Cardiovascular safety of pimitespib in patients with advanced solid tumors: An open-label, nonrandomized, phase 1 study.

BACKGROUND: Pimitespib (TAS-116), a first-in-class, oral, selective heat-shock protein 90 inhibitor, is approved as fourth-line treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumors in Japan. This phase 1 study evaluated the cardiac safety of pimitespib. METHODS: In this open-label, nonrandomized, multicenter study, Japanese patients (aged ≥20 years) with refractory, advanced solid tumors received placebo on day -1, then pimitespib 160 mg daily on days 1-5 of the cardiac safety evaluation period. Electrocardiograms were conducted at baseline, and on days -2, -1, 1, and 5; and blood samples were collected on days 1 and 5. Patients then received once-daily pimitespib for 5 days every 3 weeks. The primary end point was the time-matched difference in QT interval corrected for heart rate using the Fridericia correction (QTcF) between pimitespib and placebo. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and preliminary efficacy were also assessed. RESULTS: Of the 22 patients in the cardiac safety-evaluable population, no clinically relevant QTc prolongation was observed; the upper bound of the one-sided 95% confidence interval for the time-matched difference in change from baseline in QTcF was <20 msec at all time points on days 1 and 5. Pimitespib pharmacokinetic parameters were consistent with previous data, and the time-matched difference in change from baseline in QTcF showed no marked increase as plasma concentrations increased. The safety profile was acceptable; 40% of patients experienced grade 3 or greater adverse drug reactions, mostly diarrhea (20%). The median progression-free survival was 3.1 months. CONCLUSIONS: In Japanese patients with refractory, advanced solid tumors, pimitespib was not associated with clinically relevant QTc prolongation, and there were no cardiovascular safety concerns. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Pimitespib is a new anticancer drug that is being used to treat cancer in the stomach or intestines (gastrointestinal stromal tumors). This study demonstrated that pimitespib had no marked effect on heart rhythm or negative effects on the heart or blood vessels and had promising anticancer effects in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors who were unable to tolerate or benefit from standard treatment.

Combination carboplatin and nab-paclitaxel as a first-line treatment for advanced thymic carcinoma.

Thymic carcinoma is a very rare neoplasm for which no optimal chemotherapeutic regimen has been established to date. Hence, we performed this study to investigate the efficacy and safety of carboplatin plus nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-paclitaxel as a first-line regimen for patients with advanced thymic carcinoma. We conducted this multi-institutional retrospective cohort study of patients with advanced thymic carcinoma who had received carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel as a first-line chemotherapy between August 2013 and December 2021. Twelve patients were included in this study and were subjected to efficacy and safety analysis. Their median age was 62 years (range, 47-74 years), and all had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 0 or 1. After a median follow-up time of 19.7 months, the overall response rate was 50%; the median progression-free and overall survival times were 8.8 months and 23.3 months, respectively. Chemotherapy-related peripheral neuropathy was observed in 2 patients (16%; each with grade 1). Other toxicities were manageable, and there were no treatment-related deaths. Carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel as a first-line chemotherapy regimen showed good efficacy and safety in patients with advanced thymic carcinoma.

The Glasgow Prognostic Score Predicts Survival Outcomes in Patients with Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) is an inflammation-related score based on C-reactive protein and albumin concentrations. Few studies have assessed the correlation between the GPS and the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the utility of the GPS in predicting the survival outcomes of patients with ES-SCLC. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated patients with ES-SCLC who had undergone chemotherapy between February 2008 and November 2021. GPS values were evaluated before the initiation of first-line chemotherapy. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The GPS values of the 113 patients were zero (54 patients, 48%), 1 (37 patients, 33%), and 2 (22 patients, 19%). The median follow-up duration was 10.7 months. Median PFS was 6.2, 5.6, and 3.8 months in the GPS 0, 1, and 2 groups, respectively, suggesting that the GPS zero group had a significantly more favorable PFS than the GPS 2 group (p < 0.001). Median OS was 17.1, 9.4, and 5.6 months in the GPS 0, 1, and 2 groups, respectively, suggesting that the GPS zero group had a significantly more favorable OS than the GPS 2 group (p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that a GPS of 2 independently predicted unfavorable PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68-4.88; p < 0.001) and OS (HR, 3.49 [95% CI: 1.83-6.63], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The study's findings suggest that the GPS can predict the survival outcomes of patients with ES-SCLC who have undergone chemotherapy. The GPS is an easy-to-calculate biomarker and would be ideal for routine use in clinical settings.

