Elevated Myl9 reflects the Myl9-containing microthrombi in SARS-CoV-2-induced lung exudative vasculitis and predicts COVID-19 severity.

The mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is strongly correlated with pulmonary vascular pathology accompanied by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-triggered immune dysregulation and aberrant activation of platelets. We combined histological analyses using field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses of the lungs from autopsy samples and single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to investigate the pathogenesis of vasculitis and immunothrombosis in COVID-19. We found that SARS-CoV-2 accumulated in the pulmonary vessels, causing exudative vasculitis accompanied by the emergence of thrombospondin-1-expressing noncanonical monocytes and the formation of myosin light chain 9 (Myl9)-containing microthrombi in the lung of COVID-19 patients with fatal disease. The amount of plasma Myl9 in COVID-19 was correlated with the clinical severity, and measuring plasma Myl9 together with other markers allowed us to predict the severity of the disease more accurately. This study provides detailed insight into the pathogenesis of vasculitis and immunothrombosis, which may lead to optimal medical treatment for COVID-19.

Reduced-dose versus high-dose glucocorticoids added to rituximab on remission induction in ANCA-associated vasculitis: predefined 2-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVES: The LoVAS trial reported non-inferiority in remission induction rates between the reduced-dose and conventional high-dose glucocorticoid regimens plus rituximab for antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis at 6 months; however, maintenance glucocorticoid requirements and long-term outcomes are unknown. METHODS: A total of 140 patients with new-onset ANCA-associated vasculitis without severe glomerulonephritis or alveolar haemorrhage were randomised to receive reduced-dose prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) plus rituximab (375 mg/m2/week×4) or high-dose prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) plus rituximab. After achieving remission, patients received the rituximab maintenance therapy (1 g/6 months). RESULTS: A total of 134 patients were analysed. Among patients who achieved remission with the protocolised treatments, the majority of patients in the reduced-dose group (89.7%) and 15.5% in the high-dose group discontinued prednisolone (median time to withdrawal, 150 and 375 days, respectively). During 24-month trial period, two patients in the reduced-dose group (2.8%) died, while five patients in the high-dose group (7.6%) died (p=0.225). Relapse occurred in nine patients in the reduced-dose group (13.0%) (two major and seven minor) and five in the high-dose group (7.6%) (two major and three minor) (p=0.311). Serious adverse events (SAEs) were less frequent in the reduced-dose group (36 events in 19 patients, 27.5%) than in the high-dose group (54 events in 30 patients, 46.2%) (p=0.025). CONCLUSION: At 24 months, frequencies of relapse did not differ between the groups, and SAEs were less frequent in the reduced-dose group due to the lower event rate in the 6-month induction phase. The bias to myeloperoxidase-ANCA positivity (85.8%) in the trial population should be noted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02198248.

Utility of prophylactic clipping after colorectal cold snare polypectomy in patients on oral antithrombotic agents.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is no consensus on the effectiveness of prophylactic clipping after colonic cold snare polypectomy (CSP). This study aimed to evaluate the utility of prophylactic clipping in preventing delayed bleeding (DB) after colorectal CSP in patients on antithrombotic agents. METHODS: We retrospectively recruited consecutive patients on antithrombotic agents who underwent colorectal CSP in Chiba University Hospital. The DB rate was compared between patients with and without prophylactic clipping. RESULTS: The study included 133 patients (422 polyps) requiring prophylactic clipping and 85 patients (282 polyps) not requiring prophylactic clipping. There were no significant differences in DB and hematochezia rates between the groups. By weighted logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio of hematochezia was 0.557 (95% confidence interval, 0.225-1.378; P = .205) in patients without clipping compared to those with clipping. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic clipping may not be necessary to prevent DB after colorectal CSP in patients on antithrombotic agents.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor therapy reduces the administration frequency of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in patients with diabetic macular oedema with a history of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent use: A cohort study using the Japanese health insurance claims database.

