Chronic Disease Management through Clinical Video Telehealth on Health Care Utilization, and Mortality in the Veterans Health Administration: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Chronic health diseases such as congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diabetes mellitus (DM) affect 6 in 10 Americans and contribute to 90% of the $4.1 trillion health care expenditures. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of clinical video telehealth (CVT) on health care utilization and mortality. A retrospective cohort study of Veterans ≥65 years with CHF, COPD, or DM was conducted. Measures: Veterans using CVT were matched 1:3 on demographic characteristics to Veterans who did not use CVT. Outcomes included 1-year incidence of ED visits, inpatient admissions, and mortality, reported as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Final analytical cohorts included 22,280 Veterans with CHF, 51,872 Veterans with COPD, and 170,605 Veterans with DM. CVT utilization was associated with increased ED visits for CHF (aOR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.15-1.34), COPD (aOR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.14-1.26), and DM (aOR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.00-1.10). For CHF, there was no difference between CVT utilization and inpatient admissions (aOR: 0.98; 95% CI 0.91-1.05) or mortality (aOR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.93-1.15). For COPD, CVT was associated with increased inpatient admissions (aOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02-1.13) and mortality (aOR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.25-1.48). For DM, CVT utilization was associated with lower risk of inpatient admissions (aOR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.80-0.86) and mortality (aOR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.84-0.95). Conclusions: CVT use as an alternative care site might serve as an early warning system, such that this mechanism may indicate when an in-person assessment is needed for potential exacerbation of conditions. Although inpatient and mortality varied, ED utilization was higher with CVT. Exploring pathways accessing clinical care through CVT, and how CVT is directly or indirectly associated with immediate and long-term clinical outcomes would be valuable.

Effect of Chronic Disease Home Telehealth Monitoring in the Veterans Health Administration on Healthcare Utilization and Mortality.

BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of chronic diseases, including congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diabetes mellitus (DM), accounts for a large burden of cost and poor health outcomes in US hospitals, and home telehealth (HT) monitoring has been proposed to improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To measure the association between HT initiation and 12-month inpatient hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) visits, and mortality in veterans with CHF, COPD, or DM. DESIGN: Comparative effectiveness matched cohort study. PATIENTS: Veterans aged 65 years and older treated for CHF, COPD, or DM. MAIN MEASURES: We matched veterans initiating HT with veterans with similar demographics who did not use HT (1:3). Our outcome measures included a 12-month risk of inpatient hospitalization, ED visits, and all-cause mortality. KEY RESULTS: A total of 139,790 veterans with CHF, 65,966 with COPD, and 192,633 with DM were included in this study. In the year after HT initiation, the risk of hospitalization was not different in those with CHF (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.01, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.98-1.05) or DM (aOR 1.00, 95%CI 0.97-1.03), but it was higher in those with COPD (aOR 1.15, 95%CI 1.09-1.21). The risk of ED visits was higher among HT users with CHF (aOR 1.09, 95%CI 1.05-1.13), COPD (1.24, 95%CI 1.18-1.31), and DM (aOR 1.03, 95%CI 1.00-1.06). All-cause 12-month mortality was lower in those initiating HT monitoring with CHF (aOR 0.70, 95%CI 0.67-0.73) and DM (aOR 0.79, 95%CI 0.75-0.83), but higher in COPD (aOR 1.08, 95%CI 1.00-1.16). CONCLUSIONS: The initiation of HT was associated with increased ED visits, no change in hospitalizations, and lower all-cause mortality in patients with CHF or DM, while those with COPD had both higher healthcare utilization and all-cause mortality.

Lifetime infertility and environmental, chemical, and hazardous exposures among female and male US veterans.

