[Advances in biosynthesis of indigo in plants].

Natural indigo, as one of the oldest dyes, is also a pivotal dye utilized in cotton fabrics today. A diversity of plants rich in indigo compounds belong to traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Indigo compounds have a variety of biological and pharmacological activities, including anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer activities. A substantial progress in indigo biosynthesis has been made lately. This paper summarizes the value of indigo from the aspects of cultural history, biosynthetic pathways and the medicinal activities of its related derivatives involved in the pathways. In addition, the latest research advancements in indigo biosynthetic pathways is demonstrated in this paper, which would lay the theoretical foundation for the exploration and utilization of natural indigo.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Dendrobium zhenghuoense (Orchidaceae).

Dendrobium zhenghuoense is very distinctive among Orchidaceae species with yellowish-green flowers and short peduncle. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of D. zhenghuoense. Present study suggests that genomic information of D. zhenghuoense would have special importance in conservation and molecular phylogenetic studies on Orchidaceae. The circle genome of D. zhenghuoense was 148,431 bp in length with 37.0% GC content and a large single-copy (LSC) region of 84,167 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 12,588 bp, which were separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) region of 25,838 bp. The genome contained 130 genes, including 75 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis indicated that D. zhenghuoense was the sister to the rest 11 species of Dendrobium tested.