Using a monolingual screening test for assessing bilingual children.

Bilingual language development is different from monolingual language development. The lack of appropriate assessment tools geared to the bilingual population has led to inaccurate over-diagnosis of bilingual children with typical language development (TLD) as children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and under-diagnosis of bilingual children with DLD. The present paper addresses this challenge by focusing on Hebrew as a second language (L2) of bilingual preschool children whose first language (L1) is either English or Russian, taking into consideration both chronological age (CA) and age of onset of bilingualism (AOB). This study aimed to generate bilingual standards for a monolingual screening test, Goralnik Screening Test for Hebrewby arriving at appropriate bilingual typical development cut-off points. A total of 443 bilingual Hebrew speaking children (397 with TLD and 46 with DLD), ages 61-78 months (M = 70; SD = 4), 199 with L1 English and 244 with L1 Russian, took part in the study. The results demonstrate low diagnostic accuracy when a monolingual test with monolingual norms is used for bilingual children, in contrast with increased diagnostic accuracy when bilingual standards are used for bilingual children. The paper concludes by showing the importance of bilingual standards when assessing clinical populations with varying ages of acquisition, and in particular, for those who were exposed to their second language after the age of four.

Identifying a potential biomarker for primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and its association with recurrence after transplantation.

BACKGROUND: We investigated circulating levels of individual soluble urokinase plasminogen activation receptor (suPAR) forms to determine if specific circulating fragments of suPAR (II-III) and (I) can better serve as clinical biomarkers for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and the risk of recurrence after transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum levels of intact suPAR and its cleaved forms were measured with two assays, ELISA and TR-FIA. RESULTS: suPAR levels in healthy controls were significantly lower than those who had glomerular diseases but were not significantly different between FSGS patients and glomerular controls. Intact suPAR (I-II-III) levels were noted to be elevated in glomerular diseases including FSGS. uPAR fragment (I) levels measured with the TR-FIA 4 assay were significantly higher in FSGS (695.4 + 91.29 pMol/L) than glomerular controls (239.1 + 40.45 pMol/L, P = 0.001). However, suPAR(I) levels were not significantly different between recurrent FSGS and nonrecurrent FSGS patients. CONCLUSION: Our analysis of suPAR using the ELISA assay used in all previous studies does not appear to be a useful marker for FSGS nor serve as a predictor for its recurrence after transplantation. The TR-FIA assay results suggest that uPAR(I) is a potential biomarker for FSGS but not of its recurrence.

Noun and verb knowledge in monolingual preschool children across 17 languages: Data from Cross-linguistic Lexical Tasks (LITMUS-CLT).

This article investigates the cross-linguistic comparability of the newly developed lexical assessment tool Cross-linguistic Lexical Tasks (LITMUS-CLT). LITMUS-CLT is a part the Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) battery (Armon-Lotem, de Jong & Meir, 2015). Here we analyse results on receptive and expressive word knowledge tasks for nouns and verbs across 17 languages from eight different language families: Baltic (Lithuanian), Bantu (isiXhosa), Finnic (Finnish), Germanic (Afrikaans, British English, South African English, German, Luxembourgish, Norwegian, Swedish), Romance (Catalan, Italian), Semitic (Hebrew), Slavic (Polish, Serbian, Slovak) and Turkic (Turkish). The participants were 639 monolingual children aged 3;0-6;11 living in 15 different countries. Differences in vocabulary size were small between 16 of the languages; but isiXhosa-speaking children knew significantly fewer words than speakers of the other languages. There was a robust effect of word class: accuracy was higher for nouns than verbs. Furthermore, comprehension was more advanced than production. Results are discussed in the context of cross-linguistic comparisons of lexical development in monolingual and bilingual populations.

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) ligation induces a raft-localized integrin signaling switch that mediates the hypermotile phenotype of fibrotic fibroblasts.

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked membrane protein with no cytosolic domain that localizes to lipid raft microdomains. Our laboratory and others have documented that lung fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) exhibit a hypermotile phenotype. This study was undertaken to elucidate the molecular mechanism whereby uPAR ligation with its cognate ligand, urokinase, induces a motile phenotype in human lung fibroblasts. We found that uPAR ligation with the urokinase receptor binding domain (amino-terminal fragment) leads to enhanced migration of fibroblasts on fibronectin in a protease-independent, lipid raft-dependent manner. Ligation of uPAR with the amino-terminal fragment recruited α5ß1 integrin and the acylated form of the Src family kinase, Fyn, to lipid rafts. The biological consequences of this translocation were an increase in fibroblast motility and a switch of the integrin-initiated signal pathway for migration away from the lipid raft-independent focal adhesion kinase pathway and toward a lipid raft-dependent caveolin-Fyn-Shc pathway. Furthermore, an integrin homologous peptide as well as an antibody that competes with ß1 for uPAR binding have the ability to block this effect. In addition, its relative insensitivity to cholesterol depletion suggests that the interactions of α5ß1 integrin and uPAR drive the translocation of α5ß1 integrin-acylated Fyn signaling complexes into lipid rafts upon uPAR ligation through protein-protein interactions. This signal switch is a novel pathway leading to the hypermotile phenotype of IPF patient-derived fibroblasts, seen with uPAR ligation. This uPAR dependent, fibrotic matrix-selective, and profibrotic fibroblast phenotype may be amenable to targeted therapeutics designed to ameliorate IPF.

Aminoalkylcarbamoylphosphonates reduce TNFα release from activated immune cells.

Some carbamoylphosphonates (CPOs) inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Although MMPs are involved in inflammatory processes, the anti-inflammatory activity of CPOs has not been reported. In this context we compared the biological activity of the three aminoCPOs, PYR-CPO, PIP-CPO and cis-ACCP. We were particularly interested in their capability to modulate the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). LPS-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages and LPS-activated mouse splenocytes were used to explore this question. It was found that the aminoCPOs were able to reduce TNFα secretion to a level equivalent to the reduction caused by the steroid drug budesonide (BUD). The reduction in TNFα levels was neither accompanied by cytotoxicity, nor did it inhibit cell proliferation. To explicate whether the aminoCPOs affect TNFα processing by TNFα-converting enzyme (TACE), TACE inhibitory properties of the three molecules was tested in vitro. Only PIP-CPO exerted TACE inhibitory activity at therapeutic (non-cytotoxic) concentrations, indicating on its potential to serve as an anti-inflammatory agent by reducing TNFα secretion.

Further Evidence That the Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Does Not Directly Injure Mice or Human Podocytes.

BACKGROUND: The role of the soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) as the circulating factor or as a predictor of recurrence after transplantation remains controversial. Previously published studies in mice and isolated podocytes produced conflicting results on the effect of suPAR on podocyte injury, effacement of foot processes, and proteinuria. These discordant results were in part due to diverse experimental designs and different strains of mice. The aim of our study was to determine the reasons for the inconsistencies of the previous studies results with suPAR by using uniform methods and studies in different strains of mice. METHODS: We utilized a primary culture of human podocytes and 2 mouse models, the wild type (WT) and the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) KO (uPAR), in an attempt to resolve the reported conflicting results. RESULTS: In both WT and uPAR mouse models, injection of recombinant uPAR, even at a high dose (100 µg), did not induce proteinuria, effacement of podocytes, or disruption of the cytoskeleton. Injection of suPAR resulted in its deposition exclusively in the glomerular endothelial cells and not in the podocytes of WT mice and was not detected at the uPAR KO mice. Kidneys from patients with recurrent FSGS had negative immunostaining for uPAR. We also evaluated the effect of recombinant uPAR on primary culture of human podocytes. uPAR did not result in podocytes damage. CONCLUSIONS: suPAR by itself is not the cause for direct podocyte injury, in vitro or in vivo. These findings suggest a more complex and still poorly understood role of suPAR in FSGS.

Antibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting the Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) as a Possible Treatment of Aggressive Breast Cancer.

