Optimized antiangiogenic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment potentiates CD40 immunotherapy.

Cancer immunotherapies are increasingly combined with targeted therapies to improve therapeutic outcomes. We show that combination of agonistic anti-CD40 with antiangiogenic antibodies targeting 2 proangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and angiopoietin 2 (Ang2/ANGPT2), induces pleiotropic immune mechanisms that facilitate tumor rejection in several tumor models. On the one hand, VEGFA/Ang2 blockade induced regression of the tumor microvasculature while decreasing the proportion of nonperfused vessels and reducing leakiness of the remaining vessels. On the other hand, both anti-VEGFA/Ang2 and anti-CD40 independently promoted proinflammatory macrophage skewing and increased dendritic cell activation in the tumor microenvironment, which were further amplified upon combination of the 2 treatments. Finally, combined therapy provoked brisk infiltration and intratumoral redistribution of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in the tumors, which was mainly driven by Ang2 blockade. Overall, these nonredundant synergistic mechanisms endowed T cells with improved effector functions that were conducive to more efficient tumor control, underscoring the therapeutic potential of antiangiogenic immunotherapy in cancer.

Metastatic spread in patients with non-small cell lung cancer is associated with a reduced density of tumor-infiltrating T cells.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes play an important role in cell-mediated immune destruction of cancer cells and tumor growth control. We investigated the heterogeneity of immune cell infiltrates between primary non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and corresponding metastases. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary tumors and corresponding metastases from 34 NSCLC patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for CD4, CD8, CD11c, CD68, CD163 and PD-L1. The percentage of positively stained cells within the stroma and tumor cell clusters was recorded and compared between primary tumors and metastases. We found significantly fewer CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells within tumor cell clusters as compared with the stromal compartment, both in primary tumors and corresponding metastases. CD8(+) T cell counts were significantly lower in metastatic lesions than in the corresponding primary tumors, both in the stroma and the tumor cell islets. Of note, the CD8/CD4 ratio was significantly reduced in metastatic lesions compared with the corresponding primary tumors in tumor cell islets, but not in the stroma. We noted significantly fewer CD11c(+) cells and CD68(+) as well as CD163(+) macrophages in tumor cell islets compared with the tumor stroma, but no difference between primary and metastatic lesions. Furthermore, the CD8/CD68 ratio was higher in primary tumors than in the corresponding metastases. We demonstrate a differential pattern of immune cell infiltration in matched primary and metastatic NSCLC lesions, with a significantly lower density of CD8(+) T cells in metastatic lesions compared with the primary tumors. The lower CD8/CD4 and CD8/CD68 ratios observed in metastases indicate a rather tolerogenic and tumor-promoting microenvironment at the metastatic site.

Expression of pSTAT5 predicts FLT3 internal tandem duplications in acute myeloid leukemia.

Mutations of the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) can be detected in a significant number of acute myeloid leukemias (AML). Seventy-five cases of acute myeloid leukemia were evaluated for FLT3-internal tandem duplications (ITD) by polymerase chain reaction. Paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed trephine biopsies of these cases were evaluated for expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (pSTAT1), pSTAT3, and pSTAT5. Specific expression of pSTAT5 was proven in leukemic blasts in situ by double staining with a blast-specific marker. Expression of pSTAT5 in > or =1% of blasts was highly predictive of FLT3-ITD. Neither expression of pSTAT1 nor pSTAT3 were associated with FLT3 mutations. Altogether we conclude that pSTAT5 expression can precisely be assessed by immunohistochemistry in routinely processed bone marrow trephines, STAT5 is highly likely the preferred second messenger of FLT3-mediated signaling in AML, and expression of pSTAT5 is predictive of FLT3-ITD.

Recurrent numerical aberrations of JAK2 and deregulation of the JAK2-STAT cascade in lymphomas.

