Hydroconductive and silver-impregnated foam dressings: a comparison.

OBJECTIVE: As the number of commercially available wound dressings is increasing rapidly, it is important for clinicians to understand the strengths and limitations of each and to recognise relationships between wound type and dressing properties to obtain optimal healing results. Our aim is to test the antimicrobial activity of two dressings. METHOD: A hydroconductive (HC) dressing and a silver-impregnated foam (SIF) dressing were compared for their potential to reduce the levels meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We also assessed MRSA-derived biologically active components in liquid or agar matrices, simplified models for heavily exuding or dry wounds respectively, and in an in vivo animal model with MRSA infected wounds. RESULTS: In the agar model (dry wounds) both dressings showed a strong reduction in MRSA activities within 24 hours post-application. The antibacterial effects of the SIF dressing were more pronounced in the liquid model, however, at an increasing cytotoxic cost. In agreement with these in vitro results, assessment of dressings using an MRSA-infected wound in an rat model showed a decrease in MRSA which was significant 7 days post-burn and inoculation, with more compromised viability of MRSA. Dressings showed a similar capability to reduced and eliminate toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) at day 7 post-burn in the animal model but not at day 4, where the SIF dressing was more potent Conclusion: These results confirm the advantages of using silver in reducing bacterial load in wound treatment, except for conditions of highly exuding wounds where the cytotoxic properties of silver may offset these advantages and HC dressing use is more suitable.

Fall frequency and associated factors among men and women with or at risk for HIV infection.

OBJECTIVES: Falls and fall-related injuries are a major public health concern. HIV-infected adults have been shown to have a high incidence of falls. Identification of major risk factors for falls that are unique to HIV infection or similar to those in the general population will inform development of future interventions for fall prevention. METHODS: HIV-infected and uninfected men and women participating in the Hearing and Balance Substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and Women's Interagency HIV Study were asked about balance symptoms and falls during the prior 12 months. Falls were categorized as 0, 1, or ≥ 2; proportional odds logistic regression models were used to investigate relationships between falls and demographic and clinical variables and multivariable models were created. RESULTS: Twenty-four per cent of 303 HIV-infected participants reported at least one fall compared with 18% of 233 HIV-uninfected participants (P = 0.27). HIV-infected participants were demographically different from HIV-uninfected participants, and were more likely to report clinical imbalance symptoms (P ≤ 0.035). In univariate analyses, more falls were associated with hepatitis C, female sex, obesity, smoking, and clinical imbalance symptoms, but not age, HIV serostatus or other comorbidities. In multivariable analyses, female sex and imbalance symptoms were independently associated with more falls. Among HIV-infected participants, smoking, a higher number of medications, and imbalance symptoms remained independent fall predictors, while current protease inhibitor use was protective. CONCLUSIONS: Similar rates of falls among HIV-infected and uninfected participants were largely explained by a high prevalence of imbalance symptoms. Routine assessment of falls and dizziness/imbalance symptoms should be considered, with interventions targeted at reducing symptomatology.

Recommendations for the allergy management in the primary care.

The majority of patients seeking medical advice for allergic diseases are first seen in a primary care setting. Correct diagnosis with identification of all offending allergens is an absolute prerequisite for appropriate management of allergic disease by the general practitioner. Allergy diagnostic tests recommended for use in primary care are critically reviewed in accordance with the significant workload in a primary care setting. Simplified pathways for recognition and diagnosis of allergic diseases are proposed, that should be further adapted to local (national) conditions.

Cerebral tissue oxygen desaturations and increased fractional oxygen extraction events vary by gestational age in preterm infants.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) changes with GA in preterm infants. This study examines changes in frequency, duration, and severity of SctO2 desaturation and increased cFTOE with GA. STUDY DESIGN: The lower limit of normal SctO2, the event threshold, was calculated using a tolerance interval method with 95% confidence interval (CI) and 90% probability. Cerebral desaturation events were defined as: 1) a drop below event threshold for at least 30 s (s), 2) preceded by a period above the event threshold for at least 30s, and 3) followed by a period above the threshold for at least 60s. RESULTS: 86% of infants <28 wk experienced one or more SctO2 desaturation event compared to 57% in >28 wk, odds ratios (OR) 4.5 (CI:1.3-15.3, p = 0.016). The severity of SctO2 desaturation events decreases at a rate of 77.9 units per wk increase in GA (p < 0.001). 39.3% of infants <28 wk experienced one or more increased cFTOE events compared to 28.6% in >28 wk, OR 1.6 (CI:0.6-4.4, p = 0.35). The severity of increasing cFTOE events decreased by 69.7 units per wk increase in GA (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Cerebral tissue oxygen desaturation events decrease in frequency and severity with increasing GA. The severity of increased cFTOE episodes decrease with GA.

Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin-like protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle-Wells syndrome.

Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS, MIM 120100), commonly known as familial cold urticaria (FCU), is an autosomal-dominant systemic inflammatory disease characterized by intermittent episodes of rash, arthralgia, fever and conjunctivitis after generalized exposure to cold. FCAS was previously mapped to a 10-cM region on chromosome 1q44 (refs. 5,6). Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS; MIM 191900), which also maps to chromosome 1q44, is an autosomal-dominant periodic fever syndrome with a similar phenotype except that symptoms are not precipitated by cold exposure and that sensorineural hearing loss is frequently also present. To identify the genes for FCAS and MWS, we screened exons in the 1q44 region for mutations by direct sequencing of genomic DNA from affected individuals and controls. This resulted in the identification of four distinct mutations in a gene that segregated with the disorder in three families with FCAS and one family with MWS. This gene, called CIAS1, is expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes and encodes a protein with a pyrin domain, a nucleotide-binding site (NBS, NACHT subfamily) domain and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif region, suggesting a role in the regulation of inflammation and apoptosis.

TTLL12 is required for primary ciliary axoneme formation in polarized epithelial cells.

The primary cilium is a critical sensory organelle that is built of axonemal microtubules ensheathed by a ciliary membrane. In polarized epithelial cells, primary cilia reside on the apical surface and must extend these microtubules directly into the extracellular space and remain a stable structure. However, the factors regulating cross-talk between ciliation and cell polarization, as well as, axonemal microtubule growth and stabilization in polarized epithelia are not fully understood. In this study, we find TTLL12, a previously uncharacterized member of the Tubulin Tyrosine Ligase-Like (TTLL) family, localizes to the base of primary cilia and is required for cilia formation in polarized renal epithelial cells. We also show that TTLL12 directly binds to the α/ß-tubulin heterodimer in vitro and regulates microtubule dynamics, stability, and post-translational modifications (PTMs). While all other TTLLs catalyze the addition of glutamate or glycine to microtubule C-terminal tails, TTLL12 uniquely affects tubulin PTMs by promoting both microtubule lysine acetylation and arginine methylation. Together, this work identifies a novel microtubule regulator and provides insight into the requirements for apical extracellular axoneme formation.

Guidelines for the genetic diagnosis of hereditary recurrent fevers.

Hereditary recurrent fevers (HRFs) are a group of monogenic autoinflammatory diseases characterised by recurrent bouts of fever and serosal inflammation that are caused by pathogenic variants in genes important for the regulation of innate immunity. Discovery of the molecular defects responsible for these diseases has initiated genetic diagnostics in many countries around the world, including the Middle East, Europe, USA, Japan and Australia. However, diverse testing methods and reporting practices are employed and there is a clear need for consensus guidelines for HRF genetic testing. Draft guidelines were prepared based on current practice deduced from previous HRF external quality assurance schemes and data from the literature. The draft document was disseminated through the European Molecular Genetics Quality Network for broader consultation and amendment. A workshop was held in Bruges (Belgium) on 18 and 19 September 2011 to ratify the draft and obtain a final consensus document. An agreed set of best practice guidelines was proposed for genetic diagnostic testing of HRFs, for reporting the genetic results and for defining their clinical significance.

Distal Transradial Access for Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography and Neurointervention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Radial artery access for cerebral angiography is traditionally performed in the wrist. Distal transradial access in the anatomic snuffbox is an alternative with several advantages. PURPOSE: Our aim was to review the safety and efficacy of distal transradial access for diagnostic cerebral angiography and neurointerventions. DATA SOURCES: We performed a comprehensive search of the literature using PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE. STUDY SELECTION: The study included all case series of at least 10 patients describing outcomes associated with distal transradial access for diagnostic cerebral angiography or a neurointervention. DATA ANALYSIS: Random-effects models were used to obtain pooled rates of procedural success and complications. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 7 studies comprising 348 (75.8%) diagnostic cerebral angiograms and 111 (24.2%) interventions met the inclusion criteria. The pooled success rate was 95% (95% CI, 91%-98%; I2 = 74.33). The pooled minor complication rate was 2% (95% CI, 1%-4%; I2 = 0. No major complications were reported. For diagnostic procedures, the combined mean fluoroscopy time was 13.53 [SD, 8.82] minutes and the mean contrast dose was 74.9 [SD, 35.6] mL. LIMITATIONS: A small number of studies met the inclusion criteria, all of them were retrospective, and none compared outcomes with proximal transradial or femoral access. CONCLUSIONS: Early experience with distal transradial access suggests that it is a safe and effective alternative to proximal radial and femoral access for performing diagnostic cerebral angiography and interventions. Additional studies are needed to establish its efficacy and compare it with other access sites.

New mutant and congenic mouse stocks expressing the murine leukemia virus-associated thymocyte surface antigen GIX.

