A single nucleotide polymorphism in the Epstein-Barr virus genome is strongly associated with a high risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) commonly infects the general population and has been associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which has a high incidence in certain regions. This study aimed to address how EBV variations contribute to the risk of NPC. METHODS: Using logistic regression analysis and based on the sequence variations at EBV-encoded RPMS1, a multi-stage association study was conducted to identify EBV variations associated with NPC risk. A protein degradation assay was performed to characterize the functional relevance of the RPMS1 variations. RESULTS: Based on EBV-encoded RPMS1 variations, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the EBV genome (locus 155391: G>A, named G155391A) was associated with NPC in 157 cases and 319 healthy controls from an NPC endemic region in South China [P < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 4.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.71-7.37]. The results were further validated in three independent cohorts from the NPC endemic region (P < 0.001, OR = 5.20, 95% CI 3.18-8.50 in 168 cases vs. 241 controls, and P < 0.001, OR = 5.27, 95% CI 4.06-6.85 in 726 cases vs. 880 controls) and a non-endemic region (P < 0.001, OR = 7.52, 95% CI 3.69-15.32 in 58 cases vs. 612 controls). The combined analysis in 1109 cases and 2052 controls revealed that the SNP G155391A was strongly associated with NPC (P(combined) < 0.001, OR = 5.27, 95% CI 4.31-6.44). Moreover, the frequency of the SNP G155391A was associated with NPC incidence but was not associated with the incidences of other EBV-related malignancies. Furthermore, the protein degradation assay showed that this SNP decreased the degradation of the oncogenic RPMS1 protein. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified an EBV variation specifically and significantly associated with a high risk of NPC. These findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of NPC and strategies for prevention.

A single nucleotide polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase 2 promoter is closely associated with high risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Cantonese from southern China.

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) has been shown to play an important role in several steps of cancer development. The -1306C/T polymorphism of the MMP2 gene displays a strikingly lower promoter activity than the T allele, and the CC genotype in the MMP2 promoter has been reported to associate with the development of several cancers. To assess the contribution of the MMP2 -1306C/T polymorphism to the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), we conducted a case-control study and analyzed MMP2 genotypes in 370 patients with NPC and 390 frequency-matched controls using real-time PCR-based TaqMan allele analysis. We found that subjects with the CC genotype had an increased risk (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.05-2.27) of developing NPC compared to those with the CT or TT genotypes. Furthermore, we found that the risk of NPC was markedly increased in subjects who were smokers (OR = 15.04, 95% CI = 6.65-33.99), heavy smokers who smoked ≥ 20 pack-years (OR = 18.66, 95% CI = 7.67-45.38), or young (<60 years) at diagnosis (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.01-2.29). Our results provide molecular epidemiological evidence that the MMP2 -1306C/T promoter polymorphism is associated with NPC risk, and this association is especially noteworthy in heavy smokers.

5­Azacytidine treatment results in nuclear exclusion of DNA methyltransferase­1, as well as reduced proliferation and invasion in human cytomegalovirus­infected glioblastoma cells.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumor in adults, with a devastating outcome. Emerging evidence shows that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) proteins and nucleic acids are present in GBM tissues. DNA methylation is important for the initiation and progression of cancer and is an established host response against invading nucleic acids. The expression and localization of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT­1) was assessed, and the effects of DNA methylation inhibitor 5­azacytidine (5AZA) were analyzed in the context of the viral replication, proliferation and invasion capacities of HCMV­infected GBM U343MG cells. In addition, the expression of various HCMV proteins and DNMT­1 was examined in GBM tissue specimens obtained from five patients. DNMT­1 was localized in the nucleus of cells expressing HCMV­immediate early, whereas in cells expressing HCMV­glycoprotein gB (gB), extranuclear/cytoplasmic localization was observed. This was also observed in vitro in U343MG cells. In addition, DNMT­1 was localized to the extranuclear/cytoplasmic space of cells lining blood vessel walls within the GBM tumors. Treatment of infected U343MG cells with 5AZA did not affect viral replication, but reduced cell invasion and proliferation (P=0.05 and P<0.0001, respectively). However, 5AZA treatment of uninfected cells did not affect cell invasion (P=0.09), but proliferation was significantly reduced (P<0.0001). These findings may be of importance in further investigations aimed at using DNA methylation and viral inhibitors in GBM therapy.

