Effective saccharification of kraft pulp by using a cellulase cocktail prepared from genetically engineered Aspergillus oryzae.

Kraft pulp is a promising feedstock for bioproduction. The efficiency of kraft pulp saccharification was improved by using a cellulase cocktail prepared from genetically engineered Aspergillus oryzae. Application of the cellulase cocktail was demonstrated by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, using kraft pulp and non-cellulolytic yeast. Such application would make possible to do an efficient production of other chemicals from kraft pulp.

Aspergillus oryzae-based cell factory for direct kojic acid production from cellulose.

BACKGROUND: Kojic acid (5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-pyrone) is one of the major secondary metabolites in Aspergillus oryzae. It is widely used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The production cost, however, is too high for its use in many applications. Thus, an efficient and cost-effective kojic acid production process would be valuable. However, little is known about the complete set of genes for kojic acid production. Currently, kojic acid is produced from glucose. The efficient production of kojic acid using cellulose as an inexpensive substrate would help establish cost-effective kojic acid production. RESULTS: A kojic acid transcription factor gene over-expressing the A. oryzae strain was constructed. Three genes related to kojic acid production in this strain were transcribed in higher amounts than those found in the wild-type strain. This strain produced 26.4 g/L kojic acid from 80 g/L glucose. Furthermore, this strain was transformed with plasmid harboring 3 cellulase genes. The resultant A. oryzae strain successfully produced 0.18 g/L of kojic acid in 6 days of fermentation from the phosphoric acid swollen cellulose. CONCLUSIONS: Kojic acid was produced directly from cellulose material using genetically engineered A. oryzae. Because A. oryzae has efficient protein secretion ability and secondary metabolite productivity, an A. oryzae-based cell factory could be a platform for the production of various kinds of bio-based chemicals.

High production of llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragment (VHH) fused to various reader proteins by Aspergillus oryzae.

Llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragment (VHH) fused to four different reader proteins was produced and secreted in culture medium by Aspergillus oryzae. These fusion proteins consisted of N-terminal reader proteins, VHH, and a C-terminal his-tag sequence which facilitated purification using one-step his-tag affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis of the deglycosylated purified fusion proteins confirmed that the molecular weight of each corresponded to the expected sum of VHH and the respective reader proteins. The apparent high molecular weight reader protein glucoamylase (GlaB) was found to be suitable for efficient VHH production. The GlaB-VHH-His protein bound its antigen, human chorionic gonadotropin, and was detectable by a new ELISA-based method using a coupled assay with glucoamylase, glucose oxidase, peroxidase, maltose, and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine as substrates. Addition of potassium phosphate to the culture medium induced secretion of 0.61 mg GlaB-VHH-His protein/ml culture medium in 5 days.

Identification of regulatory elements in the glucoamylase-encoding gene (glaB) promoter from Aspergillus oryzae.

The Aspergillus oryzae glucoamylase-encoding gene glaB is expressed specifically and strongly only during solid-state cultivation (SSC). To elucidate the basis for the specificity, the glaB promoter was analyzed by electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA) which indicated two protein-binding elements from -382 to -353 and from -332 to -313. To confirm that these regions contained cis-elements, deletion analysis of the promoter was undertaken using ß-glucuronidase as a reporter. The results of the deletion analysis were consistent with the EMSA results. The promoter missing the -332 to -313 element was not induced by low water activity stress during SSC.

Isolation of a novel promoter for efficient protein expression by Aspergillus oryzae in solid-state culture.

A novel promoter from a hemolysin-like protein encoding the gene, hlyA, was characterized for protein overexpression in Aspergillus oryzae grown in solid-state culture. Using endo-1,4-ß-glucanase from A. oryzae (CelA) as the reporter, promoter activity was found to be higher than that of the α-amylase (amyA) and manganese superoxide dismutase (sodM) genes not only in wheat bran solid-state culture but also in liquid culture. Expression of the A. oryzae endoglucanase CelB and two heterologous endoglucanases (TrEglI and TrEglIII from Trichoderma reesei) under the control of the hlyA promoter were also found to be stronger than under the control of the amyA promoter in A. oryzae grown in wheat bran solid-state culture, suggesting that the hlyA promoter may be useful for the overproduction of other proteins as well. In wheat bran solid-state culture, the productivity of the hlyA promoter in terms of protein produced was high when the cultivation temperature was 30°C or 37°C, when the water content was 0.6 or 0.8 ml/g wheat bran, and from 48 to 72 h after inoculation. Because A. oryzae sporulated actively under these conditions and because hemolysin has been reported to play a role in fungal fruiting body formation, high-level expression of hlyA may be related to sporulation.