For several reasons the G(IX) antigen (1) has a prominent place in current work on murine leukemia virus (MuLV): In the prototype G(IX+) mouse strain 129, the G(IX) trait is mendelian, and is expressed selectively (though not exclusively) on thymocytes. Thus, expression of this cell surface component is under the control of cellular genes and is subject to the controls governing the differentiation of T lymphocytes (2). Although the 129 mouse produces no demonstrable leukemia virus such as that found in the AKR strain, it was soon realized that G(IX) antigen must in some way be related to MuLV, because productive infection with MuLV is frequently associated with appearance of G(IX) antigen on cells that are genotypically G(IX-), most notably on MuLV-infected rat cells, or cells that belong to other differentiation pathways (1). The basis of this connection between G(IX) and MuLV has recently become clear from the demonstration that G(IX) is one of MuLV envelope. Therefore, our working hypothesis is that the presence of G(IX) is one of the antigens present on gp69/71 (3,4), the major glycoprotein component of the MuLV envelope. Therefore, our working hypothesis is that the presence of G(IX) antigen always denotes the presence of gp69/71 (though not all variants of gp69/71 need necessarily carry G(IX)). Study of the circumstances under which G(IX) is expressed on the cell surface is thus potentially a powerful approach to understanding how the expression of C-type viral genomes is controlled. Such studies are greatly facilitated by the availability of mutant and congenic strains of inbred mice which differ from the nonmutant or partner strains only with respect to one or another manifestation of the viral genome. It is for this reason that we record here (Table I) some details of two G(IX) mutant and two G(IX) congenic stocks derived in our colonies at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). In addition, to these four strains, Table I includes data for the three relevant partner strains, and for strain AKR, for comparison. These eight strains all differ from one another with respect to one or more MuLV-related traits.

Resolution of remodeling in eosinophilic esophagitis correlates with epithelial response to topical corticosteroids.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal remodeling occurs in eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) patients but whether the components of remodeling in the subepithelium are reversible by administration of topical oral corticosteroids is unknown. METHODS: We quantitated the degree of lamina propria remodeling in esophageal biopsies obtained before and after at least 3 months of therapy with budesonide in 16 pediatric EE subjects. In addition, we investigated whether corticosteroid therapy modulated vascular activation (expression of VCAM-1; level of interstitial edema), TGFbeta(1) activation (levels of TGFbeta(1), phosphorylated Smad2/3), and performed a pilot analysis of a polymorphism in the TGFbeta(1) promoter in relation to EE subjects who had reduced remodeling with budesonide therapy. RESULTS: EE subjects were stratified based on the presence (n = 9) or absence (n = 7) of decreased epithelial eosinophilia following budesonide. Patients with residual eosinophil counts of

Attentional factors in the inhibition of a reflex by a visual stimulus.

A brief stimulus presented to various regions of the visual field inhibited the eyeblink elicited by a subsequent tap to the skin between the eyebrows. Subjects were able to switch their attention toward or away from the target area without moving their eyes. In doing so they changed the amount of inhibition.

Punishment by response-contingent withdrawal of an imprinted stimulus.

Newly hatched ducklinigs were exposed to a moving, imprinted stiulullls; if they followed it, the stimnulus was withdrawn briefly. The tendency to follow gradually declined durinig punishment periods, but it returned to prepunishment amounts whlen punishmnent terminated. This finding attests to the efficacy of withdrawal of reinforcement as a techniquie for behavioral control.

Retention of nonhelical procollagen containing cis-hydroxyproline in rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Fibroblasts freshly isolated from embryonic tendons were incubated with a proline analog, cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline, which is incorporated into protein and which leads to the intracellular accumulation of nonhelical procollagen. Evidence is presented here that the nonhelical procollagen containing the analog is retained within the rough endoplasmic reticulum and does not pass to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi vacuoles at a normal rate.

Hemoglobin polymorphism in chimpanzees and gibbons.

Hemoglobin polymorphism has been observed in the chimpanzee and two subspecies of gibbons. In chimpanzees, hemoglobins J and B were found in addition to hemoglobin A; J and B differed from A in their alpha and beta chains, respectively. Hemoglobins A and B were observed in different subspecies of gibbons; B differed from A in its beta chain.

Enhanced distress vocalization through selective reinforcement.

Eighteen Peking ducklings were imprinted and tested for their tendency to emit distress calls during the presentation and withdrawal of the imprinted stimulus. A subsequent arrangement in which each distress vocalization led to a 5-second presentation of the imprinted stimulus resulted in an enhanced tendency to emit distress calls.

Monthly gonadotropin cycles in premenarcheal girls.

Patterns of nocturnal excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were investigated in 11 girls. Autoregressive digital filtering of low- and high-frequency variations was used to make patterns more apparent. Coincident FSH and LH surges, separated by an interval of 20 to 40 days, were seen in specimens from three of six postmenarcheal girls and three to five premenarcheal girls. This suggests that cyclic hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian interactions occur before menarche.

Eyeblink inhibition by monaural and binaural stimulation: one ear is better than two.

Airpuff-elicited eyeblink, like many other reflexes, may be inhibited when an auditory stimulus precedes the reflex-eliciting stimulus by approximately 100 milliseconds. This inhibition is greater when the auditory stimulus is delivered to one ear than when it is presented binaurally.

Haptoglobin levels in serum of various strains of mice.

Only a single type of haptoglobin was found in the serum of 11 strains of mice, but there were wide variations between strains with respect to the amount of haptoglobin found. In the AKR and C3H strains, in which haptoglobin was low or absent, various agents stimulated production of high levels of haptoglobin. Serum haptoglobin rose in association with the development of leukemia in AKR mice, but remained low when C3H mice developed mammary tumors.