The Glasgow Prognostic Score Predicts Survival in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Sensitive Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations Who Are Treated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the standard first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with sensitive EGFR mutations. The Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) is an inflammation-assessing score based on C-reactive protein and albumin concentrations. Information regarding the association between the GPS and EGFR-TKI treatment effectiveness is limited; hence, we investigated whether the GPS can predict the response of NSCLC to EGFR-TKIs. METHODS: We evaluated 340 patients with NSCLC harboring sensitive EGFR mutations who received EGFR-TKI monotherapy between March 2009 and July 2021. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 26.6 months, patients with a GPS of 0, 1, and 2 had PFS of 15.7, 10.0, and 6.3 months, respectively, and OS of 40.1, 25.8, and 14.4 months, respectively; patients with a GPS of 0 had significantly better PFS and OS than those with a GPS of 1 (p = 0.03, p = 0.001, respectively) or 2 (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified poor performance status, stage 4 at diagnosis, type of EGFR-TKI (gefitinib/erlotinib vs. afatinib), and GPS = 2 as predictors of a short PFS. Meanwhile, poor performance status, gefitinib/erlotinib administration, and GPS = 2 were predictors of a short OS. CONCLUSION: The GPS predicted the survival of NSCLC patients harboring sensitive EGFR mutations who were undergoing EGFR-TKI treatment. The GPS might be ideal for routine use in clinical practice, given that it is an easily calculated parameter.

The Glasgow Prognostic Score Predicts Outcomes of Pembrolizumab or Atezolizumab Monotherapy in Patients with Pretreated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Predictors of the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain ill-defined. We investigated whether the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) could serve as such predictors. METHODS: Eighty patients treated with pembrolizumab or atezolizumab monotherapy as second- or subsequent-line therapy for NSCLC were retrospectively reviewed, and the associations between GPS, body mass index (BMI), and each of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 11.1 months. Patients with a BMI ≥20.4 kg/m2 had significantly longer PFS and OS (3.7 and 22.2 month, respectively) than did those with a BMI <20.4 kg/m2 (2.2 and 11.5 months, respectively). Patients with a GPS of 0 had a significantly longer PFS (6.6 months) than did those with a GPS of 1 (2.2 months, p = 0.002) and 2 (1.8 months, p = 0.029). Patients with a GPS of 0 also had a significantly longer OS (22.2 month) than did those with a GPS of 1 (9.2 months, p = 0.002) and 2 (4.7 months, p = 0.002). Notably, the GPS, BMI, and clinical stage were independent predictors of PFS, while the GPS and performance status were independent predictors of OS. The response rate of patients with a GPS of 0 was significantly higher than that of patients with a GPS of 1-2 (26.2% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The GPS is an independent predictor of PFS and OS in patients with NSCLC who received second- or subsequent-line pembrolizumab or atezolizumab monotherapy.

Real-world evaluation of second line chemotherapy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer harboring preexisting interstitial lung disease.