The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway plays an important role in hematological malignancies. Mutations and translocations of the JAK2 gene, mapped at 9p24, lead to constitutive activation of JAK2 and its downstream targets. The presence of JAK2 mutations in lymphomas has been addressed in larger cohorts, but there are little systemic data on numerical and structural JAK2 aberrations in lymphoid neoplasms. To study the molecular epidemiology of these aberrations and the consecutive activation of the JAK2-STAT pathway in lymphomas, we examined 527 cases, covering the most common entities, in a tissue microarray by fluorescent in situ hybridization with breakable JAK2 probes, and immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated JAK2 (pJAK2) and its preferred downstream pSTAT3 and pSTAT5. 9p24 gains were detected in 6/17 (35%) primary mediastinal B-cell lymphomas (PMBCLs), 25/77 (33%) Hodgkin's lymphomas (HLs), 3/16 (19%) angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas (AILTs) and 1/5 ALK1(+) anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs); breaks were observed only in three cases. pJAK2 expression was most prevalent in PMBCL, peripheral T-cell lymphomas and HL. pSTAT3 predominated in ALCLs, HLs, AILTs, PMBCLs and peripheral T-cell lymphomas. pSTAT5 expression was detected frequently in follicular lymphomas, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and AILTs. 9p24 gains correlated with increased proportions of tumor cells expressing pJAK2 (P=0.002) and pSTAT3 (P=0.001). In follicular lymphomas, concomitant expression of pJAK2 and pSTAT5 was linked to better prognosis, whereas expression of pSTAT3 in nongerminal center-like diffuse large B-cell lymphomas could identify a patient group with an inferior outcome. Our findings stress that despite the rarity of activating JAK2 mutations in lymphomas, JAK2 is recurrently targeted by numerical, and rarely by structural, genetic aberrations in distinct lymphoma subtypes and that JAK2-STAT pathway may play a role in lymphomagenesis.

Correlation of high numbers of intratumoral FOXP3+ regulatory T cells with improved survival in germinal center-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: The tumor microenvironment is important for the behavior of cancer. We assessed the distribution and biological significance of FOXP3(+) regulatory T-cells (Treg) in lymphomas. DESIGN AND METHODS: The absolute number of intratumoral FOXP3(+) cells was immunohistochemically studied on lymphoma tissue microarrays from 1019 cases of different types of lymphomas and correlated to phenotypic and clinical parameters in uni- and multivariate models. Receiver operating characteristic -curves were used to determine prognostic cut-off values of FOXP3(+) cell density. RESULTS: Of the 1019 cases, 926 (91%) were evaluable. FOXP3(+) cell density varied between the lymphoma entities, and was highest in follicular lymphoma. An increased number of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3(+) cells over the receiver operating characteristic-determined cut-offs positively influenced both disease-specific and failure-free survival in follicular lymphoma (p=0.053) and disease-specific survival in germinal center-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (p=0.051) and overall and failure-free survival in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (p=0.004), but had a negative prognostic effect in non-germinal center diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (p=0.059). In a Cox regression model, considering stage and age, the amount of FOXP3(+) cells was of independent prognostic significance for failure-free survival in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma and of borderline significance for overall survival in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma and disease-specific survival in germinal center-like and non-germinal center diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: FOXP3(+) cells represent important lymphoma/host microenvironment modulators. Assessment of FOXP3(+) cell density can contribute to the prediction of outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, fallicular lymphoma and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma.

mTORC1/autophagy-regulated MerTK in mutant BRAFV600 melanoma with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition.

BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) and the combination therapy of BRAF and MEK inhibitors (MEKi) were recently approved for therapy of metastatic melanomas harbouring the oncogenic BRAFV600 mutation. Although these therapies have shown pronounced therapeutic efficacy, the limited durability of the response indicates an acquired drug resistance that still remains mechanistically poorly understood at the molecular level. We conducted transcriptome gene profiling in BRAFi-treated melanoma cells and identified that Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) is specifically upregulated. MerTK overexpression was demonstrated not only in melanomas resistant to BRAFi monotherapy (5 out of 10 samples from melanoma patients) but also in melanoma resistant to BRAFi+MEKi (1 out of 3), although MEKi alone does not affect MerTK. Mechanistically, BRAFi-induced activation of Zeb2 stimulates MerTK in BRAFV600 melanoma through mTORC1-triggered activation of autophagy. Co-targeting MerTK and BRAFV600 significantly reduced tumour burden in xenografted mice, which was pheno-copied by co-inhibition of autophagy and mutant BRAFV600.

Morphologic and GATA1 sequencing analysis of hematopoiesis in fetuses with trisomy 21.

Trisomy 21 alters fetal liver hematopoiesis and, in combination with somatic globin transcription factor 1 (GATA1) mutations, leads to development of transient myeloproliferative disease in newborns. However, little is known about the morphological hematopoietic changes caused by trisomy 21 in the fetus, and to date, the exact onset of GATA1 mutations remains uncertain. Therefore, we analyzed fetal liver hematopoiesis from second trimester pregnancies in trisomy 21 and screened for GATA1 mutations. We examined 57 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded fetal liver specimens (49 harboring trisomy 21 and 8 controls) by immunohistochemistry for CD34, CD61, factor VIII, and glycophorin A. GATA1 exon 2 was sequenced in fetal livers and corresponding nonhematologic tissue. Cell counts of megakaryocytes (P = .022), megakaryocytic precursors (P = .021), and erythroid precursors were higher in trisomy 21 cases. CD34-positive hematopoietic blasts showed no statistically significant differences. No mutation was detected by GATA1 exon 2 sequencing in fetal livers from 12 to 25 weeks of gestation. Our results suggest that GATA1 exon 2 mutations occur late in trisomy 21 fetal hematopoiesis. However, trisomy 21 alone provides a proliferative stimulus of fetal megakaryopoiesis and erythropoiesis. CD34-positive precursor cells are not increased in trisomy 21 fetal livers.

