Astroblastoma With a Novel YAP1::BEND2 Fusion: A Case Report.

In the most recent fifth edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, astroblastoma has been defined by molecular rearrangements involving the MN1 gene, with common partners being BEND2 or CXXC5 . Accordingly, this tumor entity is now known as "astroblastoma, MN1 -altered." However, gliomas with EWSR1::BEND2 fusions, devoid of MN1 fusion alterations, have recently been shown to exhibit astroblastoma-like histomorphologic features and reside in a distinct epigenetic subgroup based on DNA methylation studies similar to high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with MN1 alteration, which includes astroblastoma, MN1 altered tumors. This new epigenetically distinct subtype of astroblastoma containing EWSR1::BEND2 fusions lacks the required MN1 alteration and, thus, does not satisfy the current molecular classification of these lesions. Here, we describe a case of glioma with histologic features and DNA methylation profiling consistent with astroblastoma with a novel YAP1: : BEND2 fusion. This case and others further expand the molecular findings observable in astroblastoma-like tumors outside the constraints of MN1 alteration. Such cases of astroblastoma with EWSR1::BEND2 and YAP1::BEND2 fusions challenge the current molecular classification of astroblastoma based solely on an MN1 alteration.

Evidence of Serial Dependence from Decoding of Visual Evoked Potentials.

It is well known that recent sensory experience influences perception, recently demonstrated by a phenomenon termed "serial dependence." However, its underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. We measured ERP responses to pairs of stimuli presented randomly to the left or right hemifield. Seventeen male and female adults judged whether the upper or lower half of the grating had higher spatial frequency, independent of the horizontal position of the grating. This design allowed us to trace the memory signal modulating task performance and also the implicit memory signal associated with hemispheric position. Using classification techniques, we decoded the position of the current and previous stimuli and the response from voltage scalp distributions of the current trial. Classification of previous responses reached full significance only 700 ms after presentation of the current stimulus, consistent with retrieval of an activity-silent memory trace. Cross-condition classification accuracy of past responses (trained on current responses) correlated with the strength of serial dependence effects of individual participants. Overall, our data provide evidence for a silent memory signal that can be decoded from the EEG potential, which interacts with the neural processing of the current stimulus. This silent memory signal could be the physiological substrate subserving at least one type of serial dependence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The neurophysiological underpinnings of how past perceptual experience affects current perception are poorly understood. Here, we show that recent experience is reactivated when a new stimulus is presented and that the strength of this reactivation correlates with serial biases in individual participants, suggesting that serial dependence is established on the basis of a silent memory signal.

Propagation and update of auditory perceptual priors through alpha and theta rhythms.

To maintain a continuous and coherent percept over time, the brain makes use of past sensory information to anticipate forthcoming stimuli. We recently showed that auditory experience of the immediate past is propagated through ear-specific reverberations, manifested as rhythmic fluctuations of decision bias at alpha frequencies. Here, we apply the same time-resolved behavioural method to investigate how perceptual performance changes over time under conditions of stimulus expectation and to examine the effect of unexpected events on behaviour. As in our previous study, participants were required to discriminate the ear-of-origin of a brief monaural pure tone embedded in uncorrelated dichotic white noise. We manipulated stimulus expectation by increasing the target probability in one ear to 80%. Consistent with our earlier findings, performance did not remain constant across trials, but varied rhythmically with delay from noise onset. Specifically, decision bias showed a similar oscillation at ~9 Hz, which depended on ear congruency between successive targets. This suggests rhythmic communication of auditory perceptual history occurs early and is not readily influenced by top-down expectations. In addition, we report a novel observation specific to infrequent, unexpected stimuli that gave rise to oscillations in accuracy at ~7.6 Hz one trial after the target occurred in the non-anticipated ear. This new behavioural oscillation may reflect a mechanism for updating the sensory representation once a prediction error has been detected.

Significant predictors of contralateral upper tract recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the significant predictors of contralateral upper tract recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. METHODS: Between January 2001 and December 2015, 548 patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent radical nephroureterectomy in a single institution were included in this retrospective cohort study. Several clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes were explored. The crucial end-point was the diagnosis of contralateral upper tract recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. RESULTS: Of the 548 patients, the median age was 68 years (range 24-93 years), and the median follow-up time after radical nephroureterectomy was 41 months (range 8-191 months). Contralateral upper tract recurrence occurred in 28 patients (5.1%). The median time period between radical nephroureterectomy and contralateral upper tract recurrence was 15.4 months (range 3.4-52.4 months). In the multivariate analysis, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (hazard ratio 3.08, P = 0.003) and tumor multifocality (hazard ratio 2.16, P = 0.043) were independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: Preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 and tumor multifocality are significant predictors of contralateral upper tract recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Quantification of myocardial hemorrhage using T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 1.5T with ex-vivo validation.

BACKGROUND: T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is commonly used in the diagnosis of intramyocardial hemorrhage (IMH). For quantifying IMH with T2* CMR, despite the lack of consensus studies, two different methods [subject-specific T2* (ssT2*) and absolute T2* thresholding (aT2* < 20 ms)] are interchangeably used. We examined whether these approaches yield equivalent information. METHODS: ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients (n = 70) were prospectively recruited for CMR at 4-7 days post revascularization and for 6-month follow up (n = 43). Canines studies were performed for validation purposes, where animals (n = 20) were subject to reperfused myocardial infarction (MI) and those surviving the MI (n = 16) underwent CMR at 7 days and 8 weeks and then euthanized. Both in patients and animals, T2* of IMH and volume of IMH were determined using ssT2* and aT2* < 20 ms. In animals, ex-vivo T2* CMR and mass spectrometry for iron concentration ([Fe]Hemo) were determined on excised myocardial sections. T2* values based on ssT2* and absolute T2* threshold approaches were independently regressed against [Fe]Hemo and compared. A range of T2* cut-offs were tested to determine the optimized conditions relative to ssT2*. RESULTS: While both approaches showed many similarities, there were also differences. Compared to ssT2*, aT2* < 20 ms showed lower T2* and volume of IMH in patients and animals independent of MI age (all p < 0.005). While T2* determined from both methods were highly correlated against [Fe]Hemo (R2 = 0.9 for both), the slope of the regression curve for ssT2* was significantly larger as compared to aT2* < 20 ms (0.46 vs. 0.32, p < 0.01). Further, slightly larger absolute T2* cut-offs (patients: 23 ms; animals: 25 ms) showed similar IMH characteristics compared to ssT2*. CONCLUSION: Current quantification methods have excellent capacity to identify IMH, albeit the T2*of IMH and volume of IMH based on aT2* < 20 ms are smaller compared to ssT2*. Thus the method used to quantify IMH from T2* CMR may influence the diagnosis for IMH.

Treatment of chronic active antibody-mediated rejection in renal transplant recipients - a single center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic active antibody-mediated rejection is a major etiology of graft loss in renal transplant recipients. However, there is no consensus on the optimal treatment strategies. METHODS: Computerized records from Taichung Veterans General Hospital were collected to identify renal transplant biopsies performed in the past 7 years with a diagnosis of chronic active antibody-mediated rejection. The patients were divided into two groups according to treatment strategy: Group 1 received aggressive treatment (double filtration plasmapheresis and one of the followings: rituximab, intravenous immunoglobulin, antithymogycte globulin, bortezomib, or methylprednisolone pulse therapy); and group 2 received supportive treatment. RESULTS: From February 2009 to December 2017, a total of 82 patients with biopsy-proven chronic antibody mediated rejection were identified. Kaplan-Meier analysis of death-censored graft survival showed a worse survival in group 2 (P = 0.015 by log-rank test). Adverse event-free survival was lower in group 1, whereas patient survival was not significantly different. Proteinuria and supportive treatment were independent risk factors for graft loss in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive treatment was associated with better graft outcome. However, higher incidence of adverse events merit personalized treatment, especially for those with higher risk of infection. Appropriate prophylactic antibiotics are recommended for patients undergoing aggressive treatment.

Effect of HMGB1 Polymorphisms on Urothelial Cell Carcinoma Susceptibility and Clinicopathological Characteristics.

The high mobility group box 1 gene (HMGB1) plays a prominent role in cancer progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This study explored the effect of HMGB1 polymorphisms on clinicopathological characteristics of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). In total, 1293 participants (431 patients with UCC and 862 healthy controls) were recruited. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of HMGB1 (rs1412125, rs1360485, rs1045411, and rs2249825) were assessed using TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The results indicated that individuals carrying at least one T allele at rs1045411 had a lower risk of UCC than those with the wild-type allele [adjusted odds ratio = 0.722, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.565-0.924]. Furthermore, female patients with UCC carrying at least one T allele at rs1045411 were at a lower invasive tumor stage than those with the wild-type allele [odds ratio (OR) = 0.396, 95% CI = 0.169-0.929], similar to nonsmoking patients (OR = 0.607, 95% CI = 0.374-0.985). In conclusion, this is the first report on correlation between HMGB1 polymorphisms and UCC risk. Individuals carrying at least one T allele at rs1045411 are associated with a lower risk of UCC and a less invasive disease in women and nonsmokers.