A genome-wide scan suggests a susceptibility locus on 5p 13 for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) occurs with high frequency in Southeast Asian populations. The high prevalence and familial clustering of NPC in these populations suggest that genetic factors may contribute to the increased cancer risk by affecting susceptibility. The aim of the present study was to map chromosomal loci linked to susceptibility genes predisposing for NPC. We carried out a genome-wide scan by multipoint affected-only allele-sharing methods in 15 Chinese NPC families with two to six affected members per family. The families were from the Guangdong province in the south of China, where the highest risk of NPC is documented. These samples were genotyped using 800 microsatellite markers covering all autosomal chromosomes with an average marker distance of 5 cM. Using multipoint linkage analysis, four loci (2q, 5p, 12p, and 18p) showed LOD scores above 1.5. After genotyping additional markers in these four regions, only one locus on 5p13 showed an increased LOD of 2.1. In further haplotype analysis, affected individuals in six families shared three marker haplotypes between D5S674 and D5S418. In conclusion, a region on 5p13 may harbor a susceptibility gene for NPC.

Polymorphisms of XRCC1 genes and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Cantonese population.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common cancers in southern China. In addition to environmental factors such as Epstein-Barr virus infection and diet, genetic susceptibility has been reported to play a key role in the development of this disease. The x-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) gene is important in DNA base excision repair. We hypothesized that two common single nucleotide polymorphisms of XRCC1 (codons 194 Arg-->Trp and 399 Arg-->Gln) are related to the risk of NPC and interact with tobacco smoking. METHODS: We sought to determine whether these genetic variants of the XRCC1 gene were associated with the risk of NPC among the Cantonese population in a hospital-based case control study using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. We conducted this study in 462 NPC patients and 511 healthy controls. RESULTS: After adjustment for sex and age, we found a reduced risk of developing NPC in individuals with the Trp194Trp genotype (OR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27-0.86) and the Arg194Trp genotype (OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.60-1.05) compared with those with the Arg194Arg genotype. Compared with those with the Arg399Arg genotype, the risk for NPC was not significantly different in individuals with the Arg399Gln genotype (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.62-1.08) and the Gln399Gln genotype (OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 0.69-2.06). Further analyses stratified by gender and smoking status revealed a significantly reduced risk of NPC among males (OR = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.14-0.70) and smokers (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.82) carrying the XRCC1 194Trp/Trp genotype compared with those carrying the Arg/Arg genotype. No association was observed between Arg399Gln variant genotypes and the risk of NPC combined with smoking and gender. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the XRCC1 Trp194Trp variant genotype is associated with a reduced risk of developing NPC in Cantonese population, particularly in males and smokers. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings and unravel the underlying mechanisms.

Detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Morocco (North Africa) using a multiplex methylation-specific PCR biomarker assay.

BACKGROUND: Silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) or activation of oncogenes by, e.g., aberrant promoter methylation, may be early events during carcinogenesis. The methylation status of such genes can be used for early detection of cancer. We are pursuing this approach in our efforts to develop markers for early detection and follow-up of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We set out to develop this approach to allow identification of NPC from Morocco and then also compared with NPC samples from different geographical locations and different ethnicity with different NPC incidences, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) prevalence, and environments. RESULTS: By multiplex methylation-specific PCR (MMSP), multiple relevant genes can be detected simultaneously, to achieve high sensitivity and specificity. The strong association of EBV with NPC is also very useful in such an approach. We have initially screened for 12 potential marker genes including EBV genes coding for EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) and ten potential TSGs obtained from previously published data. The resulting assay included EBNA1, LMP1, and three cellular TSGs: ITGA9, RASSF1A, and P16. We evaluated this assay on 64 NPC patient biopsies from Morocco, Italy, and China compared to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from 20 nasopharyngeal control tissues. In the Moroccan NPC cohort (n = 44), prevalence of the EBNA1 gene showed the highest sensitivity (36/44; 82 %) with 94 % specificity. Out of eight (18 %) EBNA1 negative Moroccan samples, only three were positive for at least one methylated cellular gene. By detection of cellular marker genes, the sensitivity increased from 82 to 89 % (39/44). In the whole material of 64 biopsies from three geographical locations, at least any one marker (viral or cellular) could be detected in 91 % of biopsies with 90 % specificity. In a pilot evaluating assay performance on serum DNA from NPC and controls including samples from Italy (n = 11) and China (n = 5), at least any one marker from the MMSP assay could be detected in 88 %, but the specificity was only 50 %. CONCLUSIONS: An MMSP assay has the potential for detection of NPC by screening in high-risk populations. Serum-derived DNA seems not as good as earlier published NPC swab DNA for screening purpose.

Integrin α9 gene promoter is hypermethylated and downregulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) by promoter methylation can be an early event in the multi-step process of carcinogenesis. Human chromosome 3 contains clusters of TSGs involved in many cancer types including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the most common cancer in Southern China. Among ten candidate TSGs identified in chromosome 3 using NotI microarray, ITGA9 and WNT7A could be validated. 5'-aza-2' deoxycytidine treatment restored the expression of ITGA9 and WNT7A in two NPC cell lines. Immunostaining showed strong expression of these genes in the membrane and cytoplasm of adjacent control nasopharyngeal epithelium cells, while they were weakly expressed in NPC tumor cells. The ITGA9 promoter showed marked differentially methylation between tumor and control tissue, whereas no differentially methylation could be detected for the WNT7A promoter. The expression level of ITGA9 in NPC tumors was downregulated 4.9-fold, compared to the expression in control. ITGA9 methylation was detected by methylation specific PCR (MSP) in 56% of EBV positive NPC-cases with 100% specificity. Taken together, this suggests that ITGA9 might be a TSG in NPC that is involved in tumor cell biology. The possibility of using ITGA9 methylation as a marker for early detection of NPC should further be explored.

V-val subtype of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 preferentially exists in biopsies of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been suggested to be involved in pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, EBV infection is ubiquitous, whereas NPC occurs with strong geographic and racial distribution. Whether a substrain of EBV contributes to this phenomenon remains uncertain. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) is one of the most frequently detected EBV proteins in NPC tissues. Based on the polymorphism of amino acids at position 487, EBNA-1 is classified into five subtypes: P-ala, P-thr, V-val, V-leu and V-pro. To examine the relationship between subtypes of EBNA-1 and NPC, we determined the subtypes of EBNA-1 in biopsies of NPC, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and throat washings (TWs) obtained in endemic and non-endemic areas of NPC within China. The results revealed that V-val was the only subtype detected in NPC tissue, whereas three subtypes of EBNA-1, V-val, P-ala, and P-thr, were detected in PBL and TWs irrespective of origin, and mixed infection of V-val and P-ala was also observed. In addition, the variations of V-val derived from biopsies of NPC were identical to those derived from PBL and TWs in the context of N-terminus and C-terminus of EBNA-1. These facts indicate that a substrain of EBV with V-val subtype of EBNA-1 infects NPC preferentially and a susceptibility to a particular EBV isolate in the nasopharynx may exist during development of NPC.

Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 status in relation to apoptosis, p53 expression and leucocyte infiltration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV-encoded LMP1, expressed in most of NPC, has been suggested to have an important role in the pathogenesis and development of NPC and its expression correlates with poor prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-seven NPC biopsies were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of markers of cell proliferation, apoptosis, infiltrating T lymphocytes and macrophages in relation to the LMP1 status. RESULTS: Our findings indicate that the p53 accumulation in NPC was significantly correlated to LMP1 and MMP9 overexpression in NPC cells. The frequency of apoptotic cells in NPC, as analyzed by TUNEL labeling, correlated to Fas-L and caspase-3 expression, and inversely to LMP1, p53 and MMP 9 expression. CD8+ T cell infiltration was predominately seen in nests of cancer cells with a high level of EBV-LMP1 expression, but these CD8+ T cells showed low expression of CD25 and TIA-1, indicating that they were not activated. CONCLUSION: Our observation suggests that the heavy infiltration by lymphocytes in LMP1-positive NPC tumors does not appear to counteract tumor growth by cytoxicity as indicated by the low apoptotic index. Thus, LMP1 seems to enhance survival- and proliferation-related signals in NPC. In analogy with other tumors, both the infiltrating T cells and the accumulated p53 may be inactive.

