RESUMEN
Rare genetic disorders are currently in the spotlight due to the elevated number of different conditions and significant total number of affected patients. The study of these disorders is extremely helpful for the elucidation of physiological processes related with complex disorders. Isolated populations are instrumental for the study of genetic disorders, considering their homogeneity and high proportion of affected patients in a small geographic area. These favorable conditions lead to the creation of a new discipline, known as "population medical genetics", which integrates medical genetics, population genetics, epidemiological genetics and community genetics. In order to develop practical activities in this new discipline, the National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INaGeMP) was created in 2008 in Brazil. INaGeMP has developed several tools and funded numerous research activities. In this review, we highlight three successful projects developed in the first 10 years of INaGeMP activities (2008-2018): a newborn screening pilot study for MPS VI in Northeast Brazil, the study of Machado-Joseph disease in Brazilian families with Azorian ancestry, and the high twinning rate in a small town in southern Brazil. The results of these projects in terms of scientific output and contributions to the affected communities highlight the success and importance of INaGeMP.
RESUMEN
Cândido Godói (CG) é um pequeno município brasileiro localizado no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul e é conhecido como "Cidade dos Gêmeos" devido à alta taxa de nascimentos gemelares na região. Diante de um fato tão notável, muitas explicações foram sugeridas. Entre estas teorias, a que mais recebeu atenção da mídia, mesmo sem base científica, foi a de que a gemelaridade seria fruto de experimentos de um médico nazista alemão foragido após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A convite da própria comunidade de CG, nosso grupo de pesquisa trabalha para resolver este mistério desde 1994, analisando diferentes fatores possivelmente relacionados, em especial suas características genéticas. Aqui, nós sumarizamos os principais resultados obtidos em mais de duas décadas de pesquisa, com foco nas particularidades do processo de comunicação dos resultados, aspectos éticos e como os achados científicos naquela comunidade contribuem não apenas com a resolução de um mistério histórico e local, mas também com o estudo de outras questões, como a reprodução humana e as bases biológicas da gemelaridade. (AU)
Cândido Godói (CG) is a small town located in the northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul state which is known as "Town of Twins" because of the high rate of twin births. Many explanations have been suggested for such a noteworthy fact. The theory that has received most attention from the press, despite a lack of scientific evidence, was that twinning would result from experiments conducted by a Nazi German physician who had been a fugitive after World War II. Invited by the local community, our research team has been dedicated to solving this mystery since 1994 by analyzing different possibly related factors, especially genetic characteristics. In this paper, we summarize the main results obtained in more than two decades of research, focusing on the particular communication process of the results, ethical aspects, and how the scientific findings in that community have contributed not only to the resolution of a historical and localized mystery, but also with the study of other issues such as human reproduction and biological basis of the twinning process. (AU)