The influence of visual information on auditory processing in individuals with congenital amusia: An ERP study.

While most normal hearing individuals can readily use prosodic information in spoken language to interpret the moods and feelings of conversational partners, people with congenital amusia report that they often rely more on facial expressions and gestures, a strategy that may compensate for deficits in auditory processing. In this investigation, we used EEG to examine the extent to which individuals with congenital amusia draw upon visual information when making auditory or audio-visual judgments. Event-related potentials (ERP) were elicited by a change in pitch (up or down) between two sequential tones paired with a change in spatial position (up or down) between two visually presented dots. The change in dot position was either congruent or incongruent with the change in pitch. Participants were asked to judge (1) the direction of pitch change while ignoring the visual information (AV implicit task), and (2) whether the auditory and visual changes were congruent (AV explicit task). In the AV implicit task, amusic participants performed significantly worse in the incongruent condition than control participants. ERPs showed an enhanced N2-P3 response to incongruent AV pairings for control participants, but not for amusic participants. However when participants were explicitly directed to detect AV congruency, both groups exhibited enhanced N2-P3 responses to incongruent AV pairings. These findings indicate that amusics are capable of extracting information from both modalities in an AV task, but are biased to rely on visual information when it is available, presumably because they have learned that auditory information is unreliable. We conclude that amusic individuals implicitly draw upon visual information when judging auditory information, even though they have the capacity to explicitly recognize conflicts between these two sensory channels.

Selective attention modulates early human evoked potentials during emotional face-voice processing.

Recent findings on multisensory integration suggest that selective attention influences cross-sensory interactions from an early processing stage. Yet, in the field of emotional face-voice integration, the hypothesis prevails that facial and vocal emotional information interacts preattentively. Using ERPs, we investigated the influence of selective attention on the perception of congruent versus incongruent combinations of neutral and angry facial and vocal expressions. Attention was manipulated via four tasks that directed participants to (i) the facial expression, (ii) the vocal expression, (iii) the emotional congruence between the face and the voice, and (iv) the synchrony between lip movement and speech onset. Our results revealed early interactions between facial and vocal emotional expressions, manifested as modulations of the auditory N1 and P2 amplitude by incongruent emotional face-voice combinations. Although audiovisual emotional interactions within the N1 time window were affected by the attentional manipulations, interactions within the P2 modulation showed no such attentional influence. Thus, we propose that the N1 and P2 are functionally dissociated in terms of emotional face-voice processing and discuss evidence in support of the notion that the N1 is associated with cross-sensory prediction, whereas the P2 relates to the derivation of an emotional percept. Essentially, our findings put the integration of facial and vocal emotional expressions into a new perspective-one that regards the integration process as a composite of multiple, possibly independent subprocesses, some of which are susceptible to attentional modulation, whereas others may be influenced by additional factors.

Subclassification of prostate cancer circulating tumor cells by nuclear size reveals very small nuclear circulating tumor cells in patients with visceral metastases.

BACKGROUND: Although enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has shown some clinical value, the pool of CTCs contains a mixture of cells that contains additional information that can be extracted. The authors subclassified CTCs by shape features focusing on nuclear size and related this with clinical information. METHODS: A total of 148 blood samples were obtained from 57 patients with prostate cancer across the spectrum of metastatic states: no metastasis, nonvisceral metastasis, and visceral metastasis. CTCs captured and enumerated on NanoVelcro Chips (CytoLumina, Los Angeles, Calif) were subjected to pathologic review including nuclear size. The distribution of nuclear size was analyzed using a Gaussian mixture model. Correlations were made between CTC subpopulations and metastatic status. RESULTS: Statistical modeling of nuclear size distribution revealed 3 distinct subpopulations: large nuclear CTCs, small nuclear CTCs, and very small nuclear CTCs (vsnCTCs). Small nuclear CTCs and vsnCTC identified those patients with metastatic disease. However, vsnCTC counts alone were found to be elevated in patients with visceral metastases when compared with those without (0.36 ± 0.69 vs 1.95 ± 3.77 cells/mL blood; P<.001). Serial enumeration studies suggested the emergence of vsnCTCs occurred before the detection of visceral metastases. CONCLUSIONS: There are morphologic subsets of CTCs that can be identified by fundamental pathologic approaches, such as nuclear size measurement. The results of this observational study strongly suggest that CTCs contain relevant information regarding disease status. In particular, the detection of vsnCTCs was found to be correlated with the presence of visceral metastases and should be formally explored as a putative blood-borne biomarker to identify patients at risk of developing this clinical evolution of prostate cancer.

