No Association of IFNL4 Genotype With Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Among Men With Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection.

BACKGROUND: IFNL4 genetic variants that are strongly associated with clearance of hepatitis C virus have been linked to risk of certain opportunistic infections (OIs) and cancers, including Kaposi sarcoma, cytomegalovirus infection, and herpes simplex virus infection. As the interferon (IFN) λ family plays a role in response to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, IFNL4 genotype might affect risk for a wide range of OIs/cancers. METHODS: We examined associations between genotype for the functional IFNL4 rs368234815 polymorphism and incidence of 16 OIs/cancers among 2310 men with human immunodeficiency virus (2038 white; 272 black) enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study during 1984-1990. Our primary analyses used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for self-reported racial ancestry to estimate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals, comparing participants with the genotypes that generate IFN-λ4 and those with the genotype that abrogates IFN-λ4. We censored follow-up at the introduction of highly effective antiretroviral therapies. RESULTS: We found no statistically significant association between IFNL4 genotype and the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma (hazard ratio, 0.92 [95% confidence interval, .76-1.11]), cytomegalovirus infection (0.94 [.71-1.24]), herpes simplex virus infection (1.37 [.68-2.93]), or any other OI/cancer. We observed consistent results using additive genetic models and after controlling for CD4 cell count through time-dependent adjustment or restriction to participants with a low CD4 cell count. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of associations between IFNL4 genotype and these OIs/cancers provides evidence that this gene does not affect the risk of disease from opportunistic pathogens.

Duodenal Microbiome and Serum Metabolites Predict Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Multicenter Cohort of Patients with Cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rapidly increasing in the U.S. and is a leading cause of mortality for patients with cirrhosis. Discovering novel biomarkers for risk stratification of HCC is paramount. We examined biomarkers of the gut-liver axis in a prospective multicenter cohort. METHODS: Patients with cirrhosis without a history of HCC were recruited between May 2015 and March 2020 and prospectively followed at 3 tertiary care hospitals in Los Angeles. Microbiome analysis was performed on duodenal biopsies and metabolomic analysis was performed on serum samples, collected at the time of enrollment. Optimal microbiome-based survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were used to determine microbiota and metabolite associations with HCC development, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 227 participants with liver cirrhosis contributed a total of 459.58 person-years of follow-up, with 14 incident HCC diagnoses. Male sex (HR = 7.06, 95% CI = 1.02-54.86) and baseline hepatic encephalopathy (HE, HR = 4.65, 95% CI = 1.60-13.52) were associated with developing HCC over follow-up. Adjusting for age, sex, baseline HE, and alkaline phosphatase, an increased risk of HCC were observed for participants with the highest versus lowest three quartiles for duodenal Alloprevotella (HR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.06-9.73) and serum taurocholic acid (HR = 6.87, 95% CI = 2.32-20.27), methionine (HR = 9.97, 95% CI = 3.02-32.94), and methioninesulfoxide (HR = 5.60, 95% CI = 1.84-17.10). Being in the highest quartile for Alloprevotella or methionine had a sensitivity and specificity for developing HCC of 85.71% and 60.56%, respectively, with an odds ratio of 10.92 (95% CI = 2.23-53.48). CONCLUSION: Alloprevotella and methionine, methioninesulfoxide, and taurocholic acid predicted future HCC development in a high-risk population of participants with liver cirrhosis.

Genetic variation near CXCL12 is associated with susceptibility to HIV-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Even in the era of suppressive antiretroviral treatment, HIV-infected individuals remain at higher risk of developing NHL compared to the general population. To identify potential genetic risk loci, we performed case-control genome-wide association studies and a meta-analysis across three cohorts of HIV+ patients of European ancestry, including a total of 278 cases and 1924 matched controls. We observed a significant association with NHL susceptibility in the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) region on chromosome 10. A fine mapping analysis identified rs7919208 as the most likely causal variant (P = 4.77e-11), with the G>A polymorphism creating a new transcription factor binding site for BATF and JUND. These results suggest a modulatory role of CXCL12 regulation in the increased susceptibility to NHL observed in the HIV-infected population.