Comparison of Epstein-Barr virus DNA level in plasma, peripheral blood cell and tumor tissue in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA (EBV-DNA) level has been found to be an indicator for staging and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The EBV-DNA level in plasma, peripheral blood cells (PBC) and neoplastic tissues was quantitatively analyzed and potential associations with clinical parameters of NPC were investigated. RESULTS: The plasma EBV-DNA detecting rate and level in NPC (92%, 82,500 copies/ml) was significantly higher than that in NPC after treatment (19%, 0 copy/ml) and in controls (12%, 0 copy/ml) (p < 0.001); while there was no significance of the PBC EBV-DNA detecting rate and EBV-DNA load in NPC before (24%, 0 copy/actin) and after treatment (14%, 0 copy/actin), and in controls (16%, 0 copy/actin). The plasma EBV-DNA level was not correlated to the PBC EBV-DNA load in NPC before (p = 0.92) and after treatment (p = 0.267), and in controls (p = 0.735). The EBV-DNA level in NPC tumor (27.8 copies/actin) was significantly higher than that in nasopharyngitis and was positively correlated to the ratio of EBER1-positive cells on the NPC section (p = 0.001). The plasma EBV-DNA level was significantly increased in TNM stages I, II, III and IV NPC, whereas there was no significant difference of PBC EBV-DNA load in different stage NPC. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that plasma EBV-DNA is a more sensitive and reliable biomarker than PBC EBV-DNA for diagnosis, staging and therapeutic effect evaluation at a molecular level in NPC clinical practice. Plasma EBV-DNA may derive from the cancer cells and PBC EBV-DNA from circulating mononuclear cells in NPC patients.

High frequency loss of heterozygosity on the long arms of chromosomes 13 and 14 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Southern China.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomal arms 13q and 14q in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) using 21 microsatellite polymorphic markers and to study whether there is a correlation between LOH and clinicopathologic parameters and/or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in NPC. METHODS: Sixty cases of NPC were studied using polymerase chain reaction based microsatellite analysis with genescan and genotyping techniques. RESULTS: LOH was detected on 13q in 78% of NPC tumors, high frequency LOH loci (more than 30%) clustered to 13q12.3-q14.3 and 13q32. On chromosome 14q, LOH was detected in 80% of NPC tumors; high frequency LOH loci clustered to 14q11-q13, 14q21-q24 and 14q32. High frequency LOH at 13q31-q32 correlated with a lower level of EBV infection; LOH on chromosome 14q was closely associated with poor differentiation of NPC tumor cells. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that in NPC, LOH on chromosome 13q and 14q are common genetic events, and putative tumor suppressor genes (TSG) residing in these regions may be involved in tumorigenesis.

Development of a multiplex methylation specific PCR suitable for (early) detection of non-small cell lung cancer.

Lung cancer is a worldwide health problem and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Silencing of potential tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) by aberrant promoter methylation is an early event in the initiation and development of cancer. Thus, methylated cancer type-specific TSGs in DNA can serve as useful biomarkers for early cancer detection. We have now developed a "Multiplex Methylation Specific PCR" (MMSP) assay for analysis of the methylation status of multiple potential TSGs by a single PCR reaction. This method will be useful for early diagnosis and treatment outcome studies of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Genome-wide CpG methylation and expression microarrays were performed on lung cancer tissues and matched distant non-cancerous tissues from three NSCLC patients from China. Thirty-eight potential TSGs were selected and analyzed by methylation PCR on bisulfite treated DNA. On the basis of sensitivity and specificity, six marker genes, HOXA9, TBX5, PITX2, CALCA, RASSF1A, and DLEC1, were selected to establish the MMSP assay. This assay was then used to analyze lung cancer tissues and matched distant non-cancerous tissues from 70 patients with NSCLC, as well as 24 patients with benign pulmonary lesion as controls. The sensitivity of the assay was 99% (69/70). HOXA9 and TBX5 were the 2 most sensitive marker genes: 87% (61/70) and 84% (59/70), respectively. RASSF1A and DLEC1 showed the highest specificity at 99% (69/70). Using the criterion of identifying at least any two methylated marker genes, 61/70 cancer samples were positive, corresponding to a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 94%. Early stage I or II NSCLC could even be detected with a 100% specificity and 86% sensitivity. In conclusion, MMSP has the potential to be developed into a population-based screening tool and can be useful for early diagnosis of NSCLC. It might also be suitable for monitoring treatment outcome and recurrence.

