE10A inhibitory activity (IC50=0.94 nM). We performed an optimization study to improve both the P-gp efflux ratio and PDE10A inhibitory activity by utilizing structure-based drug design (SBDD) techniques based on the X-ray crystal structure with PDE10A. Finally, 1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-fluoro-5-[5-methoxy-4-oxo-3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridazin-1(4H)-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (19e) was identified with improved P-gp efflux (ER=1.4) and an excellent PDE10A inhibitory activity (IC50=0.080 nM). Compound 19e also exhibited satisfactory brain penetration, and suppressed PCP-induced hyperlocomotion with a minimum effective dose of 0.3mg/kg by oral administration in mice.

Combined treatment with a selective PDE10A inhibitor TAK-063 and either haloperidol or olanzapine at subeffective doses produces potent antipsychotic-like effects without affecting plasma prolactin levels and cataleptic responses in rodents.

Activation of indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (MSNs) via promotion of cAMP production is the principal mechanism of action of current antipsychotics with dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. TAK-063 [1-[2-fluoro-4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-5-methoxy-3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridazin-4(1H)-one] is a novel phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor that activates both direct and indirect pathway MSNs through increasing both cAMP and cGMP levels by inhibition of their degradation. The activation of indirect pathway MSNs through the distinct mechanism of action of these drugs raises the possibility of augmented pharmacological effects by combination therapy. In this study, we evaluated the potential of combination therapy with TAK-063 and current antipsychotics, such as haloperidol or olanzapine after oral administration. Combined treatment with TAK-063 and either haloperidol or olanzapine produced a significant increase in phosphorylation of glutamate receptor subunit 1 in the rat striatum. An electrophysiological study using rat corticostriatal slices showed that TAK-063 enhanced N-methyl-D -aspartic acid receptor-mediated synaptic responses in both direct and indirect pathway MSNs to a similar extent. Further evaluation using pathway-specific markers revealed that coadministration of TAK-063 with haloperidol or olanzapine additively activated the indirect pathway, but not the direct pathway. Combined treatment with TAK-063 and either haloperidol or olanzapine at subeffective doses produced significant effects on methamphetamine- or MK-801-induced hyperactivity in rats and MK-801-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition in mice. TAK-063 at 0.1 mg/kg did not affect plasma prolactin levels and cataleptic response from antipsychotics in rats. Thus, TAK-063 may produce augmented antipsychotic-like activities in combination with antipsychotics without effects on plasma prolactin levels and cataleptic responses in rodents.

TAK-063, a PDE10A Inhibitor with Balanced Activation of Direct and Indirect Pathways, Provides Potent Antipsychotic-Like Effects in Multiple Paradigms.

Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors are expected to be novel drugs for schizophrenia through activation of both direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons. However, excess activation of the direct pathway by a dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF82958 canceled antipsychotic-like effects of a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol in methamphetamine (METH)-induced hyperactivity in rats. Thus, balanced activation of these pathways may be critical for PDE10A inhibitors. Current antipsychotics and the novel PDE10A inhibitor TAK-063, but not the selective PDE10A inhibitor MP-10, produced dose-dependent antipsychotic-like effects in METH-induced hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition in rodents. TAK-063 and MP-10 activated the indirect pathway to a similar extent; however, MP-10 caused greater activation of the direct pathway than did TAK-063. Interestingly, the off-rate of TAK-063 from PDE10A in rat brain sections was faster than that of MP-10, and a slower off-rate PDE10A inhibitor with TAK-063-like chemical structure showed an MP-10-like pharmacological profile. In general, faster off-rate enzyme inhibitors are more sensitive than slower off-rate inhibitors to binding inhibition by enzyme substrates. As expected, TAK-063 was more sensitive than MP-10 to binding inhibition by cyclic nucleotides. Moreover, an immunohistochemistry study suggested that cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in the direct pathway were higher than those in the indirect pathway. These data can explain why TAK-063 showed partial activation of the direct pathway compared with MP-10. The findings presented here suggest that TAK-063's antipsychotic-like efficacy may be attributable to its unique pharmacological properties, resulting in balanced activation of the direct and indirect striatal pathways.

Characterization of binding and inhibitory properties of TAK-063, a novel phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitor.

Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition is a novel and promising approach for the treatment of central nervous system disorders such as schizophrenia and Huntington's disease. A novel PDE10A inhibitor, TAK-063 [1-[2-fluoro-4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-5-methoxy-3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-pyridazin-4(1H)-one] has shown high inhibitory activity and selectivity for human recombinant PDE10A2 in vitro; the half-maximal inhibitory concentration was 0.30 nM, and selectivity over other phosphodiesterases (PDEs) was more than 15000-fold. TAK-063 at 10 µM did not show more than 50% inhibition or stimulation of 91 enzymes or receptors except for PDEs. In vitro autoradiography (ARG) studies using rat brain sections revealed that [3H]TAK-063 selectively accumulated in the caudate putamen (CPu), nucleus accumbens (NAc), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and striatonigral projection, where PDE10A is highly expressed. This [3H]TAK-063 accumulation was almost entirely blocked by an excess amount of MP-10, a PDE10A selective inhibitor, and the accumulation was not observed in brain slices of Pde10a-knockout mice. In rat brain sections, [3H]TAK-063 bound to a single high-affinity site with mean ± SEM dissociation constants of 7.2 ± 1.2 and 2.6 ± 0.5 nM for the CPu and NAc shell, respectively. Orally administered [14C]TAK-063 selectively accumulated in PDE10A expressing brain regions in an in vivo ARG study in rats. Striatal PDE10A occupancy by TAK-063 in vivo was measured using T-773 as a tracer and a dose of 0.88 mg/kg (p.o.) was calculated to produce 50% occupancy in rats. Translational studies with TAK-063 and other PDE10A inhibitors such as those presented here will help us better understand the pharmacological profile of this class of potential central nervous system drugs.

Characterization of the binding properties of T-773 as a PET radioligand for phosphodiesterase 10A.

INTRODUCTION: Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a dual-substrate PDE that hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP and is selectively expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons. Recent studies have suggested that PDE10A inhibition is a novel approach for the treatment of disorders such as schizophrenia and Huntington's disease. A positron emission tomography (PET) occupancy study can provide useful information for the development of PDE10A inhibitors. We discovered T-773 as a candidate PET radioligand for PDE10A and investigated its properties by in vitro autoradiography and a PET study in a monkey. METHODS: Profiling of T-773 as a PET radioligand for PDE10A was conducted by in vitro enzyme inhibitory assay, in vitro autoradiography, and PET study in a monkey. RESULTS: T-773 showed a high binding affinity and selectivity for human recombinant PDE10A2 in vitro; the IC50 value in an enzyme inhibitory assay was 0.77nmol/L, and selectivity over other PDEs was more than 2500-fold. In autoradiography studies using mouse, rat, monkey, or human brain sections, radiolabeled T-773 selectively accumulated in the striatum. This selective accumulation was not observed in the brain sections of Pde10a-KO mice. The binding of [(3)H]T-773 to PDE10A in rat brain sections was competitively inhibited by MP-10, a selective PDE10A inhibitor. In rat brain sections, [(3)H]T-773 bound to a single high affinity site of PDE10A with Kd values of 12.2±2.2 and 4.7±1.2nmol/L in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens, respectively. In a monkey PET study, [(11)C]T-773 showed good brain penetration and striatum-selective accumulation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that [(11)C]T-773 is a potential PET radioligand for PDE10A.

Gene expression associated with an enriched environment after transient focal ischemia.

Recent studies have demonstrated that animals housed in an enriched environment after an experimental stroke obtained a better functional outcome than those housed in a standard cage; however, little is known about the gene expression associated with this functional recovery. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the expression of genes in an enriched environment after experimental stroke in the ischemic and non-ischemic sides of the cortices. Transient focal brain ischemia was produced by the occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (t-MCAO) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into 3 groups: ischemic rats housed in the enriched environment, ischemic rats housed in standard cages, and non-ischemic rats in standard cages. Four weeks after t-MCAO, the rats were sacrificed and gene expression was examined. Motor function was improved in ischemic rats housed in the enriched environment compared with those in standard cages; however, there were no significant differences in the size of the infarct area between the ischemic rats in the enriched environment and those in standard cages. Decreases in the expression of Egr-1, -2, and BDNF mRNA in both sides of the cortices were detected in rats housed in the enriched environment, indicating that gene expression was altered throughout the brain at 4 weeks after transient focal ischemia.

Gene and protein analysis of brain derived neurotrophic factor expression in relation to neurological recovery induced by an enriched environment in a rat stroke model.

Although an enriched environment enhances functional recovery after ischemic stroke, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. We previously reported that brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression decreased in rats housed in an enriched environment for 4 weeks compared to those housed in a standard cage for the same period. To further clarify the relationship between the decrease in BDNF and functional recovery, we investigated the effects of differential 2-week housing conditions on the mRNA of BDNF and protein levels of proBDNF and mature BDNF (matBDNF). After transient occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery of male Sprague-Dawley rats, we divided the rats into two groups: (1) an enriched group housed multiply in large cages equipped with toys, and (2) a standard group housed alone in small cages without toys. Behavioral tests before and after 2-week differential housing showed better neurological recovery in the enriched group than in the standard group. Synaptophysin immunostaining demonstrated that the density of synapses in the peri-infarct area was increased in the enriched group compared to the standard group, while infarct volumes were not significantly different. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunostaining all revealed no significant difference between the groups. The present results suggest that functional recovery cannot be ascribed to an increase in matBDNF or a decrease in proBDNF but rather to other underlying mechanisms.