Evaluation and comparison of physicochemical properties, volatile substances, and microbial communities of leaf mustard (Brassica juncea var. multiceps) under natural and inoculated fermentation.

Due to the uncontrolled fermentation process and unstable quality of naturally fermented leaf mustard, inoculated fermentation is receiving more attention. Here, the physicochemical properties, volatile compounds, and microbial community in leaf mustard under natural fermentation (NF) and inoculated fermentation (IF) were analyzed and compared. The contents of total acid, crude fiber, and nitrite of leaf mustard were measured. Headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis were used to analyze the differences of volatile compounds in NF and IF leaf mustard. Moreover, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to reveal the composition of microbiota. The results showed that the nitrite content in leaf mustard after IF (3.69 mg/kg) was significantly lower than that after NF (4.43 mg/kg). A total of 31 and 25 kinds of volatile components were identified in IF and NF, respectively. Among the detected compounds, 11 compounds caused the differences between IF and NF leaf mustard. The results of inter-group difference analysis showed that there were significant differences in fungal flora between IF and NF samples. Saccharomycetes, Kazachstania, and Ascomycota were the landmark microorganisms in IF leaf mustard and the landmark microorganisms in NF were Mortierellomycota, Sordariomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes. The abundance of probiotics (such as Lactobacillus) in IF leaf mustard (51.22%) was higher than that in NF (35.20%) and the abundance of harmful molds (such as Mortierella and Aspergillus) was opposite. Therefore, IF leaf mustard showed the potential to reduce the content of nitrite and harmful molds and increase the beneficial volatile compounds and probiotics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Leaf mustard of inoculated fermentation (IF) showed better fermented characteristics than natural fermentation in terms of lower nitrite content, greater beneficial volatile substances, and better potential for increasing probiotics and reducing harmful molds. These results provided a theoretical basis for IF leaf mustard and contributed to the industrial production of fermented leaf mustard.

[Accidental injection of sodium hypochlorite in inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia].

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) has been widely used in clinical practice as one of the most efficient root canal irrigants. Its properties include broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and ability to dissolve necrotic tissues. However, when used improperly, NaClO can cause a series of adverse reactions, such as mucosal inflammation, irritation, or injury. This paper presents a case of accidental injection of NaClO in inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia.

The antitumor activity of meisoindigo against human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells in vitro and in vivo.

The study was conducted to examine the antitumor activity of meisoindigo on HT-29 cells in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity of meisoindigo was evaluated by MTT assay. The related genes and proteins were inspected with RT-PCR and western blot assay respectively, and the effects of meisoindigo on the cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. The efficacy of meisoindigo in vivo was evaluated in an HT-29 cell xenograft nude mice model. The results show that meisoindigo effectively inhibits HT-29 cell proliferation (IC(50) 4.3 mmol/L), arrests HT-29 cells in G2/ M phase and induces HT-29 cell apoptosis. The downstream genes and proteins of GSK-3beta(ser(9)) expression level decrease. Meisoindigo significantly inhibits the HT-29 xenograft tumors growth at the dose of 100 mg/kg. The mechanism of meisoindigo activity against HT-29 cells may be related to its inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, GSK-3beta(ser(9)) phosphorylation in Wnt signaling pathway. These findings indicate the potential value of meisoindigo for the treatment of colorectal cancer.