Development of a non-invasive method, multiplex methylation specific PCR (MMSP), for early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Increasing evidence demonstrated that inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) by aberrant promoter methylation is an early event during carcinogenesis. Aiming at developing early diagnostic or prognostic tools for various tumors, we took an EBV-associated tumor, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), as a model and developed a powerful assay based on "multiplex methylation specific-PCR (MMSP)". The MMSP assay was designed to detect tumor-specific methylation status of several NPC-related genes and was capable of acquiring multiplex information simultaneously through a single PCR reaction with the tiny tumor DNA derived from the direct body fluid close to the primary tumor. In this study, we collected paired nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and NPC biopsies from 49 NPC patients and twenty noncancerous controls. A panel of markers including two EBV, and two cellular TSG markers were applied in this NPC-specific-MMSP assay. We optimized the working condition of MMSP so that it provides information equal to that from the corresponding separate PCRs. The results showed that MMSP patterns of NPC swab were largely consistent with those of corresponding biopsies and significantly distinguished themselves from those of 20 noncancerous volunteers. Among the 69 samples (49 NPCs and 20 normal controls), the sensitivity of detecting NPC from NP swabs is 98%. The specificity is as high as 100%. In conclusion, being characterized by its noninvasiveness, high reproducibility and informativeness, MMSP assay is a reliable and potential diagnostic tool for NPC. It paves the way for the development of population screening and early diagnosis approaches for various tumor types.

Clinical significance of elevated spleen tyrosine kinase expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and often aberrantly expressed in human cancers. However, Syk expression pattern has not yet been investigated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS: Samples of 223 NPC tissues were immunohistochemically stained for Syk expression and survival analysis was then performed. Interaction and co-localization of Syk with Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) was explored. RESULTS: High expression of Syk was detected in 24% of NPC cases, and correlated significantly with T classification, local recurrence, a lower 5-year survival rate, and a lower 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate. Syk expression was a significant, independent prognosis predictor for patients with NPC. LMP2A induced Syk expression in NPC and LMP2A high expression correlated with Syk high expression in NPC clinical samples. CONCLUSION: High expression of Syk, which results partly from LMP2A expression in NPC, is associated with tumor recurrence and poor prognosis of patients with NPC.

Upregulation of MiR-155 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma is partly driven by LMP1 and LMP2A and downregulates a negative prognostic marker JMJD1A.

The role of microRNA-155 (miR-155) has been associated with oncogenesis of several human tumors. However the expression pattern of miR-155 has not been investigated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The present study was to assess miR-155 expression pattern and its possible function in NPC, to identify its targets and evaluate their clinical applications in NPC. MiR-155 was found to be upregulated in two Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) negative NPC derived cell lines CNE1 and TW03, as well as in NPC clinical samples by quantitative Real-time PCR and in situ hybridization detection. EBV encoded LMP1 and LMP2A could further enhance the expression of miR-155 in NPC CNE1 and TW03 cells. JMJD1A and BACH1 were identified as putative targets of miR-155 in a bioinformatics screen. Overexpression of miR-155 downregulated a luciferase transcript fused to the 3'UTR of JMJD1A and BACH1. MiR-155 mimic could downregulate the expression of JMJD1A and BACH1, while miR-155 inhibitor could upregulate JMJD1A expression in NPC cell lines. Moreover, downregulation of JMJD1A was significantly correlated with N stage in TNM classification (p = 0.023), a lower five-year survival rate (p = 0.021), and a lower five-year disease-free survival rate (p = 0.049) of NPC patients. Taken together, up-regulation of miR-155 in NPC is partly driven by LMP1 and LMP2A, and results in downregulation of JMJD1A, which is associated with N stage and poor prognosis of NPC patients. The potential of miR-155 and JMJD1A as therapeutic targets in NPC should be further investigated.