BACKGROUND: Veterans experience many potentially hazardous exposures during their service, but little is known about the possible effect of these exposures on reproductive health. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the association between infertility and environmental, chemical, or hazardous material exposures among US veterans. STUDY DESIGN: This study examined self-reported cross-sectional data from a national sample of female and male US veterans aged 20 to 45 years separated from service for ≤10 years. Data were obtained via a computer-assisted telephone interview lasting an average of 1 hour and 27 minutes that assessed demographics, general and reproductive health, and lifetime and military exposures. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between exposures to environmental, chemical, and hazardous materials and infertility as defined by 2 different definitions: unprotected intercourse for ≥12 months without conception and trying to conceive for ≥12 months without conception. RESULTS: Of the veterans included in this study, 592 of 1194 women (49.6%) and 727 of 1407 men (51.7%) met the unprotected intercourse definition for infertility, and 314 of 781 women (40.2%) and 270 of 775 men (34.8%) met the trying to conceive definition for infertility. Multiple individual exposure rates were found to be higher in women and men veterans with self-reported infertility, including petrochemicals and polychlorinated biphenyls, which were higher in both the men and women groups reporting infertility by either definition. Importantly, there was no queried exposure self-reported at higher rates in the noninfertile groups. Moreover, veterans reporting infertility reported a higher number of total exposures with a mean±standard deviation of 7.61±3.87 exposures for the women with infertility vs 7.13±3.67 for the noninfertile group (P=.030) and 13.17±4.19 for veteran men with infertility vs 12.54±4.10 for the noninfertile group (P=.005) using the unprotected intercourse definition and 7.69±3.79 for the women with infertility vs 7.02±3.57 for the noninfertile group (P=.013) and 13.77±4.17 for the veteran men with infertility vs 12.89±4.08 for the noninfertile group (P=.005) using the trying to conceive definition. CONCLUSION: The data identified an association between infertility and environmental, chemical, and hazardous materials that the veterans were exposed to during military service. Although this study was limited by the self-reported and unblinded data collection from a survey, and causation between exposures and infertility cannot be proven, it does show that veterans encounter many exposures during their service and calls for further research into the possible link between veteran exposures and reproductive health.

Patterns of Care and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cerebral Sinus Venous Thrombosis.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the association between rurality, transfer patterns and level of care with clinical outcomes of CVST patients in a rural Midwestern state. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CVST patients admitted to the hospitals between 2005 and 2014 were identified by inpatient diagnosis codes from statewide administrative claims dataset. Records were linked across interhospital transfers using probabilistic linkage. Rurality was defined by Rural-Urban Commuting Areas using the 2-category approximation. Driving distances were estimated using GoogleMaps Application Programming Interface. Hospital stroke certification was defined by the Joint Commission. Severity of CVST was estimated by cost of care corrected for inflation and cost-to-charge ratios. Outcome was discharge disposition and total length of stay (LOS). Wilcoxon rank-sum, Chi-square, Fisher's exact tests and linear and logistic regressions were used. RESULTS: 168 CVST patients were identified (79.8% female; median age = 32, IQR = 24.0-45.5). Median LOS was four days (IQR = 2-7) and patients traveled a median of 8.1 miles (IQR = 2.5-28.5) to the first hospital; 42% of patients were transferred to a second hospital, 5% to a third. More than half (58.3%) bypassed the nearest hospital. 86% visit a primary or comprehensive stroke center (CSC) during their acute care. Rurality was not significantly associated with LOS or discharge disposition after adjusting for age, sex and cost of care. Patients in CSC demonstrated greater likelihood of being discharged home compared to at a primary stroke center after adjusting for age and disease severity (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: While rurality was not significantly associated with LOS or disposition outcome, care at a CSC increases likelihood of being discharge home.

Association between polypharmacy and death: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Polypharmacy has been linked to a myriad of adverse consequences, and escalating rates of polypharmacy present an emerging concern, particularly among older adults. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the existing literature concerning the association between polypharmacy and mortality. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature review was done by searching the EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, and International Pharmaceutical Abstract databases to identify studies assessing the association between polypharmacy and death published until June 2016. STUDY SELECTION: Studies that investigated the association between polypharmacy and mortality were eligible for this systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted by the first and second authors independently using a data extraction form. Disagreement was resolved by consensus. A meta-analysis was performed using random effect models. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS: Forty-seven studies were included in this meta-analysis. The underlying populations were heterogeneous (I2= 91.5%). When defined as a discrete variable, pooled risk estimates demonstrated a significant association between polypharmacy and death (pooled-adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.08 [95% CI 1.04-1.12]). When defined categorically, a dose-response relationship was observed across escalating thresholds for defining polypharmacy. Categorical thresholds for polypharmacy using values of 1-4 medications, 5 medications, and 6-9 medications were significantly associated with death (P <0.05; aOR 1.24 [1.10-1.39], aOR 1.31 [1.17, 1.47], and aOR 1.59 [1.36-1.87], respectively). Excessive polypharmacy (ie, the use of 10 or more medications) was also associated with death (aOR 1.96 [1.42-2.71]). CONCLUSIONS: Pooled risk estimates from this meta-analysis reveal that polypharmacy is associated with increased mortality risk, using both discrete and categorical definitions. The causality of this relationship remains unclear, but it emphasizes the need for approaches to health care delivery that achieve an optimal balance of risk and benefit in medication prescribing.