Successful treatment with sirolimus for an angiomyolipoma mimicking renal cell carcinoma in a transplanted kidney.

Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign mesenchymal tumor composed of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and mature adipose tissue. AMLs in the kidney allografts are rare. We report a case of AML that was incidentally found 1 year after transplantation. Abdominal computed tomography showed a 4-cm renal tumor with contrast enhancement and an early washout pattern, resembling a renal cell carcinoma. Tumor biopsy proved a lipid-poor AML. Tumor diameter decreased to 2.4 cm after 6 months of treatment with sirolimus. Sirolimus not only reduces tumor size, but also benefits a transplant patient who needs immunosuppression.

Evolutionarily ancient association of the FoxJ1 transcription factor with the motile ciliogenic program.

It is generally believed that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) was a unicellular organism with motile cilia. In the vertebrates, the winged-helix transcription factor FoxJ1 functions as the master regulator of motile cilia biogenesis. Despite the antiquity of cilia, their highly conserved structure, and their mechanism of motility, the evolution of the transcriptional program controlling ciliogenesis has remained incompletely understood. In particular, it is presently not known how the generation of motile cilia is programmed outside of the vertebrates, and whether and to what extent the FoxJ1-dependent regulation is conserved. We have performed a survey of numerous eukaryotic genomes and discovered that genes homologous to foxJ1 are restricted only to organisms belonging to the unikont lineage. Using a mis-expression assay, we then obtained evidence of a conserved ability of FoxJ1 proteins from a number of diverse phyletic groups to activate the expression of a host of motile ciliary genes in zebrafish embryos. Conversely, we found that inactivation of a foxJ1 gene in Schmidtea mediterranea, a platyhelminth (flatworm) that utilizes motile cilia for locomotion, led to a profound disruption in the differentiation of motile cilia. Together, all of these findings provide the first evolutionary perspective into the transcriptional control of motile ciliogenesis and allow us to propose a conserved FoxJ1-regulated mechanism for motile cilia biogenesis back to the origin of the metazoans.

The complete mitochondrial genome data of Pholas orientalis (Gmelin, 1791) from Malaysia.

Pholas orientalis (angelwing clam) is a mollusc species found in the coastal areas of Southeast Asia. Despite its economic significance, genetic information on the species is lacking. In this study, a P. orientalis specimen was collected from Kedah, Malaysia, and its complete mitochondrial genome was assembled using whole-genome sequencing data generated on an DNBSEQ-G400 platform. The circular mitochondrial genome of P. orientalis is 18,995 bp in size and contains 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, and three control regions (D-loops). All genes are located on the heavy strand. The mitogenome has a base composition of 25.4 % A, 41.5 % T, 22.1% G, and 11 % C, exhibiting a bias towards AT content (66.9 %). The mitochondrial genomes of P. orientalis and 11 other Pholadoidea species were included in a phylogenetic analysis, which indicated that P. orientalis is closely related to Xyloredo nooi. The data reported in this study represents the first time that a Pholas mitochondrial genome has been reported. Such data will contribute to the better understanding of genetic relationships between P. orientalis and its relatives, leading to informed conservation and sustainable utilization of the species.

Functional coupling between auditory memory and verbal transformations.

The ability to parse sound mixtures into coherent auditory objects is fundamental to cognitive functions, such as speech comprehension and language acquisition. Yet, we still lack a clear understanding of how auditory objects are formed. To address this question, we studied a speech-specific case of perceptual multistability, called verbal transformations (VTs), in which a variety of verbal forms is induced by continuous repetition of a physically unchanging word. Here, we investigated the degree to which auditory memory through sensory adaptation influences VTs. Specifically, we hypothesized that when memory persistence is longer, participants are able to retain the current verbal form longer, resulting in sensory adaptation, which in turn, affects auditory perception. Participants performed VT and auditory memory tasks on different days. In the VT task, Japanese participants continuously reported their perception while listening to a Japanese word (2- or 3-mora in length) played repeatedly for 5 min. In the auditory memory task, a different sequence of three morae, e.g., /ka/, /hi/, and /su/, was presented to each ear simultaneously. After some period (0-4 s), participants were visually cued to recall one of the sequences, i.e., in the left or right ear. We found that delayed recall accuracy was negatively correlated with the number of VTs, particularly under 2-mora conditions. This suggests that memory persistence is important for formation and selection of perceptual objects.