AIM: We assessed the effectiveness of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in reducing the administration frequency of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DMO) using a health insurance claims database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analysed health insurance claims data covering 11 million Japanese patients between 2005 and 2019. We analysed the frequency and duration of intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents after initiating SGLT2is or other antidiabetic drugs. RESULTS: Among 2412 matched patients with DMO, the incidence rates of anti-VEGF agent injections were 230.1 per 1000 person-year in SGLT2i users and 228.4 times per 1000 person-year in non-users, respectively, and the risk ratio for events was unchanged in both groups. Sub-analysis of each baseline characteristic of the patients showed that SGLT2is were particularly effective in patients with a history of anti-VEGF agent use [p = .027, hazard ratio (HR): 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22-0.91]. SGLT2is reduced the risk for the first (p = .023, HR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.22-0.91) and second (p = .021, HR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.17-0.89) anti-VEGF agent injections. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the risk ratio for the addition of anti-VEGF therapy between the two treatment groups. However, the use of SGLT2is reduced the frequency of anti-VEGF agent administration in patients with DMO requiring anti-VEGF therapy. Therefore, SGLT2i therapy may be a novel, non-invasive, low-cost adjunctive therapy for DMO requiring anti-VEGF therapy.

The short and long-term prognostic influences of liver grafts with high bilirubin levels at the time of organ recovery.

BACKGROUND: Donors with hyperbilirubinemia are often not utilized for liver transplantation (LT) due to concerns about potential liver dysfunction and graft survival. The potential to mitigate organ shortages using such donors remains unclear. METHODS: This study analyzed adult deceased donor data from the United Network for Organ Sharing database (2002-2022). Hyperbilirubinemia was categorized as high total bilirubin (3.0-5.0 mg/dL) and very high bilirubin (≥5.0 mg/dL) in brain-dead donors. We assessed the impact of donor hyperbilirubinemia on 3-month and 3-year graft survival, comparing these outcomes to donors after circulatory death (DCD). RESULTS: Of 138 622 donors, 3452 (2.5%) had high bilirubin and 1999 (1.4%) had very high bilirubin levels. Utilization rates for normal, high, and very high bilirubin groups were 73.5%, 56.4%, and 29.2%, respectively. No significant differences were found in 3-month and 3-year graft survival between groups. Donors with high bilirubin had superior 3-year graft survival compared to DCD (hazard ratio .83, p = .02). Factors associated with inferior short-term graft survival included recipient medical condition in intensive care unit (ICU) and longer cold ischemic time; factors associated with inferior long-term graft survival included older donor age, recipient medical condition in ICU, older recipient age, and longer cold ischemic time. Donors with ≥10% macrosteatosis in the very high bilirubin group were also associated with worse 3-year graft survival (p = .04). DISCUSSION: The study suggests that despite many grafts with hyperbilirubinemia being non-utilized, acceptable post-LT outcomes can be achieved using donors with hyperbilirubinemia. Careful selection may increase utilization and expand the donor pool without negatively affecting graft outcome.

Efficacy and safety of a novel pain management device, AT-04, for endometriosis-related pain: study protocol for a phase III randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis-related pain encompassing dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and chronic pelvic pain, reduces the quality of life in premenopausal women. Although treatment options for endometriosis alleviate this pain, approximately one-third of women still experience pain even after receiving treatment, indicating the need for novel approaches to pain relief in those women. The Angel Touch device (AT-04) is a portable magnetic fields irradiation device that incorporates a combination of mixed alternative magnetic fields at 2 kHz and 83.3 MHz. A phase III trial confirmed the efficacy and safety of AT-02, a prototype of AT-04, for pain relief in patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS: This is a phase III, multicenter, prospective, randomized, sham device-controlled, double-blind, parallel study. The participants will be premenopausal women aged > 18 years who have endometriosis-related pain with at least moderate severity. Considering dropouts, 50 participants have been deemed appropriate. Eligible women will be centrally registered, and the data center will randomly allocate them in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention and control groups. Women in the intervention group will receive electromagnetic wave irradiation generated by AT-04 and those who in the control group will wear a sham device for 16 weeks, and both groups will wear AT-04 for another 4 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the change in the Numeric Rating Scale score at 16 weeks compared with the baseline. Secondary outcome measures are efficacy for pelvic pain including dysmenorrhea and non-menstrual pain, and chronic pelvic pain not related to menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia, and improvement of quality of life during the study period. Safety will be evaluated by device defects and the frequency of adverse events. The study protocol has been approved by the Clinical Study Review Board of Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan, and will be conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Japanese Clinical Trials Act and relevant notifications. DISCUSSION: This study aims to develop a novel method of managing endometriosis-related pain. The AT-04 is an ultralow-invasive device that can be used without inhibiting ovulation, suggesting potential benefits to women of reproductive-age. Trial registration number Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs032230278).

