RESUMEN
The role of astrocytes in brain plasticity has not been extensively studied compared with that of neurons. Here we adopted integrative translational and reverse-translational approaches to explore the role of an astrocyte-specific major water channel in the brain, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), in brain plasticity and learning. We initially identified the most prevalent genetic variant of AQP4 (single nucleotide polymorphism of rs162008 with C or T variation, which has a minor allele frequency of 0.21) from a human database (n=60 706) and examined its functionality in modulating the expression level of AQP4 in an in vitro luciferase reporter assay. In the following experiments, AQP4 knock-down in mice not only impaired hippocampal volumetric plasticity after exposure to enriched environment but also caused loss of long-term potentiation after theta-burst stimulation. In humans, there was a cross-sectional association of rs162008 with gray matter (GM) volume variation in cortices, including the vicinity of the Perisylvian heteromodal language area (Sample 1, n=650). GM volume variation in these brain regions was positively associated with the semantic verbal fluency. In a prospective follow-up study (Sample 2, n=45), the effects of an intensive 5-week foreign language (English) learning experience on regional GM volume increase were modulated by this AQP4 variant, which was also associated with verbal learning capacity change. We then delineated in mice mechanisms that included AQP4-dependent transient astrocytic volume changes and astrocytic structural elaboration. We believe our study provides the first integrative evidence for a gliogenetic basis that involves AQP4, underlying language-associated brain plasticity.
Asunto(s)
Acuaporina 4/metabolismo , Astrocitos/citología , Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Aprendizaje/fisiología , Neuroglía/citología , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiología , Adulto , Animales , Acuaporina 4/biosíntesis , Acuaporina 4/genética , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Estudios Transversales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Frecuencia de los Genes , Sustancia Gris/citología , Sustancia Gris/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Neuroglía/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
A new rehabilitation training system, designated as a virtual cycling system, was developed to improve postural balance control by combining virtual reality (VR) technology with a bicycle. Several parameters including path deviation, path deviation velocity, cycling time, and head movement were extracted and evaluated to quantify the extent of control. The system was effective as a training device and, in addition, the technology might have a wider applicability to the rehabilitation field.