Chronic Use of Aspirin and Total White Matter Lesion Volume: Results from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between aspirin and subclinical cerebrovascular heath, we evaluated the effect of chronic aspirin use on white matter lesions (WML) volume among women. METHODS: Chronic aspirin use was assessed in 1365 women who participated in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Differences in WML volumes between aspirin users and nonusers were assessed with linear mixed models. A number of secondary analyses were performed, including lobe-specific analyses, subgroup analyses based on participants' overall risk of cerebrovascular disease, and a dose-response relationship analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the women at magnetic resonance imaging examination was 77.6 years. Sixty-one percent of participants were chronic aspirin users. After adjusting for demographic variables and comorbidities, chronic aspirin use was nonsignificantly associated with 4.8% (95% CI: -6.8%, 17.9%) larger WML volumes. These null findings were confirmed in secondary and sensitivity analyses, including an active comparator evaluation where aspirin users were compared to users of nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or acetaminophen. CONCLUSIONS: There was a nonsignificant difference in WML volumes between aspirin users and nonusers. Further, our results suggest that chronic aspirin use may not have a clinically significant effect on WML volumes in women.

Implementing a Telehospitalist Program Between Veterans Health Administration Hospitals: Outcomes, Acceptance, and Barriers to Implementation.

BACKGROUND: Telehospitalist services are an innovative alternative approach to address staffing issues in rural and small hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical outcomes and staff and patient satisfaction with a novel telehospitalist program among Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospitals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation of a quality improvement program with pre- and postimplementation measures. The hub site was a tertiary (high-complexity) VHA hospital, and the spoke site was a 10-bed inpatient medical unit at a rural (low-complexity) VHA hospital. All patients admitted during the study period were assigned to the spoke site. INTERVENTION: Real-time videoconferencing was used to connect a remote hospitalist physician with an on-site advanced practice provider and patients. Encounters were documented in the electronic health record. MAIN OUTCOMES: Process measures included workload, patient encounters, and daily census. Outcome measures included length of stay (LOS), readmission rate, mortality, and satisfaction of providers, staff, and patients. Surveys measured satisfaction. Qualitative analysis included unstructured and semi-structured interviews with spoke-site staff. RESULTS: Telehospitalist program implementation led to a significant reduction in LOS (3.0 [SD, 0.7] days vs 2.3 [SD, 0.3] days). The readmission rate was slightly higher in the telehospitalist group, with no change in mortality rate. Satisfaction among teleproviders was very high. Hub staff perceived the service as valuable, though satisfaction with the program was mixed. Technology and communication challenges were identified, but patient satisfaction remained mostly unchanged. CONCLUSION: Telehospitalist programs are a feasible and safe way to provide inpatient coverage and address rural hospital staffing needs. Ensuring adequate technological quality and addressing staff concerns in a timely manner can enhance program performance.

Greater intraprocedural systolic blood pressure and blood pressure variability are associated with contrast-induced neurotoxicity after neurointerventional procedures.

BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced neurotoxicity (CIN) is a rare complication of neurointerventional procedures and its understanding remains limited. We evaluated the association of CIN with systemic hemodynamics in patients undergoing neuroendovascular interventions. METHODS: We conducted a 1:2 matched case-control study from a prospectively collected database of 2510 neurointerventional patients. We defined CIN as new neurological deficits presented ≤24 h post-operation after excluding other possible etiologies. We obtained demographic, clinical and imaging data, and baseline and intraprocedural blood pressures (BP) from medical records. The area between baseline and intraprocedural BP was used to measure sustained variability of BP over time. A generalized linear mixed model and generalized estimating equation were used to analyze the BP difference between groups over time. RESULTS: We evaluated 11 CIN cases and 22 controls. 2746 and 5837 min of continued BP data were analyzed for cases and controls, respectively. CIN cases had higher measurements and greater variability for: Systolic BP (SBP) [median 125 (IQR:121-147) vs. 114 (IQR:107-124) mmHg], median area above baseline [median 350 (IQR:25-1328) vs. 52 (IQR:0-293) mmHg*minutes] and mean arterial pressure (MAP) [median 85 (IQR:79-98) vs. 80 (IQR:74-89) mmHg]. CIN cases demonstrated a significant mean increase in SBP and MAP of 23.41 mmHg (p < 0.01) and 13.79 mmHg (p < 0.01) when compared to controls, respectively, over the perioperative time. CONCLUSION: Sustained hypertension and high BP variability may contribute to the pathophysiology of CIN. Acute hypertension can increase blood-brain barrier permeability and potentially allow contrast to leak into the brain parenchyma causing direct toxicity and CIN symptoms.

Association of admission clinical predictors and functional outcome in patients with Cerebral Venous and Dural Sinus Thrombosis.