BACKGROUND: The optimal second and subsequent lines of chemotherapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have preexisting interstitial lung disease (ILD) are unclear. Hence, we examined the clinical efficacy and safety of second-line chemotherapy in such patients, including any exacerbation of preexisting ILD. METHODS: The medical records of patients with NSCLC and preexisting ILD who received both first- and second-line chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients with a median age of 71 years who were treated between April 2013 and March 2021 were included. The response rate after second-line chemotherapy with S-1 (n = 13), docetaxel (n = 8), pemetrexed (n = 2), or docetaxel plus ramucirumab (n = 1) was 12.5%, with a median progression-free survival (2nd line PFS) of 3.8 months. The overall survival from a start of first-line chemotherapy (1st line OS) and post-progression survival (PPS) post-first-line chemotherapy were 18.7 and 9.7 months, respectively. Spearman rank correlation and linear regression analyses showed that PPS was strongly correlated with 1st line OS (R = 0.85, P < 0.00001). Importantly, the 2nd line PFS was also significantly correlated with 1st line OS (R = 0.71, P = 0.0001). While second-line chemotherapy-related acute exacerbation of ILD was observed in 7 patients (29.2%), there were no treatment-related fatalities. Conslusions. Second-line chemotherapy has a strong positive impact on the OS of patients with NSCLC who have preexisting ILD. Given the findings of this study, second-line chemotherapy may be valuable in terms of prolonging long-term OS.

First-line osimertinib for poor performance status patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer: A prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: The clinical outcomes of poor performance status (PS) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are treated with osimertinib as a first-line treatment have not been sufficiently evaluated. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of osimertinib in chemotherapy-naive and poor PS (2 or more) patients with NSCLC harboring sensitive EGFR mutations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed the clinical effects of osimertinib as a first-line treatment for patients with poor PS NSCLC with an exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R mutation in EGFR. All patients were administered osimertinib (80 mg/day) as the initial treatment. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (nine women and seven men) who were treated between August 2018 and July 2021 were included in this study; their median age was 78 years. The overall objective response rate was 56.3%. The median progression-free survival (PFS) of the entire patient population was 10.5 months and the PS score improved in 8 of 16 patients (50%). The most common adverse event was acneiform rash (42%), followed by diarrhea (36%) and paronychia (36%); none of these were of grade ≥ 3. Interstitial lung disease occurred in 2 patients (12.5%); however, no treatment-related deaths occurred. CONCLUSION: Considering the findings of this study, osimertinib appears to be an effective and safe treatment option for patients with poor PS and advanced NSCLC harboring sensitive EGFR mutations. To obtain conclusive results, further studies with larger cohorts are warranted.

Rationale and protocol design of a phase II study of first-line osimertinib treatment for patients with poor performance status and EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (OPEN/TORG2040).

BACKGROUND: Cancer chemotherapy indications for patients with poor performance status and advanced lung cancer are limited. Molecular targeted drugs, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, can be used in patients with poor performance status owing to their high efficacy and safety. The third-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor osimertinib has demonstrated effectiveness in the initial treatment of advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer in patients with good performance status; however, no evidence exists of the drug's effectiveness in patients with poor performance status in a prospective study. We designed a study that aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of first-line osimertinib treatment in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer harboring sensitive EGFR mutations and with poor performance status. METHODS: The OPEN/TORG2040 study is a multicenter, single-arm, phase II trial for patients with unresectable, advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer with a poor performance status (≥ 2). Eligible patients will receive osimertinib until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint is the objective response rate of the first-line osimertinib treatment. Considering a threshold value of 45%, expected value of 70% for objective response rate, one-sided significance level of 5%, statistical power of 80%, and ineligible patients, the sample size was set to 30. The secondary endpoints are disease control rate, performance status improvement rate, and safety and patient-reported outcomes using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core Quality of Life Questionnaire and Lung Cancer 13. Time to treatment failure, progression-free survival, and overall survival will also be assessed. DISCUSSION: Our study can determine the clinical benefits of osimertinib treatment in patients with poor performance status, since the clinical outcomes of patients with EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer with poor performance status treated with this drug as a first-line treatment have not been sufficiently evaluated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials: jRCTs041200100 (registration date: February 12, 2021).

Phase II study of amrubicin plus erlotinib in previously treated, advanced non-small cell lung cancer with wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (TORG1320).