Comparison of plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA levels and serum EBV immunoglobulin A/virus capsid antigen antibody titers in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Serologic measurement of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immunoglobulin A/viral capsid antigen (IgA/VCA) and early antigen (IgA/EA) has been used widely to screen for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in China. Recently, it was found that plasma EBV DNA concentration is an indicator for the staging and prognosis of patients with NPC. To determine whether there is a correlation between plasma EBV DNA levels and serum levels of IgA/VCA, the authors measured both in patients with NPC and in a control group. METHODS: Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for quantitative analysis of plasma EBV DNA concentration, and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay was used to measure EBV VCA/IgA in patients with primary NPC (n = 120 patients), locally recurrent NPC (n = 8 patients), and distant metastatic NPC (n = 21 patients) among 76 patients with NPC after the completion of radiotherapy, in 60 patients with NPC in clinical remission, in 38 patients with non-NPC tumors, and in 47 control individuals. RESULTS: The median plasma EBV DNA levels were 6200 copies/mL, 9200 copies/mL, and 2050 copies/mL in patients with primary, locally recurrent, and distant metastatic NPC, respectively, but declined to 0 copies/mL in patients with clinically remissive NPC, in patients who completed radiotherapy, in patients with non-NPC tumors, and in the control group. In contrast, EBV VCA/IgA titers and detection rates remained high in all NPC groups. Plasma EBV DNA levels were significantly higher in patients who had serum VCA/IgA titers > or = 1:640 (median, 83,450 copies/mL) compared with the levels in patients who had titers < or = 1:320 (median, 17,200 copies/mL). Patients with NPC who had advanced TNM stage (Stages III and IV; median, 8530 copies/mL) and T classification (T3 and T4 tumors; median, 8530 copies/mL) had significantly higher plasma EBV DNA levels compared with patients who had early TNM stage (Stages I and II; median, 930 copies/mL) and T classification (T1 and T2 tumors; median, 3700 copies). Patients who had advanced TNM stage NPC had significantly higher mean VCA/IgA titers (1:424) compared with patients who had early TNM stage NPC (1:246), but there was no correlation between IgA/VCA titer and T or N classification of NPC. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that plasma EBV DNA detection is a more sensitive and specific marker than the serum IgA/VCA titer for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with NPC. These findings provide convincing evidence for the use of plasma EBV DNA measurements for the early diagnosis and staging of NPC as well as for monitoring recurrence and metastasis of this tumor.

Characterization of a new SNP c767A/T (Arg222Trp) in the candidate TSG FUS2 on human chromosome 3p21.3: prevalence in Asian populations and analysis of association with nasopharyngeal cancer.

The FUS2 gene, encoding a novel cytoplasmic acetyltransferase, resides in the tumor suppressor gene region on human chromosome 3p21.3 and is considered a promising candidate tumor suppressor gene. We have identified a new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), c767A/T, in the coding region of the gene. The polymorphism leads to a non-conservative amino acid change (R222W) located between the acetyltransferase (GNAT) and the proline-rich domains of the protein. We have analyzed 254 subjects included in 14 sub-populations. The occurrence of the SNP varies with the ethnicity of the population, suggesting that this SNP could be a valuable biomarker for population genetics. It is most prevalent in various Asian populations (T allele frequency>0.54), followed by the Canadian polar Inuit (T allele frequency=0.3), African American (T allele frequency=0.17), and Caucasian population (T allele frequency=0.1). Since nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is frequent in Southern China, Taiwan, Borneo and polar Canada, we further tested for the possible association of the FUS2 SNP with this form of endemic cancer. Our analysis, albeit limited, suggests no likely association between NPC and the FUS2 gene polymorphism. Further large-scale case-control studies are necessary and warranted to prove the strength of this contention.