A Novel Ultrasound-Based Carotid Plaque Risk Index Associated with the Presence of Cerebrovascular Symptoms.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a novel ultrasound-based carotid plaque risk index (CPRI) in predicting the presence of cerebrovascular symptoms in patients with carotid artery stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, observational study involving 56 patients (mean age 76.6 years, 62.5 % male). Plaque grayscale median (GSM) and surface irregularity indices (SII) were measured in 82 stenosed carotid arteries (range 10 - 95 %) and combined with the degree of stenosis (DOS) in the form of (DOS*SII)/(1 + GSM). A reduced index DOS/(1 + GSM) not incorporating plaque surface irregularities was also investigated. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used to study the diagnostic efficacy of CPRI, comparing against DOS and an equivalent risk index constructed using a conventional logistic regression based method with model parameters optimized to the dataset (CPRIlogistic). RESULTS: There were 42 stenosed carotid arteries with cerebrovascular symptoms, and 40 without symptoms. The presence of symptoms significantly correlated with DOS, GSM and SII (p < 0.01). The median CPRI of the symptomatic (asymptomatic) groups were 23.2 (9.2) compared with 0.71 (0.30) for CPRIlogistic (p < 0.01). The diagnostic performance of CPRI exceeded that of CPRIlogistic and DOS, and demonstrated a better separation of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. CONCLUSION: Our novel risk index combines quantitative measures of carotid plaque echogenicity and surface irregularities with the degree of stenosis. It is a better predictor of cerebrovascular symptoms than the degree of stenosis and could be valuable in studies and clinical trials aimed at identifying vulnerable carotid artery stenoses.

Shear Wave Elastography May Be Superior to Greyscale Median for the Identification of Carotid Plaque Vulnerability: A Comparison with Histology.

PURPOSE: There is a need to develop methods that reliably quantify characteristics associated with vulnerable carotid plaque. Greyscale median (GSM) and shear wave elastography (SWE) are two techniques that may improve individual plaque risk stratification. SWE, which quantifies Young's Modulus (YM) to estimate tissue stiffness, has been researched in the liver, breast, thyroid and prostate, but its use in carotid plaques is novel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to quantify YM and GSM of plaques and compare to histology. 25 patients (64% male) with a mean age of 76 underwent both clinical and SWE imaging. The mean GSM was quantified over a cardiac cycle. The mean YM was quantified in multiple regions within the plaque over 5 frames. Histological features were assessed following carotid endarterectomy. RESULTS: The mean YM of unstable plaques was significantly lower than that of stable plaques (50.0 kPa vs. 79.1 kPa; p = 0.027). The presence of intra-plaque hemorrhage, thrombus and increasing numbers of foam cells was also associated with a significantly lower YM. Plaque YM did not correlate well with plaque GSM (r =  .12). The mean plaque GSM was the same in both unstable and stable plaques. Fibrous plaques had a significantly higher GSM (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, SWE provides additional information on plaque stiffness which may be of clinical benefit to help identify vulnerable plaque, and warrants further study.

Ultrasound measurement of aortic diameter in a national screening programme.

OBJECTIVE: Currently there is no universally accepted standard for ultrasound measurement of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The aim was to investigate the reliability and reproducibility of inner to inner (ITI) versus outer to outer (OTO) ultrasound measurement of AAA diameter. METHODS: A prospective study design was used to collect 60 random images of aorta (1.4-7.1 cm). Inner and outer wall diameter measurements were then performed by 13 qualified AAA screening technicians and 11 vascular sonographers. RESULTS: The mean (range) diameter for all 60 aortas by ITI was 3.91 cm (1.39-6.80) and by OTO was 4.18 cm (1.63-7.09), a significant mean difference of 0.27 cm (95% CI: 0.23-0.32 cm). The reproducibility coefficients for differences between technicians were 0.30 cm (95% CI: 0.24-0.36) for ITI and 0.42 cm (95% CI: 0.35-0.49) for OTO indicating significantly better repeatability using ITI. Finally, 15 images were measured twice in random order by all screeners and sonographers. For AAAs > 5 cm, repeatability was significantly better with ITI than OTO (0.14 vs. 0.21; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: There was the expected difference in AAA diameter between the two methods (0.27 cm). However, ITI wall method was measurably more reproducible.

Popliteal entrapment syndrome: misdiagnosed as a compartment syndrome.

We report a case of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome which was originally diagnosed as a chronic compartment syndrome. The relative occurrence of the two conditions and their very similar symptoms explain the misdiagnosis. The diagnostic methods and surgical treatment for both conditions are discussed and suggestions are made as to possible non-invasive screening methods.