Background Amrubicin (AMR) is a completely synthetic 9-aminoanthracycline and clinically active against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We conducted a phase I study of AMR and erlotinib (ERL) combination therapy in previously treated patients with advanced NSCLC and have already reported the safety and effectiveness. Methods We conducted a multi-center, single-arm phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy of AMR and ERL combination therapy in patients with previously treated, advanced NSCLC harboring wild-type EGFR, PS 0-1 and < 75 years of age. Patients were treated at 3-week intervals with AMR plus ERL. The primary endpoint was the PFS, and the secondary endpoints were the response rate (RR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS) and toxicity. The trough ERL concentration (Ctrough) was measured as an exploratory study to analyze the relationship between the efficacy/safety and pharmacokinetics. Results From June 2013 to July 2016, 25 patients were enrolled in this trial. The PFS according to the central test was 3.6 months (95% confidence interval 2.1-5.1). The RR and DCR were 24.0% and 64.0%, respectively. We had no treatment-related deaths in this study. Conclusions The PFS of AMR and ERL combination therapy was superior to that of AMR monotherapy in the historical setting, but the primary endpoint was not met in this trial. In our study, the pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the Ctrough of ERL was elevated with combination therapy. This combination therapy might be a viable treatment for previously treated NSCLC patients without a driver oncogene mutation. Clinical trial information UMIN 000010582.

Real-world assessment of afatinib for patients with EGFR-positive non-small cell lung cancer.

Introduction Afatinib is used to treat patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring common EGFR mutations; however, the clinicopathological factors that predict this drug's effectiveness in real-world settings remain unclear. We therefore evaluated the effectiveness of afatinib in such patients and assessed potential prognostic factors. Methods We retrospectively investigated patients with NSCLC who received first-line afatinib between July 2014 and August 2018. Variables (including sex, age, performance status, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, EGFR genotype, smoking status, clinical stage prior to treatment [stage IV vs.. postoperative recurrence], presence or absence of brain metastases, body surface area, any afatinib dose reductions, and afatinib starting dose [40 vs.. 20 or 30 mg]) were subjected to a Cox proportional hazards regression model to estimate progression-free survival (PFS). Results Forty-eight patients with a median age of 67 years were included; the objective response rate was 62.5% (30 patients). The median PFS was 14.1 months; the PFS periods were 11.8 and 15.9 months for patients receiving 40 mg versus 20-30 mg of afatinib (P = 0.41), respectively, and were 14.5 and 13.8 months for patients who required afatinib dose reduction and those who did not, respectively (P = 0.80). The PFS tended to be longer in patients without brain metastases (albeit not significantly). Ultimately, no significant predictive values for PFS were identified. Conclusions Afatinib is effective for patients with NSCLC harboring common EGFR mutations irrespective of their clinicopathological backgrounds. A direct comparison of afatinib and osimertinib in treatment-naïve patients is warranted to determine the optimal standard of care.

Impact of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Background Exon 19 deletion and L858R point mutation in exon 21 of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are the most commonly encountered mutations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and predict better clinical outcomes following treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The inflammatory indicator neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in peripheral blood serves as a predictive factor for NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy. Here, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between NLR and clinical efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations. Methods We retrospectively collected information of 205 patients with advanced NSCLC harboring exon 19 deletion or L858R point mutation and receiving gefitinib or erlotinib. The clinical outcomes in the NSCLC patients were evaluated based on NLR level before EGFR-TKI therapy. Results The optimal cut-off value for NLR was 3.55. The response rates in the low-NLR and high-NLR groups were 69.2% and 51.5%, respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) in the low-NLR and high-NLR groups were 15.7 months and 6.7 months, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) in the low-NLR and high-NLR groups were 37.6 months and 19.2 months, respectively. The multivariate analysis identified performance status (PS), NLR, stage, and smoking status as independent predictors of PFS. Moreover, the PS and NLR were identified as independent predictors of OS. Conclusions NLR was a significant predictor of clinical efficacy and OS in NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations treated with gefitinib or erlotinib.

Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein 4 Is a Novel Serodiagnostic Marker for Lung Cancer.

Our aim was to develop a serodiagnostic marker for lung cancer. Monoclonal antibodies were generated, and one antibody designated as KU-Lu-1, recognizing cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4), was studied further. To evaluate the utility of KU-Lu-1 antibody as a serodiagnostic marker for lung cancer, reverse-phase protein array analysis was performed with sera of 271 lung cancer patients and 100 healthy controls. CKAP4 was detected in lung cancer cells and tissues, and its secretion into the culture supernatant was also confirmed. The serum CKAP4 levels of lung cancer patients were significantly higher than those of healthy controls (P < 0.0001), and the area under the curve of receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was 0.890, with 81.1% sensitivity and 86.0% specificity. Furthermore, the serum CKAP4 levels were also higher in patients with stage I adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma than in healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Serum CKAP4 levels may differentiate lung cancer patients from healthy controls, and they may be detected early even in stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Serum CKAP4 levels were also significantly higher in lung cancer patients than in healthy controls in the validation set (P < 0.0001). The present results provide evidence that CKAP4 may be a novel early serodiagnostic marker for lung cancer.

Efficacy and risk of cytotoxic chemotherapy in extensive disease-small cell lung cancer patients with interstitial pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by a high propensity for metastases and a poor prognosis irrespective of high sensitivity for initial chemotherapy. Although interstitial pneumonia (IP) is one of risk factors for lung cancer, efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy for patients with SCLC with IP remains unclear. Our study aims to evaluate the efficacy of systemic chemotherapy and assess risk of acute exacerbation (AE)-IP with cytotoxic drugs for extensive disease (ED)-SCLC patients with IP. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 192 consecutive ED-SCLC patients with IP (n = 40) and without IP (n = 152) between 2008 and 2016. RESULT: 31 of 40 ED-SCLC patients with IP and 130 of 152 patients without IP received systemic chemotherapy. The efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with IP was not inferior to that in patients without IP (overall survival [OS], 7.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2-14.0] vs. 10.0 [95% CI: 8.2-11.8] months, P = 0.57). Pretreatment serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; 651.7 ± 481.0 vs. 301.4 ± 110.7 U/mL, P = 0.01) and C-reactive protein (CRP; 8.9 ± 9.6 vs. 1.8 ± 1.8 U/mL, P = 0.008) were correlated with developed AE-IP in the ED-SCLC patients with IP. CONCLUSION: Systemic chemotherapy was effective even in ED-SCLC patients with IP. However, the risk of developed AE-IP that was high in patients with IP and should be evaluated using serum LDH and CRP levels before initial chemotherapy.

Phase I study of Nedaplatin, a platinum based antineoplastic drug, combined with nab-paclitaxel in patients with advanced squamous non-small cell lung cancer.

Background This study was designed to determine the recommended dose of a combination of nedaplatin (NED) and nab-paclitaxel (nab-PTX) in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Patients received escalating doses of NED on day 1 and nab-PTX on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks by an intravenous infusion for up to six cycles. Results A dose of 100 mg/m2 NED and 100 mg/m2 nab-PTX was determined to be the recommended dose for patients with advanced squamous NSCLC. The study had an overall response rate of 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38.4-88.2) and disease control rate of 93.3% (95% CI: 68.1-99.8). The median progression-free survival time and survival time was 7.0 months (95% CI: 5.9-8.1) and 13.1 months (95% CI: 6.2-20.1), respectively. The most common adverse events were neutropenia (grade 3/4, 33%) and leukopenia (grade 3/4, 27%). Although peripheral neuropathy was observed in 5 patients (grade 1/2), non-hematological toxic effects were relatively mild. Febrile neutropenia, pneumonitis, and treatment-related death were not observed. Conclusions The combination of NED and nab-PTX was a tolerable and effective regimen and its recommended dose was 100 mg/m2 and 100 mg/m2, respectively, in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced squamous NSCLC (UMIN000010963).

Smoking History as a Predictor of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring EGFR Mutations.

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKIs) therapy has been recognized as the standard treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR mutations. However, resistance to EGFR-TKIs has been observed in certain subpopulations of these patients. We aimed to evaluate the impact of smoking history on the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs. METHODS: The records of patients (n = 248) with NSCLC harboring activating EGFR mutations who were treated with gefitinib or erlotinib at our institution between March 2010 and June 2016 were retrospectively reviewed, and the treatment outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: The overall response rate and median progression-free survival (PFS) were 59.7% and 10.7 months, respectively. The overall response rate was significantly higher in the ex- and nonsmokers than in the current smokers (64.6 vs. 51.1%, p = 0.038). PFS also differed significantly between the current smokers and the ex- and nonsmokers (12.4 vs. 7.4 months, p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis identified smoking history as an independent predictor of PFS and overall survival. CONCLUSION: The clinical data obtained in this study provide a valuable rationale for considering smoking history as a predictor of the efficacy of EGFR-TKI in NSCLC patients harboring activating EGFR mutations.

Efficacy of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Relapsed Small-Cell Lung Cancer after Amrubicin Monotherapy in Elderly Patients and Patients with Poor Performance Status.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown amrubicin to be an effective first- or second-line treatment option for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, there have been few studies reporting the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy after amrubicin therapy. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy as second-line treatment for elderly patients and those with SCLC with poor performance status (PS) previously treated with amrubicin monotherapy. METHODS: The records of SCLC patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy as a second-line chemotherapy after first-line treatment with amrubicin monotherapy were retrospectively reviewed and the treatment outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 48 patients were enrolled in this study. Forty-one patients (85%) received carboplatin plus etoposide. The overall response rate was 39.6%. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 3.7 and 7.6 months, respectively. The efficacy of the platinum-based regimen did not differ with the type of relapse after amrubicin monotherapy. The most common adverse events were hematological toxicities, including grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (38%), leukopenia (33%), and thrombocytopenia (10%). CONCLUSIONS: Platinum-based chemotherapy is potentially a valid treatment option for elderly patients or those with extensive-stage SCLC with poor PS as second-line chemotherapy, who progressed after first-line treatment with amrubicin monotherapy.

Phase II study of bevacizumab, cisplatin, and docetaxel plus maintenance bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer combined with exploratory analysis of circulating endothelial cells: Thoracic Oncology Research Group (TORG)1016.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies have demonstrated that docetaxel and bevacizumab may act synergistically by decreasing endothelial cell proliferation and preventing circulating endothelial progenitor mobilization. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of a combination therapy of bevacizumab, cisplatin, and docetaxel in chemotherapy-naive Japanese patients with advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Eligible patients were chemotherapy-naive and had advanced/recurrent non-squamous NSCLC. The patients received 4 cycles of docetaxel (60 mg/m2), cisplatin (80 mg/m2), and bevacizumab (15 mg/kg) once every 3 weeks, followed by bevacizumab as maintenance therapy, every 3 weeks until disease progression or attainment of unacceptable toxicity level. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). The numbers of circulating endothelial cells (CEC) were also estimated on days 1 and 8 of the first cycle for the exploratory analysis of efficacy prediction. RESULTS: A total of 47 patients were enrolled from October 2010 to April 2012. Bevacizumab as maintenance therapy was administered to 41 patients (87.2%), and the median number of total treatment cycles was 9 (range: 1-36). ORR, median progression-free survival (PFS), and median overall survival of the patients were 74.5%, 9.0 months, and 27.5 months, respectively. The most common grade 3/4 adverse event was neutropenia (95.7%), followed by leukopenia (59.6%) and hypertension (46.8%). PFS was longer in patients with ≥10 count increase in CECs than that in patients with < 10 count increase in CECs (respective median PFS of 11.0 months versus 6.90 months) although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.074). CONCLUSIONS: A combination therapy of bevacizumab, cisplatin, and docetaxel, followed by bevacizumab as maintenance was highly effective in patients with non-squamous NSCLC despite the high incidence of grade 3/4 neutropenia. The increase in CEC count between days 1 and 8 may predict the efficacy of our bevacizumab-contained treatment regimen. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN Clinical Trial Registry; UMIN000004368 . Registered date; October 11, 2010 (Retrospectively registered).

The role of prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer.

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a particular propensity to metastasize to the brain, affecting ~10% of SCLC patients at diagnosis, but may occur in more than 50% of 2-year survivors. Most cytotoxic drugs have limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and the effectiveness of chemotherapy for brain metastasis is limited. Therefore, prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) has been proposed to treat SCLC. A meta-analysis revealed that PCI significantly decreased the risk of brain metastasis and increased the 3-year survival rate; it has been established as a standard therapy for limited-disease SCLC. However, certain aspects of PCI remain unclarified, including the roles in resected SCLC and extensive-disease SCLC, and its neurotoxicities. In addition, information on PCI has been obtained from old clinical trials without the use of new imaging devices, such as magnetic resonance imaging. Evidence from advanced imaging techniques is needed in this era.

Basigin expression as a prognostic indicator in stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

We established the KU-Lu-8 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) using a lung cancer cell line as an antigen and a random immunization method. The KU-Lu-8 MoAb recognizes basigin (BSG), which is a transmembrane-type glycoprotein that is strongly expressed on the cell membranes of lung cancer cells. This study aimed to clarify the relationships between BSG expression and clinicopathological parameters and determine the prognostic significance of BSG expression in pulmonary adenocarcinoma (AC) patients. To evaluate the significance of BSG expression in lung cancer, we immunohistochemically analyzed 113 surgically resected pulmonary adenocarcinomas, and the associations between BSG expression and various clinicopathological parameters were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the effects of BSG expression on survival. Clinicopathologically, BSG expression was significantly associated with tumor differentiation, vascular invasion, lymphatic invasion, and a poor prognosis. In particular, BSG expression was significantly correlated with poorer survival in patients with stage I AC. The high BSG expression group (compared with the low BSG expression group) exhibited adjusted hazard ratios for mortality of 4.694. BSG expression is indicative of a poor prognosis in AC patients, particularly in those with stage I disease.

Phase II study of Amrubicin monotherapy in elderly or poor-risk patients with extensive disease of small cell lung cancer.

Background Previous study indicated that an optional anti-cancer drug for the treatment of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is amrubicin. However, no prospective studies have evaluated amrubicin in chemo-naive elderly or poor-risk patients with SCLC. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of amrubicin as first-line chemotherapy for elderly or poor-risk patients with extensive-disease SCLC (ES-SCLC). Methods Patients with chemotherapy-naive ES-SCLC received multiple cycles of 40 mg/m2 amrubicin for 3 consecutive days every 21 days. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR), and the secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. Results Between March 2011 and August 2015, 36 patients were enrolled in this study. Each patient received a median of four treatment cycles (range, 1-6 cycles). ORR was 52.8% [95% confidence interval (CI), 37-69%]. The median PFS and OS periods were 5.0 months (95% CI, 3.4-6.6 months) and 9.4 months (95% CI, 5.2-13.6 months), respectively. Neutropenia was the most common grade 3 or 4 adverse event (69.4%), with febrile neutropenia developing in 13.9% of patients. No treatment-related death occurred. At the time of starting second-line chemotherapy, 19 of 22 patients (86%) had significantly improved or maintained their performance status (PS) relative to their PS at the time of starting amrubicin monotherapy as first-line chemotherapy (P = 0.027). Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that amrubicin could be considered as a viable treatment option for chemotherapy-naive elderly or poor-risk patients with ES-SCLC (Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000011055 www.clinicaltrials.gov ).