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that negatively impacts reproductive health via endometriosis-related pain, infertility, and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. Although current therapeutic options for endometriosis are effective for the endometriosis-related pain, approximately one-third of women still experience pain even after receiving treatment, indicating the need for novel approaches to pain relief in those women. This is the first randomized controlled trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of a novel portable pain management device, AT-04, that incorporates a combination of mixed alternating magnetic fields, for endometriosis-related pain. This is a multicenter, prospective, sham device-controlled, double-blind, parallel study. Enrolled women will have undergone standard hormonal treatment for endometriosis at baseline, and this allows for assessing whether the device remains effective when used in conjunction with existing treatment methods. The study also will explore the impact of AT-04 on reducing the size of ovarian endometriotic cysts that reflect the activity of endometriosis. The study reflects the strong desire by physicians to liberate women from the unbearable pain associated with endometriosis. The sole efficacy of AT-04 in treating endometriosis-related pain is difficult to evaluate as there is a possibility that menstrual cycles may influence the assessment of pain and quality of life. However, the study findings regarding the effectiveness of AT-04 for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain may benefit women with endometriosis who have pain that is not effectively relieved by other treatments. Consequently, it may contribute to the improvement of reproductive health within society.

Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms after treatment for ovarian cancer: A retrospective single-center case series.

OBJECTIVE: Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs) are often fatal and arise as late complications of previous anticancer drug treatment. No single-center case series has examined t-MNs in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS: All patients with EOC treated at Chiba University Hospital between 2000 and 2021 were included. We retrospectively analyzed the characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of patients who developed t-MNs. RESULTS: Among 895 cases with EOC, 814 cases were treated with anticancer drugs. The median follow-up period was 45 months (interquartile range, 27-81) months. Ten patients (1.2%) developed t-MNs (FIGO IIIA in one case, IIIC in three, IVA in one, and IVB in five). Nine patients were diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome and one with acute leukemia. One patient with myelodysplastic syndrome developed acute leukemia. The median time from the first chemotherapy administration to t-MN onset was 42 months (range, 21-94 months), with t-MN diagnoses resulting from pancytopenia in four cases, thrombocytopenia in three, and blast or abnormal cell morphology in four. The median number of previous treatment regimens was four (range, 1-7). Paclitaxel + carboplatin therapy was administered to all patients, gemcitabine and irinotecan combination therapy to nine, bevacizumab to eight, and olaparib to four. Six patients received chemotherapy for t-MN. All patients died (eight cancer-related deaths and two t-MN-related deaths). None of the patients was able to restart cancer treatment. The median survival time from t-MN onset was 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with EOC who developed t-MN were unable to restart cancer treatment and had a significantly worse prognosis.

Has the risk of liver re-transplantation improved over the two decades?