The Role of Microbial Translocation and Immune Activation in AIDS-Associated Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Pathogenesis: What Have We Learned?

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with greatly increased risk for development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Nearly all acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated NHL (AIDS-NHL) is of B-cell origin. Two major mechanisms are believed to contribute to the genesis of AIDS-NHL: (1) loss of immunoregulation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)+ B cells, resulting from impaired T-cell function late in the course of HIV disease and (2) chronic B-cell activation, leading to DNA-modifying events that contribute to oncogene mutations/ translocations. HIV infection has long been known to be associated with chronic inflammation and polyclonal B-cell activation, and more recently, microbial translocation. Microbial translocation is bacterial product leakage from gut lumen into the peripheral circulation, resulting in high levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the peripheral circulation, leading to chronic immune activation and inflammation. We review recent literature linking microbial translocation to lymphom-agenesis. This includes epidemiological studies of biomarkers of microbial translocation with risk of AIDS-NHL and emerging data on the mechanisms by which microbial translocation may lead to AIDS-NHL development.

Symptomology following mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

Despite demonstrated efficacy of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), widespread hesitancy to vaccination persists. Improved knowledge regarding frequency, severity, and duration of vaccine-associated symptoms may help reduce hesitancy. In this prospective observational study, we studied 1032 healthcare workers who received both doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine and completed post-vaccine symptom surveys both after dose 1 and after dose 2. We defined appreciable post-vaccine symptoms as those of at least moderate severity and lasting at least 2 days. We found that symptoms were more frequent following the second vaccine dose than the first (74% vs. 60%, P < 0.001), with >80% of all symptoms resolving within 2 days. The most common symptom was injection site pain, followed by fatigue and malaise. Overall, 20% of participants experienced appreciable symptoms after dose 1 and 30% after dose 2. In multivariable analyses, female sex was associated with greater odds of appreciable symptoms after both dose 1 (OR, 95% CI 1.73, 1.19-2.51) and dose 2 (1.76, 1.28-2.42). Prior COVID-19 was also associated with appreciable symptoms following dose 1, while younger age and history of hypertension were associated with appreciable symptoms after dose 2. We conclude that most post-vaccine symptoms are reportedly mild and last <2 days. Appreciable post-vaccine symptoms are associated with female sex, prior COVID-19, younger age, and hypertension. This information can aid clinicians in advising patients on the safety and expected symptomatology associated with vaccination.

Microbial Profiles of Cirrhosis in the Human Small Intestine.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this review is to summarize the recent literature on associations of small intestinal microbial and bile acid profiles with liver cirrhosis and its complications. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies into the duodenal microbiome of patients with cirrhosis have linked the microbiome to certain etiologies of chronic liver disease as well as complications of cirrhosis. In particular, microbial differences in the duodenum of patients with cirrhosis have been linked to the presence of hepatic encephalopathy and varices. While the fecal microbiome of patients with liver cirrhosis is well characterized, the small intestinal microbiome of cirrhotic patients is an active area of research. This review focuses on the current understanding of the small intestinal microbiome in human cirrhosis as well as future directions of the field.