Molecular and immunohistochemical characterization of B-cell lymphoma-2-negative follicular lymphomas.

Aberrant expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL (B-cell lymphoma)-2 in neoplastic germinal centers is one of the diagnostic hallmarks of follicular lymphoma. If BCL-2 cannot be detected by immunohistochemistry, the distinction between florid follicular hyperplasia and follicular lymphoma might become a diagnostic challenge. Most of those cases also lack the typical t(14;18), and the underlying pathophysiologic conditions of follicular lymphoma that lack BCL-2 protein expression are largely unknown. Here, we collected 18 BCL-2-negative follicular lymphoma cases from 5 different institutions. After restaining, 9 cases proved to be truly BCL-2 negative (6 follicular lymphoma grade 2, 2 follicular lymphoma grade 3a, and 1 follicular lymphoma grade 3b). In 4 additional cases, BCL-2 was very faint (all grade 2). Of the 9 BCL-2-negative follicular lymphoma cases, 2 were negative for CD10 (22%); all showed expression of BCL-6. Apoptotic level as determined by caspase 3 was the lowest in the BCL-2-positive follicular lymphoma group (15 ± 8 mm(2)), the highest in the normal/reactive group (n = 7, 60 ± 12 mm(2)) and very similar in the BCL-2 low follicular lymphoma and BCL-2-negative follicular lymphoma groups (25 ± 13 and 33 ± 19 mm(2), respectively), assuming an intermediate position between reactive follicles and BCL-2-positive neoplastic follicles (P < .001 [Kruskal-Wallis]). Also noted was a difference in proliferation fractions between the BCL-2-positive follicular lymphoma (27% ± 15%), the BCL-2 low follicular lymphoma (30% ± 20%) and the BCL-2-negative follicular lymphoma groups (30% ± 22%). Regarding the network of follicular dendritic cells, 8 (89%) of 9 cases from the BCL-2-negative subgroup showed disrupted, weakly developed networks, whereas all of the follicular lymphoma BCL-2 low-expression cases showed a well-defined and strongly developed follicular dendritic cell network. Among BCL-2-negative follicular lymphoma, BCL-2 and BCL-6 breaks were found in 1 case each, whereas in the follicular lymphoma BCL-2 low group, only 1 case with a BCL-6 break was recorded. No statistically significant result was achieved upon assessment of BCL-2α or BCL-2ß RNA or the ratio of α/ß isolated by real-time-polymerase chain reaction. Taken together, BCL-2-negative follicular lymphoma did not show a BCL-2 break on the genetic level and showed both increased apoptotic and proliferation rates compared with BCL-2-positive follicular lymphoma. In our series, BCL-6 breaks were infrequent in BCL-2-negative follicular lymphoma.

Coexpression of CD44 variant isoforms and receptor for hyaluronic acid-mediated motility (RHAMM, CD168) is an International Prognostic Index and C-MYC gene status-independent predictor of poor outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.

OBJECTIVE: Expression of CD44 variant (v) isoforms substantiates poor prognosis in patients with hematological malignancies. We have previously shown that CD44v6 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) correlates with advanced disease stage and is predominantly detected in non-germinal center B-cell-like DLBCL subtypes. With the growing number of associated molecules found to form functional complexes with CD44, we analyzed a larger cohort of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, and equivalently treated DLBCL patients to define the prognostic role of such CD44-associated molecules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-hundred and ninety formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary DLBCL tissue samples were analyzed in tissue microarrays. To obtain potential biologically meaningful associations, optimal cutoff values were established by receiver operating characteristic curves. The prognostic significance of every possible multimarker phenotype was also addressed. RESULTS: We showed that coexpression of any of the CD44v with the receptor for hyaluronic acid-mediated motility (RHAMM, CD168) identifies a subgroup of DLBCL patients with a very poor prognosis, independent of the International Prognostic Index. These patients did not show C-MYC translocations or amplifications. CD44v-RHAMM coexpression was most prevalent in non-germinal center DLBCL cases and usually coincided with expression of osteopontin. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of CD44v-RHAMM coexpression may improve the accuracy of DLBCL prognosis and identify a subgroup of patients who will benefit from therapeutic alternatives to cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone.