Improvement of depression-like behavior and memory impairment with the ethanol extract of Pleurotus eryngii in ovariectomized rats.

Ethanol extract of Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) QUÉL has estrogen-like activities that protect against bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. In the present study, we investigated the effect of P. eryngii on depression-like behavior and memory impairment in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Immobility time during a forced swimming test was significantly longer for OVX rats than for sham-operated rats. The depression-like behavior in OVX rats was improved by long-term administration of the ethanol extract of P. eryngii (500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)/d). Spatial memory impairment in OVX rats assessed by the Morris water maze test was also improved by P. eryngii extract without any effect on motility. These results suggested that P. eryngii extract has estrogen-like improvement activity against depression-like behavior and memory impairment in OVX rats. Additionally, increase in the amount of synaptosomal zinc after ovariectomy was inhibited by P. eryngii extract. Since zinc in synaptic vesicles is important for memory function and is linked to the pathophysiology of depression, normalization of zinc signaling would be involved in the beneficial effect of P. eryngii extract on neurological disorders after ovariectomy.

Role of Sialidase in Long-Term Potentiation at Mossy Fiber-CA3 Synapses and Hippocampus-Dependent Spatial Memory.

Sialic acid bound to glycans in glycolipids and glycoproteins is essential for synaptic plasticity and memory. Sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18), which has 4 isozymes including Neu1, Neu2, Neu3 and Neu4, regulates the sialylation level of glycans by removing sialic acid from sialylglycoconjugate. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of sialidase activity in rat hippocampus and the role of sialidase in hippocampal memory processing. We previously developed a highly sensitive histochemical imaging probe for sialidase activity, BTP3-Neu5Ac. BTP3-Neu5Ac was cleaved efficiently by rat Neu2 and Neu4 at pH 7.3 and by Neu1 and Neu3 at pH 4.6. When a rat hippocampal acute slice was stained with BTP3-Neu5Ac at pH 7.3, mossy fiber terminal fields showed relatively intense sialidase activity. Thus, the role of sialidase in the synaptic plasticity was investigated at mossy fiber terminal fields. The long-term potentiation (LTP) at mossy fiber-CA3 pyramidal cell synapses was impaired by 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), a sialidase inhibitor. DANA also failed to decrease paired-pulse facilitation after LTP induction. We also investigated the role of sialidase in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory by using the Morris water maze. The escape latency time to reach the platform was prolonged by DANA injection into the hippocampal CA3 region or by knockdown of Neu4 without affecting motility. The results show that the regulation of sialyl signaling by Neu4 is involved in hippocampal memory processing.

Visualization of sialidase activity in Mammalian tissues and cancer detection with a novel fluorescent sialidase substrate.

Sialidase removes sialic acid from sialoglycoconjugates and plays crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes. Various human cancers express an abnormally high level of the plasma membrane-associated sialidase isoform.Visualization of sialidase activity in living mammalian tissues would be useful not only for understanding sialidase functions but also for cancer diagnosis. However, since enzyme activity of mammalian sialidase is remarkably weak compared with that of bacterial and viral sialidases, it has been difficult to detect sialidase activity in mammalian tissues. We synthesized a novel benzothiazolylphenol-based sialic acid derivative (BTP-Neu5Ac) as a fluorescent sialidase substrate. BTP-Neu5Ac can visualize sialidase activities sensitively and selectively in acute rat brain slices. Cancer cells implanted orthotopically in mouse colons and human colon cancers (stages T3-T4) were also clearly detected with BTP-Neu5Ac. The results suggest that BTP-Neu5Ac is useful for histochemical imaging of sialidase activities.

Catalytic preference of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 sialidase for N-acetylneuraminic acid residues over N-glycolylneuraminic acid residues.

In a comparison of sialidase activities toward N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), we found that Salmonella typhimurium LT2 sialidase (STSA) hardly cleaved 4-methylumbelliferyl Neu5Gc (4MU-Neu5Gc). The k cat/K m value of STSA for 4MU-Neu5Gc was found to be 110 times lower than that for 4-methylumbelliferyl Neu5Ac (4MU-Neu5Ac). Additionally, STSA had remarkably weak ability to cleave α2-3-linked-Neu5Gc contained in gangliosides and equine erythrocytes. In silico analysis based on first-principle calculations with transition-state analogues suggested that the binding affinity of Neu5Gc2en is 14.3 kcal/mol more unstable than that of Neu5Ac2en. The results indicated that STSA preferentially cleaves Neu5Ac residues rather than Neu5Gc residues, which is important for anyone using this enzyme to cleave α2-3-linked sialic acids.