OBJECTIVES: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare subtype of stroke that most commonly affects younger women. While most patients treated with anticoagulation therapy have good outcomes, a significant number go on to experience disability. The primary aim of this study was to identify objective, easily reproducible, clinical admission predictors of poor outcome at discharge in patients with CVST. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of adult CVST patients admitted at our comprehensive stroke center between April 2004 and December 2017. The medical records of patients with a CVST discharge diagnosis code were reviewed for diagnosis confirmation and extraction of clinical and demographic admission data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to build predictive models of objective, standardized examination signs and adjusted for confounders. The primary endpoint was modified Rankin Scale score at discharge defined as good outcome (0-2) and poor outcome (3-6). Mortality was the secondary endpoint. RESULTS: A total of 176 CVST patients were identified. Most patients were white (91 %) and female (65 %). The median age was 40 years old. Headache was the most commonly reported symptom (74 %). Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was present in 27 % of patients, venous infarct occurred in 22 % of the patients, and 12 % had both. Age (OR = 1.03, 95 % CI 1.01-1.05), abnormal level of consciousness (OR = 4.38, 95 % CI 1.86-8.88), and focal motor deficits (OR = 3.49, 95 % CI 1.49-8.15) were found to be predictive of poor functional outcome. Pre-hospitalization infections (OR = 5.22, 95 % CI 1.51-18.07) and abnormal level of consciousness (OR = 9.22, 95 % CI 2.34-36.40) were significant predictors of mortality. The predictive effect remained significant after adjusting by median PTT level, presence of intracranial hemorrhage, and venous infarct. CONCLUSIONS: Age, abnormal level of consciousness, and focal motor deficits identified at admission are independently associated with poor outcome in CVST patients. These frequently prevalent, easily reproducible examination signs represent the first step to develop a clinical prediction tool toward stratifying CVST patients with poor prognosis at admission.

Second Generation Drug-Eluting Stents for Endovascular Treatment of Ostial Vertebral Artery Stenosis: A Single Center Experience.

Objective: To report a single-center experience using drug-eluting balloon mounted stents (DES) for endovascular treatment of atherosclerotic ostial vertebral artery stenosis (OVAS). Background: Posterior circulation is affected in up to 25% of strokes, 20% of them resulting from atherosclerotic OVAS. The optimal management of symptomatic OVAS remains controversial. DES have been introduced to improve restenosis rates. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data from patients with dominant OVAS who underwent endovascular treatment with second-generation DES placement. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, comorbidities, stenosis severity, stent features, technical success, complications, and imaging follow-up were assessed. Results: Thirty patients were treated, predominantly male (86.6%). Sixteen patients presented with an acute stroke or TIA and fourteen were treated on an elective basis due to symptomatic chronic stenosis and contralateral occlusion. Comorbidities included hyperlipidemia (83%), hypertension (70%) and prior stroke (63.3%). Mean ostial stenosis at presentation was 80 ± 14.8%. Twenty-one patients had contralateral VA involvement. DES deployment was technically successful in all patients using everolimus eluting stents in 30 lesions and zotarolimus eluting stents in two. One technical complication (stent migration) and three (10%) minor peri-procedural complications occurred. Complications included one asymptomatic ischemic infarct in the posterior circulation, one femoral artery thrombosis and one post-procedure altered mental status secondary to contrast induced neurotoxicity. Mean imaging follow-up was 8.8 months. Two (7.6%) patients had in-stent restenosis and underwent retreatment with angioplasty. There were no procedure-related mortalities. Conclusion: Our study confirms the feasibility of deploying DES for the treatment of ostial vertebral artery stenosis with low peri-procedural risk and low medium-term rates of re-stenosis.

Domperidone and Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmia and Cardiac Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Domperidone is a drug used globally for relieving nausea and vomiting and stimulating breast milk production. Several case reports and studies linked domperidone usage with major cardiovascular adverse events (cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death). However, multiple randomized controlled efficacy studies failed to detect such adverse events. Our objectives were to systematically review and meta-analyze the association between current domperidone exposure and cardiovascular adverse events. METHODS: The first author performed EMBASE, PubMed and Scopus searches to identify human studies assessing the association between current domperidone exposure and cardiac arrhythmia or sudden death. Thirteen related articles were identified and the first and second authors independently reviewed the articles. Six studies were included in the final analysis. Meta-analysis was performed with a random effect model using the inverse variance approach. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Q statistic and I(2) test. RESULTS: Five case-control studies and one case-crossover study were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled risk estimates demonstrated that the current use of domperidone increased the risk of ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death (pooled adjusted odds ratio = 1.70; 95% confidence interval 1.47-1.97; I(2) = 0%). The I(2) test showed that the underlying population was homogeneous. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this meta-analysis suggests that current domperidone use increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death by 70%. Domperidone usage in older populations should be discouraged. Larger observational studies or randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the findings of this analysis.