The chloroplast genome sequences of Ipomoea alba and I. obscura (Convolvulaceae): genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis.

Ipomoea species have diverse uses as ornamentals, food, and medicine. However, their genomic information is limited; I. alba and I. obscura were sequenced and assembled. Their chloroplast genomes were 161,353 bp and 159,691 bp, respectively. Both genomes exhibited a quadripartite structure, consisting of a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions, which are separated by the large single-copy (LSC) and small single-copy (SSC) regions. The overall GC content was 37.5% for both genomes. A total of 104 and 93 simple sequence repeats, 50 large repeats, and 30 and 22 short tandem repeats were identified in the two chloroplast genomes, respectively. G and T were more preferred than C and A at the third base position based on the Parity Rule 2 plot analysis, and the neutrality plot revealed correlation coefficients of 0.126 and 0.105, indicating the influence of natural selection in shaping the codon usage bias in most protein-coding genes (CDS). Genome comparative analyses using 31 selected Ipomoea taxa from Thailand showed that their chloroplast genomes are rather conserved, but the presence of expansion or contraction of the IR region was identified in some of these Ipomoea taxa. A total of five highly divergent regions were identified, including the CDS genes accD, ndhA, and ndhF, as well as the intergenic spacer regions psbI-atpA and rpl32-ccsA. Phylogenetic analysis based on both the complete chloroplast genome sequence and CDS datasets of 31 Ipomoea taxa showed that I. alba is resolved as a group member for series (ser.) Quamoclit, which contains seven other taxa, including I. hederacea, I. imperati, I. indica, I. nil, I. purpurea, I. quamoclit, and I. × sloteri, while I. obscura is grouped with I. tiliifolia, both of which are under ser. Obscura, and is closely related to I. biflora of ser. Pes-tigridis. Divergence time estimation using the complete chloroplast genome sequence dataset indicated that the mean age of the divergence for Ipomoeeae, Argyreiinae, and Astripomoeinae, was approximately 29.99 Mya, 19.81 Mya, and 13.40 Mya, respectively. The node indicating the divergence of I. alba from the other members of Ipomoea was around 10.06 Mya, and the split between I. obscura and I. tiliifolia is thought to have happened around 17.13 Mya. The split between the I. obscura accessions from Thailand and Taiwan is thought to have taken place around 0.86 Mya.

Novel films of pectin extracted from ambarella fruit peel and jackfruit seed slimy sheath: Effect of ionic crosslinking on the properties of pectin film.

Here, we prepared ionically crosslinked films using pectin extracted from agro-wastes, specifically ambarella peels (AFP) and jackfruit seed slimy sheath (JFS). Physiochemical properties of pectins, including moisture content, molecular weight (Mw), degree of esterification (DE), and galacturonic acid (GA), were analyzed. Optimal extraction was determined, i.e., citric acid concentration 0.3 M, time 60 min, solid/liquid ratio 1:25, and temperature 90 °C for AFP or 85 °C for JFS. Pectin yields under these conditions were 29.67 % ± 0.35 % and 29.93 ± 0.49 %, respectively. AFP pectin revealed Mw, DE, and GA values of 533.20 kDa, 67.08 % ± 0.68 %, and 75.39 ± 0.82 %, while JFS pectin exhibited values of 859.94 kDa, 63.04 % ± 0.47 %, and 78.63 % ± 0.71 %, respectively. The pectin films crosslinked with Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, or Zn2+ exhibited enhanced tensile strength and Young's modulus, along with reduced elongation at break, moisture content, water solubility, water vapor permeability, and oxygen permeability. Structural analyses indicated metal ions were effectively crosslinked with carboxyl groups of pectin. Notably, the Cu2+-crosslinked film demonstrated superior water resistance, mechanical properties, and exhibited the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activities among all tested films. Therefore, the pectin films represent a promising avenue to produce eco-friendly food packaging materials with excellent properties.

