Cystatins 9 and C as a Novel Immunotherapy Treatment That Protects against Multidrug-Resistant New Delhi Metallo-Beta-Lactamase-1-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pneumonia can induce dysregulated pulmonary and systemic inflammation leading to morbidity and mortality. Antibiotics to treat MDR pathogens do not function to modulate the extent and intensity of inflammation and can have serious side effects. Here we evaluate the efficacy of two human cysteine proteinase inhibitors, cystatin 9 (CST9) and cystatin C (CSTC), as a novel immunotherapeutic treatment to combat MDR New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Our results showed that mice infected intranasally (i.n.) with a 90% lethal dose (LD90) challenge of NDM-1 K. pneumoniae and then treated with the combination of human recombinant CST9 (rCST9) and rCSTC (rCSTs; 50 pg of each i.n. at 1 h postinfection [p.i.] and/or 500 pg of each intraperitoneally [i.p.] at 3 days p.i.) had significantly improved survival compared to that of infected mice alone or infected mice treated with individual rCSTs (P < 0.05). Results showed that both of our optimal rCST treatment regimens modulated pulmonary and systemic proinflammatory cytokine secretion in the serum, lungs, liver, and spleen in infected mice (P < 0.05). Treatment also significantly decreased the bacterial burden (P < 0.05) while preserving lung integrity, with reduced inflammatory cell accumulation compared to that in infected mice. Further, rCST treatment regimens reduced lipid peroxidation and cell apoptosis in the lungs of infected mice. Additionally, in vitro studies showed that rCSTs (50 or 500 pg of each) directly decreased the viability of NDM-1 K. pneumoniae In conclusion, the data showed that rCST9/rCSTC worked synergistically to modulate host inflammation against MDR NDM-1 K. pneumoniae pneumonia, which significantly improved survival. Therefore, rCST9/rCSTC is a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia.

A Comparative Oncology Drug Discovery Pipeline to Identify and Validate New Treatments for Osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is a rare but aggressive bone cancer that occurs primarily in children. Like other rare cancers, treatment advances for osteosarcoma have stagnated, with little improvement in survival for the past several decades. Developing new treatments has been hampered by extensive genomic heterogeneity and limited access to patient samples to study the biology of this complex disease. METHODS: To overcome these barriers, we combined the power of comparative oncology with patient-derived models of cancer and high-throughput chemical screens in a cross-species drug discovery pipeline. RESULTS: Coupling in vitro high-throughput drug screens on low-passage and established cell lines with in vivo validation in patient-derived xenografts we identify the proteasome and CRM1 nuclear export pathways as therapeutic sensitivities in osteosarcoma, with dual inhibition of these pathways inducing synergistic cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: These collective efforts provide an experimental framework and set of new tools for osteosarcoma and other rare cancers to identify and study new therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Development of a Novel ex vivo Nasal Epithelial Cell Model Supporting Colonization With Human Nasal Microbiota.

The nasal mucosa provides first line defense against inhaled pathogens while creating a unique microenvironment for bacterial communities. Studying the impact of microbiota in the nasal cavity has been difficult due to limitations with current models including explant cultures, primary cells, or neoplastic cell lines. Most notably, none have been shown to support reproducible colonization by bacterial communities from human donors. Therefore, to conduct controlled studies of the human nasal ecosystem, we have developed a novel ex vivo mucosal model that supports bacterial colonization of a cultured host mucosa created by immortalized human nasal epithelial cells (NEC). For this model, immortalized NEC established from 5 male and 5 female donors were cultured with an air-interfaced, apical surface on a porous transwell membrane. NEC were grown from nasal turbinate tissues harvested from willed bodies or from discarded tissue collected during sinonasal procedures. Immortalized cells were evaluated through molecular verification of cell type, histological confirmation of tissue differentiation including formation of tight junctions, NEC multilayer viability, metabolism, physiology and imaging of the luminal surface by scanning electron microscopy. Results showed proper differentiation and multilayer formation at seven to 10 days after air interface that was maintained for up to 3 weeks. The optimized mucosal cultures created an environment necessary to sustain colonization by nasal microbiomes (NMBs) that were collected from healthy volunteers, cryogenically preserved and characterized with customized quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) arrays. Polymicrobial communities of nasal bacteria associated with healthy and inflamed states were consistently reproduced in matured NEC co-cultures by transplant of NMBs from multiple community types. The cultured NMBs were stable after an initial period of bacterial replication and equilibration. This novel ex vivo culture system is the first model that supports controlled cultivation of NMBs, allowing for lab-based causation studies and further experimentation to explore the complexities of host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions.