Correlated Three-Dimensional Imaging of Dislocations: Insights into the Onset of Thermal Slip in Semiconductor Wafers.

Correlated x-ray diffraction imaging and light microscopy provide a conclusive picture of three-dimensional dislocation arrangements on the micrometer scale. The characterization includes bulk crystallographic properties like Burgers vectors and determines links to structural features at the surface. Based on this approach, we study here the thermally induced slip-band formation at prior mechanical damage in Si wafers. Mobilization and multiplication of preexisting dislocations are identified as dominating mechanisms, and undisturbed long-range emission from regenerative sources is discovered.

Local strain and defects in silicon wafers due to nanoindentation revealed by full-field X-ray microdiffraction imaging.

Quantitative characterization of local strain in silicon wafers is critical in view of issues such as wafer handling during manufacturing and strain engineering. In this work, full-field X-ray microdiffraction imaging using synchrotron radiation is employed to investigate the long-range distribution of strain fields in silicon wafers induced by indents under different conditions in order to simulate wafer fabrication damage. The technique provides a detailed quantitative mapping of strain and defect characterization at the micrometer spatial resolution and holds some advantages over conventional methods.

Polarized neutron imaging at NeXT (neutron and x-ray tomograph) at Institut Laue Langevin.

This work describes the implementation of polarized neutron imaging capabilities at the neutron and x-ray tomograph (NeXT) imaging station of the Institut Laue Langevin. This development enhances the capacity of this instrument to study advanced magnetic materials, which are crucial in a variety of engineering applications. Here, the feasibility of polarized neutron imaging at NeXT is demonstrated by visualizing the magnetic field generated by a simple bar magnet. The use of a double-crystal monochromator for wavelength-resolved imaging is also shown to enable both quantitative and qualitative analyses of magnetic materials. This is demonstrated through the determination of magnetization strength in a sample of electric steel (FeSi) in addition to the distribution of its components. Polarimetric imaging is also implemented for the first time to characterize the magnetic field generated by a current-carrying cylindrical wire. These findings collectively underscore the value of incorporating polarized neutron imaging into the already cutting-edge imaging station.

Comparative study of multilayers used in monochromators for synchrotron-based coherent hard X-ray imaging.

A systematic study is presented in which multilayers of different composition (W/Si, Mo/Si, Pd/B(4)C), periodicity (from 2.5 to 5.5 nm) and number of layers have been characterized. In particular, the intrinsic quality (roughness and reflectivity) as well as the performance (homogeneity and coherence of the outgoing beam) as a monochromator for synchrotron radiation hard X-ray micro-imaging are investigated. The results indicate that the material composition is the dominating factor for the performance. By helping scientists and engineers specify the design parameters of multilayer monochromators, these results can contribute to a better exploitation of the advantages of multilayer monochromators over crystal-based devices; i.e. larger spectral bandwidth and high photon flux density, which are particularly useful for synchrotron-based micro-radiography and -tomography.

Analysis of spatial cross-correlations in multi-constituent volume data.

We investigate spatial cross-correlations between two constituents, both belonging to the same microstructure. These investigations are based on two approaches: one via the measurement of the cross-correlation function and the other uses the spatial distances between the constituents. The cross-correlation function can be measured using the fast Fourier transform, whereas the distances are determined via the Euclidean distance transform. The characteristics are derived from volume images obtained by synchrotron microtomography. As an example we consider pore formation in metallic foams, knowledge of which is important to control the foam production process. For this example, we discuss the spatial cross-correlation between the pore space and the blowing agent particles in detail.

Cortical bone elasticity measured by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy is not altered by defatting and synchrotron X-ray imaging.

In the study of mechanical properties of human bone, specimens may be defatted before experiments to prevent contamination and the risk of infections. High energy synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SR-µCT) is a popular technique to study bone microstructure. However, little is known about the effects of defatting or irradiation during SR-µCT imaging on different elastic coefficients including shear and longitudinal moduli in different anatomical directions. In this work, these effects are evaluated on a set of 24 samples using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS), which allows one to accurately measure the complete set of elastic coefficients of cortical bone non destructively. The results show that defatting with diethylether and methanol and irradiation up to 2.5kGy has no detectable effect on any of the elastic coefficients of human cortical bone.

Optimizing structural and mechanical properties of cryogel scaffolds for use in prostate cancer cell culturing.

Prostate cancer (PCa) currently is the second most diagnosed cancer in men and the second most cause of cancer death after lung cancer in Western societies. This sets the necessity of modelling prostatic disorders to optimize a therapy against them. The conventional approach to investigating prostatic diseases is based on two-dimensional (2D) cell culturing. This method, however, does not provide a three-dimensional (3D) environment, therefore impeding a satisfying simulation of the prostate gland in which the PCa cells proliferate. Cryogel scaffolds represent a valid alternative to 2D culturing systems for studying the normal and pathological behavior of the prostate cells thanks to their 3D pore architecture that reflects more closely the physiological environment in which PCa cells develop. In this work the 3D morphology of three potential scaffolds for PCa cell culturing was investigated by means of synchrotron X-ray computed micro tomography (SXCµT) fitting the according requirements of high spatial resolution, 3D imaging capability and low dose requirements very well. In combination with mechanical tests, the results allowed identifying an optimal cryogel architecture, meeting the needs for a well-suited scaffold to be used for 3D PCa cell culture applications. The selected cryogel was then used for culturing prostatic lymph node metastasis (LNCaP) cells and subsequently, the presence of multi-cellular tumor spheroids inside the matrix was demonstrated again by using SXCµT.

On the implementation of computed laminography using synchrotron radiation.

Hard x rays from a synchrotron source are used in this implementation of computed laminography for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of flat, laterally extended objects. Due to outstanding properties of synchrotron light, high spatial resolution down to the micrometer scale can be attained, even for specimens having lateral dimensions of several decimeters. Operating either with a monochromatic or with a white synchrotron beam, the method can be optimized to attain high sensitivity or considerable inspection throughput in synchrotron user and small-batch industrial experiments. The article describes the details of experimental setups, alignment procedures, and the underlying reconstruction principles. Imaging of interconnections in flip-chip and wire-bonded devices illustrates the peculiarities of the method compared to its alternatives and demonstrates the wide application potential for the 3D inspection and quality assessment in microsystem technology.

Size-dependent grain-growth kinetics observed in nanocrystalline Fe.

Measurements of grain growth in nanocrystalline Fe reveal a linear dependence of the grain size on annealing time, contradicting studies in coarser-grained materials, which find a parabolic (or power-law) dependence. When the grain size exceeds approximately 150 nm, a smooth transition from linear to nonlinear growth kinetics occurs, suggesting that the rate-controlling mechanism for grain growth depends on the grain size. The linear-stage growth rate agrees quantitatively with a model in which boundary migration is controlled by the redistribution of excess volume localized in the boundary cores.