Deletion analysis of the catalase-encoding gene (catB) promoter from Aspergillus oryzae.

The catalase-encoding gene (catB) is expressed strongly in Aspergillus oryzae. To identify the transcription regulatory elements involved in strong expression, we did promoter deletion analysis using beta-glucuronidase (GUS) as a reporter and an electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA) systematically. The deletion 200-bp sequence from -1,000 to -800 in the 1,400-bp catB promoter caused a drastic decrease in GUS activity. In addition, EMSA implicated a 45-bp element from -1,000 to -956 containing cis-elements. According to detailed promoter deletion analysis, a region from -1,000 to -975, which contains putative heat shock element (HSE) and the CCAAT-box, was involved in strong expression.

Cloning and expression analysis of two catalase genes from Aspergillus oryzae.

Fungi contain distinct genes encoding the same class of enzyme that are differentially regulated according to conditions. We cloned two catalase genes, catA and catB, from Aspergillus oryzae. The catA gene predicts a 747-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 81% identity with Aspergillus fumigatus catalase (catA) and 77% with Aspergillus nidulans catalase (catA). The catB gene predicts a 725-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 82% identity with A. fumigatus catalase (catB) and 75% with A. nidulans catalase (catB). However, the catA and catB genes share little homology (41%) with one another, suggesting that each gene belongs to a distinct gene family. Overexpression studies demonstrated that both genes encode a functional catalase. Promoter assays indicated that the catA gene is developmentally regulated as it was preferentially expressed in solid-state cultures undergoing sporulation. However, its expression was not affected by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Conversely, the catB gene was highly expressed under all culture conditions tested, and it was induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment. These results suggest that the catB gene may be mainly used for detoxification of oxidative stress while the catA gene may have another role such as chaperoning proteins in the spore.

A novel amine oxidase-encoding gene from Aspergillus oryzae.

We cloned a novel gene (aoxA) encoding amine oxidase (AOX) from Aspergillus oryzae. One cDNA clone showing extreme homology to the AOX-encoding genes was found in an expressed sequence tag (EST) library of A. oryzae. Molecular analysis revealed that the aoxA carried four exons interrupted by three introns and had an open reading frame encoding 672 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence showed about 83.5% identity to the Aspergillus niger AO-I. The strictly conserved residues for co-factor and copper binding in copper/quinine-containing AOXs were also preserved at Tyr 405, His 456, His 458 and His 617 in the cDNA sequence. When the aoxA was overexpressed in the homologous hyperexpression system of A. oryzae, AOX activity in the transformant was enhanced 75-fold. An apparent molecular weight of 159,000 by gel filtration and a subunit molecular weight of 75,000 by SDS-PAGE of the purified enzyme were estimated, suggesting that the enzyme molecule is a homo-dimer similar to other copper/quinine-containing AOXs. The A. oryzae AOXA preferentially oxidized aliphatic monoamines of C2-C6 rather than aromatic amines or diamines. From these results, the aoxA gene product obtained by homologous hyperexpression system of A. oryzae is undoubtedly a functional AOX.

The glucoamylase-encoding gene (glaB) is expressed in solid-state culture with a low water content.

Solid-state culture encourages high-level enzyme secretion by Aspergillus oryzae. Using the real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we confirmed that expression of the glucoamylase-encoding gene in A. oryzae cultured in solid-state culture depends on the water content of the culture.

Deletion analysis of the superoxide dismutase (sodM) promoter from Aspergillus oryzae.

The manganese superoxide dismutase gene (sodM) is very highly expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. To elucidate the basis for this high-level expression, deletion analysis of the promoter was undertaken using beta-glucuronidase (GUS) as a reporter. Deletion of a 63-bp sequence from -200 to -138 in the 1,038-bp sodM promoter caused a drastic decrease in GUS activity. In addition, an electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA) implicated a 30-bp element from -209 to -178 containing cis-element(s) in the high-level expression. The results of fine structure deletion analysis of this region were consistent with the EMSA results. To confirm these findings, we constructed enhanced sodM promoters by incorporating tandem repeats of this region, which resulted in an approximate twofold increase in expression relative to the native sodM promoter.

Escherichia coli B gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase: modification, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis.

Escherichia coli B gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gammaGCS) catalyzes the ATP-dependent coupling of L-Glu and L-Cys to form the glutathione precursor gamma-L-Glu-Cys and is a target for development of potential therapeutic agents. By introducing four point mutations of surface-exposed cysteine residues to serine, the gammaGCS was purified to homogeneity; single crystals have been obtained using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method with sodium formate. The gammaGCS crystal diffracted to 2.8 A and belongs to space group R3, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 326.7, c = 103.9 A.