Effects of Substance Use and Sex Practices on the Intestinal Microbiome During HIV-1 Infection.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection alters the human intestinal microbiome; however, behavioral factors driving these changes remain poorly defined. Here we examine the effects of substance use and sex behavior on the microbiome during HIV-1 infection. Methods: Archival rectal swab specimens, urine drug test results, and responses to substance use and sex behavior questionnaires were obtained from 37 HIV-positive participants at 2 time points, separated by 6 months, in a cohort examining the effects of substance use in men who have sex with men (MSM). Microbiome profiling was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, and associations with behavioral factors were examined using 0-inflated negative binomial regression. Further analysis of selected variables of interest was performed using propensity scores to account for multiple confounders. Results: Using permutational multivariate analysis of variance, we found that receptive anal intercourse, methamphetamine use, and marijuana use were among the most important drivers of microbiome variation. Propensity score-adjusted analyses revealed that methamphetamine use and marijuana use displayed unique associations; methamphetamine use was associated with an increased abundance of Porphyromonas and Granulicatella organisms and a decreased abundance of Ruminococcus, Collinsella, and Parabacteroides organisms, whereas marijuana use was associated with an increased abundance of Ruminococcus, Clostridium cluster IV, Solobacterium, and Fusobacterium organisms and a decreased abundance of Acidaminococcus, Prevotella, Dialister, Anaerostipes, and Dorea organisms. Conclusions: Drug use and sex behavior are important factors associated with intestinal dysbiosis during chronic HIV-1 infection among young MSM.

Distinct assembly profiles of HLA-B molecules.

MHC class I polymorphisms are known to influence outcomes in a number of infectious diseases, cancers, and inflammatory diseases. Human MHC class I H chains are encoded by the HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C genes. These genes are highly polymorphic, with the HLA-B locus being the most variable. Each HLA class I protein binds to a distinct set of peptide Ags, which are presented to CD8(+) T cells. HLA-disease associations have been shown in some cases to link to the peptide-binding characteristics of individual HLA class I molecules. In this study, we show that polymorphisms at the HLA-B locus profoundly influence the assembly characteristics of HLA-B molecules and the stabilities of their peptide-deficient forms. In particular, dependence on the assembly factor tapasin is highly variable, with frequent occurrence of strongly tapasin-dependent or independent allotypes. Several polymorphic HLA-B residues located near the C-terminal end of the peptide are key determinants of tapasin-independent assembly. In vitro refolded forms of tapasin-independent allotypes assemble more readily with peptides compared to tapasin-dependent allotypes that belong to the same supertype, and, during refolding, reduced aggregation of tapasin-independent allotypes is observed. Paradoxically, in HIV-infected individuals, greater tapasin-independent HLA-B assembly confers more rapid progression to death, consistent with previous findings that some HLA-B allotypes shown to be tapasin independent are associated with rapid progression to multiple AIDS outcomes. Together, these findings demonstrate significant variations in the assembly of HLA-B molecules and indicate influences of HLA-B-folding patterns upon infectious disease outcomes.

The association between APOL1 risk alleles and longitudinal kidney function differs by HIV viral suppression status.

BACKGROUND: Existing data suggest that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected African Americans carrying 2 copies of the APOL1 risk alleles have greater risk of kidney disease than noncarriers. We sought to determine whether HIV RNA suppression mitigates APOL1-related kidney function decline among African Americans enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. METHODS: We genotyped HIV-infected men for the G1 and G2 risk alleles and ancestry informative markers. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate the annual rate of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline, comparing men carrying 2 (high-risk) vs 0-1 risk allele (low-risk). Effect modification by HIV suppression status (defined as HIV type 1 RNA level <400 copies/mL for >90% of follow-up time) was evaluated using interaction terms and stratified analyses. RESULTS: Of the 333 African American men included in this study, 54 (16%) carried the APOL1 high-risk genotype. Among HIV-infected men with unsuppressed viral loads, those with the high-risk genotype had a 2.42 mL/minute/1.73 m(2) (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.52 to -1.32) faster annual eGFR decline than men with the low-risk genotype. This association was independent of age, comorbid conditions, baseline eGFR, ancestry, and HIV-related factors. In contrast, the rate of decline was similar by APOL1 genotype among men with sustained viral suppression (-0.16 mL/minute/1.73 m(2)/year; 95% CI, -.59 to .27; P for interaction <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Unsuppressed HIV-infected African Americans with the APOL1 high-risk genotype experience an accelerated rate of kidney function decline; HIV suppression with antiretroviral therapy may reduce these deleterious renal effects.

A genome-wide association study of resistance to HIV infection in highly exposed uninfected individuals with hemophilia A.

Human genetic variation contributes to differences in susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. To search for novel host resistance factors, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in hemophilia patients highly exposed to potentially contaminated factor VIII infusions. Individuals with hemophilia A and a documented history of factor VIII infusions before the introduction of viral inactivation procedures (1979-1984) were recruited from 36 hemophilia treatment centers (HTCs), and their genome-wide genetic variants were compared with those from matched HIV-infected individuals. Homozygous carriers of known CCR5 resistance mutations were excluded. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and inferred copy number variants (CNVs) were tested using logistic regression. In addition, we performed a pathway enrichment analysis, a heritability analysis, and a search for epistatic interactions with CCR5 Δ32 heterozygosity. A total of 560 HIV-uninfected cases were recruited: 36 (6.4%) were homozygous for CCR5 Δ32 or m303. After quality control and SNP imputation, we tested 1 081 435 SNPs and 3686 CNVs for association with HIV-1 serostatus in 431 cases and 765 HIV-infected controls. No SNP or CNV reached genome-wide significance. The additional analyses did not reveal any strong genetic effect. Highly exposed, yet uninfected hemophiliacs form an ideal study group to investigate host resistance factors. Using a genome-wide approach, we did not detect any significant associations between SNPs and HIV-1 susceptibility, indicating that common genetic variants of major effect are unlikely to explain the observed resistance phenotype in this population.

Nucleotide variation in IL-10 and IL-12 and their receptors and cervical and vulvar cancer risk: a hybrid case-parent triad and case-control study.

Given the important role of cell mediated immunity in viral clearance and control of premalignant lesions, we hypothesize that variation in the IL-12/IL-10 cytokine and cytokine receptor genes may influence cervical and vulvar cancer risk. We evaluated 76 tagSNPs from seven candidate genes (IL-10, IL-12A, IL-12B, IL-10RA, IL-10RB, IL-12RB1, and IL12RB2) in case-parent sets (n=43 cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), n=96 cervical adenocarcinoma, n=53 vulvar SCC), additional cases (n=356 cervical SCC, n=406 cervical adenocarcinoma, and n=473 vulvar SCC) and population based controls (1,111). We calculated log-additive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between tagSNP and cancer risk using a pseudo-likelihood based method which combined genotype information on cases, parents, and population controls. After correction for multiple comparisons, we identified several statistically significant SNP associations. Cervical SCC risk was associated with the minor alleles of the IL10RA rs9610 3' UTR SNP (OR=1.76, 95% CI=1.15-2.68) and two synonymous IL12RB2 SNPs (rs4297265, OR=0.46, 95% CI=0.26-0.82; rs2229546, OR=0.43, 95% CI=0.21-0.87). Cervical adenocarcinoma risk was associated with the minor alleles of the IL10RA rs4252314 intronic SNP (OR=2.23, 95% CI=1.26-3.96) and IL12RB1 rs11575934 non-synonymous SNP (OR=1.51, 95% CI=1.12-2.05). Finally, the minor allele of the IL12B rs3181224 3' UTR SNP was associated with a reduced risk of vulvar SCC (OR=0.30, 95% CI=0.12-0.74). These results raise the possibility that a shift in the balance of the immune response due to genetic variants in key cytokine genes could influence the development of cervical and vulvar cancer.

The impact of surgical weight loss procedures on the risk of metachronous colorectal neoplasia: the differential effect of surgery type, sex, and anatomic location.

Patients with prior colorectal polyps are at high risk for metachronous colorectal neoplasia, especially in the presence of obesity. We assessed the impact of 2 common bariatric surgeries, vertical sleeve gastrectomy and roux-n-Y gastric bypass, on the risk of colorectal neoplasia recurrence. This nationally representative analysis included 1183 postbariatric adults and 3193 propensity score-matched controls, who all had prior colonoscopy with polyps and polypectomy. Colorectal polyps reoccurred in 63.8% of bariatric surgery patients and 71.7% of controls at a mean follow-up of 53.1 months from prior colonoscopy. There was a reduced odds of colorectal polyp recurrence after bariatric surgery compared with controls (odds ratio [OR] = 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.58 to 0.83). This effect was most pronounced in men (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.79), and post roux-n-Y gastric bypass (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.79). However, the risk of rectal polyps or colorectal cancer remained consistent between groups. This study is the first to our knowledge to show a reduction in risk of polyp recurrence following bariatric surgery.

Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk.

Introduction: Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures secreted into the extracellular milieu by cells and can carry bioactive molecules. There is emerging evidence suggesting that EVs play a role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of certain cancers. In this study, we investigate the association of EVs bearing PD-L1 and molecules important in B-cell activation and differentiation with AIDS-NHL risk. Methods: EVs were isolated from archived serum collected prior to the diagnosis of AIDS-NHL in cases (N = 51) and matched HIV+ controls (N = 52) who were men enrolled in the Los Angeles site of the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS). Serum specimens of AIDS-NHL cases were collected at a mean time of 1.25 years (range of 2 to 36 months) prior to an AIDS-NHL diagnosis. The expression of PD-L1 and other molecules on EVs (CD40, CD40L, TNF-RII, IL-6Rα, B7-H3, ICAM-1, and FasL) were quantified by Luminex multiplex assay. Results and discussion: We observed significantly higher levels of EVs bearing PD-L1, CD40, TNF-RII and/or IL-6Rα in AIDS-NHL cases compared with controls. Using multivariate conditional logistic regression models adjusted for age and CD4+ T-cell count, we found that EVs bearing PD-L1 (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.10 - 3.38), CD40 (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.09 - 3.58), TNF-RII (OR = 5.06; 95% CI: 1.99 - 12.85) and/or IL-6Rα (OR = 4.67; 95% CI: 1.40 - 15.53) were significantly and positively associated with AIDS-NHL risk. In addition, EVs bearing these molecules were significantly and positively associated with non-CNS lymphoma: PD-L1 (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.01 - 3.72); CD40 (OR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.12 - 6.35); TNF-RII (OR = 9.64; 95% CI: 2.52 - 36.86); IL-6Rα (OR = 8.34; 95% CI: 1.73 - 40.15). These findings suggest that EVs bearing PD-L1, CD40, TNF-RII and/or IL-6Rα could serve as biomarkers for the early detection of NHL in PLWH.

Mosaic chromosomal alterations detected in men living with HIV and the relationship to non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

OBJECTIVES: People with HIV (PWH) have an elevated risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and other diseases. Studying clonal hematopoiesis (CH), the clonal expansion of mutated hematopoietic stem cells, could provide insights regarding elevated NHL risk. DESIGN: Cohort analysis of participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study ( N  = 5979). METHODS: Mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs), a type of CH, were detected from genotyping array data using MoChA. We compared CH prevalence in men with HIV (MWH) to HIV-uninfected men using logistic regression, and among MWH, assessed the associations of CH with NHL incidence and overall mortality using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Comparing MWH to HIV-uninfected men, we observed no difference in the frequency of autosomal mCAs (3.9% vs. 3.6%, P -value = 0.09) or mosaic loss of the Y chromosome (mLOY) (1.4% vs. 2.9%, P -value = 0.13). Autosomal mCAs involving copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) of chromosome 14q were more common in MWH. Among MWH, mCAs were not associated with subsequent NHL incidence (autosomal mCA P -value = 0.65, mLOY P -value = 0.48). However, two MWH with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma had overlapping CN-LOH mCAs on chromosome 19 spanning U2AF2 (involved in RNA splicing), and one MWH with Burkitt lymphoma had high-frequency mCAs involving chromosome 1 gain and chromosome 17 CN-LOH (cell fractions 22.1% and 25.0%, respectively). mCAs were not associated with mortality among MWH (autosomal mCA P -value = 0.52, mLOY P -value = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: We found limited evidence for a relationship between HIV infection and mCAs. Although mCAs were not significantly associated with NHL, mCAs detected in several NHL cases indicate a need for further investigation.