A promising molecular target for aggressive cancers is the urokinase receptor (uPAR). A fully human, recombinant antibody that binds uPAR to form a stable complex that blocks uPA-uPAR interactions (2G10) and is internalized primarily through endocytosis showed efficacy in a mouse xenograft model of highly aggressive, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) of 2G10 were designed and produced bearing tubulin inhibitor payloads ligated through seven different linkers. Aldehyde tag technology was employed for linking, and either one or two tags were inserted into the antibody heavy chain, to produce site-specifically conjugated ADCs with drug-to-antibody ratios of either two or four. Both cleavable and non-cleavable linkers were combined with two different antimitotic toxins-MMAE (monomethylauristatin E) and maytansine. Nine different 2G10 ADCs were produced and tested for their ability to target uPAR in cell-based assays and a mouse model. The anti-uPAR ADC that resulted in tumor regression comprised an MMAE payload with a cathepsin B cleavable linker, 2G10-RED-244-MMAE. This work demonstrates in vitro activity of the 2G10-RED-244-MMAE in TNBC cell lines and validates uPAR as a therapeutic target for TNBC.

The anti-inflammatory activity of a novel fused-cyclopentenone phosphonate and its potential in the local treatment of experimental colitis.

A novel fused-cyclopentenone phosphonate compound, namely, diethyl 3-nonyl-5-oxo-3,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]furan-4-ylphosphonate (P-5), was prepared and tested in vitro (LPS-activated macrophages) for its cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity and in vivo (DNBS induced rat model) for its potential to ameliorate induced colitis. Specifically, the competence of P-5 to reduce TNFα, IL-6, INFγ, MCP-1, IL-1α, MIP-1α, and RANTES in LPS-activated macrophages was measured. Experimental colitis was quantified in the rat model, macroscopically and by measuring the activity of tissue MPO and iNOS and levels of TNFα and IL-1ß. It was found that P-5 decreased the levels of TNFα and the tested proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in LPS-activated macrophages. In the colitis-induced rat model, P-5 was effective locally in reducing mucosal inflammation. This activity was equal to the activity of local treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid. It is speculated that P-5 may be used for the local treatment of IBD (e.g., with the aid of colon-specific drug platforms). Its mode of action involves inhibition of the phosphorylation of MAPK ERK but not of p38 and had no effect on IκBα.

Enhanced transferrin receptor expression by proinflammatory cytokines in enterocytes as a means for local delivery of drugs to inflamed gut mucosa.

Therapeutic intervention in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is often associated with adverse effects related to drug distribution into non-diseased tissues, a situation which attracts a rational design of a targeted treatment confined to the inflamed mucosa. Upon activation of immune cells, transferrin receptor (TfR) expression increases at their surface. Because TfR is expressed in all cell types we hypothesized that its cell surface levels are regulated also in enterocytes. We, therefore, compared TfR expression in healthy and inflamed human colonic mucosa, as well as healthy and inflamed colonic mucosa of the DNBS-induced rat model. TfR expression was elevated in the colonic mucosa of IBD patients in both the basolateral and apical membranes of the enterocytes. Increased TfR expression was also observed in colonocytes of the induced colitis rats. To explore the underlying mechanism CaCo-2 cells were treated with various proinflammatory cytokines, which increased both TfR expression and transferrin cellular uptake in a mechanism that did not involve hyper proliferation. These findings were then exploited for the design of targetable carrier towards inflamed regions of the colon. Anti-TfR antibodies were conjugated to nano-liposomes. As expected, iron-starved Caco-2 cells internalized anti-TfR immunoliposomes better than controls. Ex vivo binding studies to inflamed mucosa showed that the anti-TfR immunoliposomes accumulated significantly better in the mucosa of DNBS-induced rats than the accumulation of non-specific immunoliposomes. It is concluded that targeting mucosal inflammation can be accomplished by nano-liposomes decorated with anti-TfR due to inflammation-dependent, apical, elevated expression of the receptor.