Burden of oral disorders, 1990-2019: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to understand the global incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of oral disorders by age, gender, region, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI) from 1990 to 2019. Material and methods: The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the trends in age-standardized incidence and DALY rates from 1990 to 2019. Results: The global age-standardized incidence rate (EAPC = 0.01) of oral disorders increased slightly from 1990 to 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized DALY rate decreased in high-SDI (EAPC = -0.43) and high-middle-SDI (EAPC = -0.14) regions, but it showed increasing trends in low-SDI (EAPC = 0.22), low-middle-SDI (EAPC = 0.36), and middle-SDI (EAPC = 0.17) regions. The EAPC in the age-standardized DALY rate was negatively correlated with the regional SDI value (ρ = -0.402, p = 0.001). From 1990 to 2019, the region with the largest increase in age-standardized DALY rate was South Asia (EAPC = 0.67), while the country with the greatest increase in age-standardized DALY rate was India (EAPC = 0.82). Conclusions: From 1990 to 2019, the global age-standardized incidence rate of oral disorders showed a slight increasing trend. It is necessary to control the increase in DALY and the disease burden associated with oral disorders in low-, low-middle-, and middle-SDI regions, such as South Asia, particularly in India.

Enhancing lead adsorption capacity prediction in biochar: a comparative study of machine learning models and parameter optimization.

Machine learning models for predicting lead adsorption in biochar, based on preparation features, are currently lacking in the environmental field. Existing conventional models suffer from accuracy limitations. This study addresses these challenges by developing back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and random forest (RF) models using selected features: preparation temperature (T), specific surface area (BET), relative carbon content (C), molar ratios of hydrogen to carbon (H/C), oxygen to carbon (O/C), nitrogen to carbon (N/C), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The RF model outperforms BPNN, improving R2 by 10%. Additional features and particle swarm optimization enhance the RF model's accuracy, resulting in an 8.3% improvement in R2, a decrease in RMSE by up to 56.1%, and a 55.7% reduction in MAE. The importance ranking of features places CEC > C > BET > O/C > H/C > N/C > T, highlighting the significance of CEC in lead adsorption. Strengthening the complexation effect may improve lead removal in biochar. This study contributes valuable insights for predicting and optimizing lead adsorption in biochar, addressing the accuracy gap in existing models. It lays the foundation for future investigations and the development of effective biochar-based solutions for sustainable lead removal in water remediation.

Complete Chloroplast Genomes of 14 Subspecies of D. glomerata: Phylogenetic and Comparative Genomic Analyses.

Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a species in the Gramineae family that is highly important economically and valued for its role in ecology. However, the phylogeny and taxonomy of D. glomerata are still controversial based on current morphological and molecular evidence. The study of chloroplast (cp) genomes has developed into a powerful tool to develop molecular markers for related species and reveal the relationships between plant evolution and phylogenetics. In this study, we conducted comparative genomic analyses and phylogenetic inferences on 14 cp genomes of D. glomerata originating from the Mediterranean and Eurasia. The genome size ranged from 134,375 bp to 134,993 bp and exhibited synteny of gene organization and order. A total of 129-131 genes were identified, including 85-87 protein coding genes, 38 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The cp sequences were highly conserved, and key sequence variations were detected at the junctions of inverted repeats (IRs)/small single-copy (SSC) regions. Moreover, nine highly variable regions were identified among the subspecies based on a sequence divergence analysis. A total of 285 RNA editing sites were detected that were relevant to 52 genes, where rpoB exhibited the most abundant RNA editing sites. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all Dactylis subspecies clustered into a monophyletic group and most branches provided a high support bootstrap. The main divergence time of D. glomerata was dated to the Miocene era, and this could have been due to changes in the climate. These findings will provide useful insights for further studies on phylogeny, the identification of subspecies and the development of hypotheses for the evolutionary history of the genus Dactylis and of the Gramineae family.

Efficacy and related factors analysis in HMME-PDT in the treatment of port wine stains.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficiency and safety of hematoporphyrin mono-methylether photodynamic therapy (HMME-PDT) in treating port-wine stains (PWS) with Chinese patients, and to evaluate the advantage of photograph,VISIA Complexion Analysis System, and dermoscopy in efficacy evaluation.Analyzing changes of pain during treatment and related adverse reactions. METHOD: 62 patients were treated in our department during2017-2019 with HMME-PDT, among which, 20 cases were pink type, 32 cases were purple type and remain 11 cases were nodular thickening type. Initially, all patients received an intravenous injection of 5 mg/kg HMME, and then the lesion areas of the patients were exposed to 532 nm LED green light after 10 min. The irradiation power density was range between 80-100 mW/cm2. By utilization of photograph,VISIA system, and dermoscopy to evaluate the clearance after treatments, and then informing the patients to value the pain level during the treatment via visual analogue scale(VAS), and recording the adverse reactions. RESULT: After 2 times treatments, 11 of the 62 cases were cured (17.74 %), 17 cases showed a good efficacy (27.42 %), 20 cases indicated alleviation (32.26 %), while 14 cases displayed no efficacy (22.58 %).By observation, The VISIA system combined with image analysis software is an excellent technique in assessing efficacy. Dermoscopy helps to classify PWS types.It showed that the pain level each patient could endure was distinct, and it's remarkable that when receiving consecutive 12.09 ± 3.74 min of treatment, most of patients have showed severe pain.Patients with severe pain except young children who couldn't value the pain, had better efficacy.The side effects after treatment mainly displayed with edema, crust, hyperpigmentation. No recurrence within 2 years. CONCLUSION: It shows that after treating with HMME-PDTt efficacy is remarkable, with advantage of safety and fewer side effects. HMME_PDT should undergo further research and promotion. VISIA system combined with image analysis software and dermoscopy are excellent techniques for evaluating efficacy.