Evidence for virus-mediated oncogenesis in bladder cancers arising in solid organ transplant recipients.

A small percentage of bladder cancers in the general population have been found to harbor DNA viruses. In contrast, up to 25% of tumors of solid organ transplant recipients, who are at an increased risk of developing bladder cancer and have an overall poorer outcomes, harbor BK polyomavirus (BKPyV). To better understand the biology of the tumors and the mechanisms of carcinogenesis from potential oncoviruses, we performed whole genome and transcriptome sequencing on bladder cancer specimens from 43 transplant patients. Nearly half of the tumors from this patient population contained viral sequences. The most common were from BKPyV (N=9, 21%), JC polyomavirus (N=7, 16%), carcinogenic human papillomaviruses (N=3, 7%), and torque teno viruses (N=5, 12%). Immunohistochemistry revealed variable Large T antigen expression in BKPyV-positive tumors ranging from 100% positive staining of tumor tissue to less than 1%. In most cases of BKPyV-positive tumors, the viral genome appeared to be clonally integrated into the host chromosome consistent with microhomology-mediated end joining and coincided with focal amplifications of the tumor genome similar to other virus-mediated cancers. Significant changes in host gene expression consistent with the functions of BKPyV Large T antigen were also observed in these tumors. Lastly, we identified four mutation signatures in our cases, with those attributable to APOBEC3 and SBS5 being the most abundant. Mutation signatures associated with an antiviral drug, ganciclovir, and aristolochic acid, a nephrotoxic compound found in some herbal medicines, were also observed. The results suggest multiple pathways to carcinogenesis in solid organ transplant recipients with a large fraction being virus-associated.

Cancer Screening Practices Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to impact long-standing efforts to increase adherence to cancer screening guidelines. Healthcare workers (HCWs) experienced significant hardship, but generally have greater access to preventive services, making them a particularly relevant population in which to understand cancer screening behaviors during the pandemic. We report data from 794 HCWs enrolled in the NCI-funded Serological Sciences Network for Coronavirus Associations and Longitudinal Evaluation Study from December 2020 to April 2021. Participants reported lifestyle and screening behaviors during relevant look-back periods which included the pandemic timeframe. Among women between the ages of 40 and 74, 25.7% were overdue for mammographic breast cancer screening. Among participants 50-75 years old, 38.9% were overdue for colorectal cancer screening. The proportion over-due varied according to race/ethnicity. Lifetime low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening among HCWs age 50-80 years who were smokers was 10.9%. Strategies to address screening disruptions are needed to minimize the impact of later stage of diagnosis.

How useful are body mass index and history of diabetes in COVID-19 risk stratification?

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the value of risk stratification by documented diagnosis of diabetes and objectively measured height and weight (BMI) in COVID-19 severity and mortality in a large sample of patients in an urban hospital located in Southern California. METHODS: Data from a retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients treated at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center between March 8, 2020, and January 25, 2021, was analyzed. Sociodemographic characteristics and pre-existing conditions were extracted from electronic medical records. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models identified associated risk factors, and a regression causal mediation analysis examined the role of diabetes in the association between obesity and illness severity. All analyses were stratified by age (<65 and ≥65). RESULTS: Among individuals <65yo, diabetes accounted for 19-30% of the associations between obesity and COVID-19 illness severity. Among patients ≥65yo, having a BMI <18.5 was a risk factor for mortality regardless of diabetes history. CONCLUSION: Our findings have clinical implications in documenting which patients may be at elevated risk for adverse outcomes. More in-depth prospective studies are needed to capture how glycemic regulation may influence prognosis.