Efficacy of a protocol including heparin ointment for treatment of multikinase inhibitor-induced hand-foot skin reactions.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a protocol including topical heparin therapy for hand-foot skin reactions (HFSR) during multikinase (MKI) treatment. METHODS: We prospectively collected 26 patients who had HFSRs during treatment with the MKIs, sunitinib, sorafenib, or axitinib. The age distribution ranged from 46 to 87 years, with a mean of 66 years. The distribution of HFSR severity was 12 patients with grade 1, 12 with grade 2, and 2 with grade 3. A heparin-containing topical ointment treatment, combined with hand-foot shock absorbers and skin moisturizers, was used at the lesion sites. Changes in the grade of HFSR, MKI dosage, and interruptions of MKI therapy were recorded. RESULTS: The results showed that 66.7% of grade 1 patients were cured of disease, 83.3% of grade 2 patients had improved symptoms, and both grade 3 patients (100%) had improved symptoms and were downgraded to grade 2. Four (15.4%) patients required reduction of MKI dosage, but there were no treatment interruptions or dropouts. CONCLUSION: Our protocol is beneficial in promoting resolution of HFSRs induced by MKIs. Further validation in large control studies should be investigated.

A higher glomerular filtration rate predicts low risk of developing chronic kidney disease in living kidney donors.

BACKGROUND: The risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) among living kidney donors (LKDs) is seldom included in evaluations of patients' outcomes. Potential risk factors and new criteria for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) indexed for body surface area (BSA) were investigated with a view to prevent the development of CKD in LKDs. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of LKDs from May 1983 to March 2011. The Mann-Whitney U test and χ(2) test were used to analyze the male versus female groups. Survival analysis was plotted as CKD-free survival and analyzed separately by different eGFR index classifications. The Cox regression model was used to identify potential risk factors for development of CKD. RESULTS: A total of 105 LKDs with a mean age of 46.3 ± 12.5 years had a mean eGFR indexed for BSA of 88.9 ± 21.5 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). After a mean duration of 5.4 ± 4.9 years' follow-up, eGFR dropped to 61.4 ± 16.4 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (p = 0.002). Median CKD-free survival was only 5.7 years. The difference between eGFR ≥ 80 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) and <80 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) was not statistically significant (p = 0.980). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that higher eGFR at donation (HR = 0.952, p = 0.0199) could be a protective factor. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for initial eGFR with best sensitivity of 52.78 % and specificity of 81.40 % was obtained with a cutoff value of 90.2 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) for preoperative eGFR. An eGFR of 90 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) yielded a significant survival curve (p = 0.0199) after 21 years of follow-up. Further classifications of eGFR >90 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) into 90-99 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), 100-109 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and ≥110 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) were examined, but this survival curve was not statistically significant (p = 0.1247). CONCLUSIONS: Living kidney donors will develop CKD after a long duration of follow-up if there is insufficiently high eGFR at donation. An eGFR above 90 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) before donation is the only factor that predicts prevention of CKD. Larger studies with longer duration of follow-up are necessary to clarify the clinical outcome of this postoperative CKD group, especially for patients with eGFR between 80 and 90 ml/min per 1.73 m(2).

In vivo burn scar assessment with speckle decorrelation and joint spectral and time domain optical coherence tomography.

Significance: Post-burn scars and scar contractures present significant challenges in burn injury management, necessitating accurate evaluation of the wound healing process to prevent or minimize complications. Non-invasive and accurate assessment of burn scar vascularity can offer valuable insights for evaluations of wound healing. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) are promising imaging techniques that may enhance patient-centered care and satisfaction by providing detailed analyses of the healing process. Aim: Our study investigates the capabilities of OCT and OCTA for acquiring information on blood vessels in burn scars and evaluates the feasibility of utilizing this information to assess burn scars. Approach: Healthy skin and neighboring scar data from nine burn patients were obtained using OCT and processed with speckle decorrelation, Doppler OCT, and an enhanced technique based on joint spectral and time domain OCT. These methods facilitated the assessment of vascular structure and blood flow velocity in both healthy skin and scar tissues. Analyzing these parameters allowed for objective comparisons between normal skin and burn scars. Results: Our study found that blood vessel distribution in burn scars significantly differs from that in healthy skin. Burn scars exhibit increased vascularization, featuring less uniformity and lacking the intricate branching network found in healthy tissue. Specifically, the density of the vessels in burn scars is 67% higher than in healthy tissue, while axial flow velocity in burn scar vessels is 25% faster than in healthy tissue. Conclusions: Our research demonstrates the feasibility of OCT and OCTA as burn scar assessment tools. By implementing these technologies, we can distinguish between scar and healthy tissue based on its vascular structure, providing evidence of their practicality in evaluating burn scar severity and progression.