Cardiovascular and hepatic disease associations by magnetic resonance imaging: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Hepatic disease is linked to cardiovascular events but the independent association between hepatic and cardiovascular disease remains unclear, given shared risk factors. Methods: This was a retrospective study of consecutive patients with a clinical cardiac MRI (CMR) and a serological marker of hepatic fibrosis, the FIB-4 score, within one year of clinical imaging. We assessed the relations between FIB-4 scores grouped based on prior literature: low (< 1.3), moderate (1.3-3.25), and high (>3.25), and abnormalities detected by comprehensive CMR grouped into 4 domains: cardiac structure (end diastolic volumes, atrial dimensions, wall thickness); cardiac function (ejection fractions, wall motion abnormalities, cardiac output); vascular structure (ascending aortic and pulmonary arterial sizes); and cardiac composition (late gadolinium enhancement, T1 and T2 times). We used Poisson regression to examine the association between the conventionally defined FIB-4 category (low <1.3, moderate 1.3-3.25, and high >3.25) and any CMR abnormality while adjusting for demographics and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Results: Of the 1668 patients studied (mean age: 55.971 ± 7.28, 901 [54%] male), 85.9% had ≥1 cardiac abnormality with increasing prevalence seen within the low (82.0%) to moderate (88.8%) to high (92.3%) FIB-4 categories. Multivariable analyses demonstrated the presence of any cardiac abnormality was significantly associated with having a high-range FIB-4 (prevalence ratio 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.13); notably, the presence of functional cardiac abnormalities were associated with being in the high FIB-4 range (1.41, 1.21-1.65) and any vascular abnormalities with being in the moderate FIB-4 range (1.22, 1.01-1.47). Conclusions: Elevated FIB-4 was associated with cardiac functional and vascular abnormalities even after adjustment for shared risk factors in a cohort of patients with clinically referred CMR. These CMR findings indicate that cardiovascular abnormalities exist in the presence of subclinical hepatic fibrosis, irrespective of shared risk factors, underscoring the need for further studies of the heart-liver axis.

Association of Cardiometabolic Disease With Cancer in the Community.

Background: Obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction have been associated with cancer risk and severity. Underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine associations of obesity and related cardiometabolic traits with incident cancer. Methods: FHS (Framingham Heart Study) and PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease) study participants without prevalent cancer were studied, examining associations of obesity, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots, and C-reactive protein (CRP) with future cancer in Cox models. Results: Among 20,667 participants (mean age 50 years, 53% women), 2,619 cancer events were observed over a median follow-up duration of 15 years. Obesity was associated with increased risk for future gastrointestinal (HR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.05-1.60), gynecologic (HR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.08-2.45), and breast (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.05-1.66) cancer and lower risk for lung cancer (HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.44-0.87). Similarly, waist circumference was associated with increased risk for overall, gastrointestinal, and gynecologic but not lung cancer. VAT but not subcutaneous adipose tissue was associated with risk for overall cancer (HR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05-1.43), lung cancer (HR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.01-3.66), and melanoma (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02-2.38) independent of BMI. Last, higher CRP levels were associated with higher risk for overall, colorectal, and lung cancer (P < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Obesity and abdominal adiposity are associated with future risk for specific cancers (eg, gastrointestinal, gynecologic). Although obesity was associated with lower risk for lung cancer, greater VAT and CRP were associated with higher lung cancer risk after adjusting for BMI.

IL28B polymorphism does not determine outcomes of hepatitis B virus or HIV infection.

An IL28B haplotype strongly determines the outcome of natural and interferon-α treated hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To assess whether the polymorphism marking the haplotype (rs12979860) also affects other interferon-α responsive chronic viral illnesses, namely hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infections, we genotyped 226 individuals with HBV persistence, 384 with HBV recovery, and 2548 with or at high risk for HIV infection. The C/C genotype of rs12979860 was not associated with HBV recovery (odds ratio, 0.99), resistance to HIV infection (odds ratio, 0.97), or HIV disease progression (P > .05). This IL28B single-nucleotide polymorphism affects the immune response to HCV but not to HBV or HIV.