BACKGROUND: Despite advancements in liver transplantation (LT) over the past two decades, liver re-transplantation (re-LT) presents challenges. This study aimed to assess improvements in re-LT outcomes and contributing factors. METHODS: Data from the United Network for Organ Sharing database (2002-2021) were analyzed, with recipients categorized into four-year intervals. Trends in re-LT characteristics and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 128,462 LT patients, 7254 received re-LT. Graft survival (GS) for re-LT improved (91.3%, 82.1%, and 70.8% at 30 days, 1 year, and 3 years post-LT from 2018 to 2021). However, hazard ratios (HRs) for GS remained elevated compared to marginal donors including donors after circulatory death (DCD), although the difference in HRs decreased in long-term GS. Changes in re-LT causes included a reduction in hepatitis C recurrence and an increase in graft failure post-primary LT involving DCD. Trends identified included recent decreased cold ischemic time (CIT) and increased distance from donor hospital in re-LT group. Meanwhile, DCD cohort exhibited less significant increase in distance and more marked decrease in CIT. The shortest CIT was recorded in urgent re-LT group. The highest Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score was observed in urgent re-LT group, while the lowest was recorded in DCD group. Analysis revealed shorter time interval between previous LT and re-listing, leading to worse outcomes, and varying primary graft failure causes influencing overall survival post-re-LT. DISCUSSION: While short-term re-LT outcomes improved, challenges persist compared to DCD. Further enhancements are required, with ongoing research focusing on optimizing risk stratification models and allocation systems for better LT outcomes.

Impact of donor sex on hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in liver transplantation after brain death.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is predominantly seen in males but has a better prognosis in females. No prior studies have investigated HCC recurrence based on sex combination following liver transplant donated after brain death (DBDLT). This study sought to elucidate the effects of donor and recipient sex on HCC recurrence rates. METHODS: 9232 adult recipients from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database who underwent DBDLT for HCC from 2012 to 2018 were included. Donor-recipient pairs were divided into (1) female donor/female recipient (F-F) (n = 1089); (2) male donor/female recipient (M-F) (n = 975); (3) female donor/male recipient (F-M) (n = 2691); (4) male donor/male recipient (M-M) (n = 4477). The primary prognostic outcome was HCC recurrence. A multivariable competing risk regression analysis was used to assess prognostic influences. RESULTS: The median recipient age and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores were similar among the four groups. Livers of male recipients demonstrated greater in size and number of HCC (both p-values were <.0001). There was also a higher rate of vascular invasion in male recipients compared to female (p < .0001). Competing risk analyses showed that the cumulative HCC recurrence rate was significantly lower in the M-F group (p = .013). After adjusting for tumor characteristics, liver grafts from male donors were associated with a lower HCC recurrence rate in female recipients (HR: .62 95%CI: .42-.93) (p = .021). CONCLUSION: In DBDLT, male donor to female recipient pairing exhibited lower HCC recurrence rates. SUMMARY: Lowest rates of HCC recurrence were confirmed among the female recipients of male donor grafts group in the deceased donor LT cohort. A competing risk multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that male donor sex was significantly associated with low HCC recurrence in female but not male recipients.

Outcomes for Underwater Endoscopic Mucosal Resection and Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of 21-30-mm Colorectal Polyps: A Feasible Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) was designed to evaluate the short-term outcomes of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of 21-30 mm colonic polyps. METHOD: We conducted a single-center RCT. Patients diagnosed with suspected colorectal intramucosal carcinoma (21-30 mm and adaptable for both UEMR and ESD) were randomly assigned to the UEMR and ESD groups at a 1:1 ratio. The primary endpoint was the R0 resection rate. We independently performed one-sample tests against the set threshold for each treatment. The significance level was set at p = 0.224. RESULT: Eleven polyps each in the UEMR and ESD groups, respectively, were analyzed. The R0 resection rate (%) was 36 (95% confidence interval 11-69) and 100 (72-100) for UEMR and ESD, respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.002). The p-value against the set threshold for UEMR was 0.743, whereas that for ESD was < 0.001 (one-sample binomial test). The en bloc resection rates (%) were 82 (48-97) and 100 (72-100) for UEMR and ESD, respectively; however, no significant difference was observed (p = 0.167). The mean treatment time (min) was significantly shorter in the UEMR group (8 ± 6) than in the ESD group (48 ± 29) (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: ESD could achieve a high R0 resection rate, while the en bloc resection rate was comparable between the two treatment techniques with less burden on patients undergoing UEMR for 21-30-mm colorectal polyps. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at the Japan Registry of Clinical Trial as jRCT1030210015 and jRCT1030210177.

A Phase Ib Study of Durvalumab (MEDI4736) in Combination with Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy and Weekly Cisplatin for Patients with Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer (DECISION Study): The Early Safety and Efficacy Results.

We conducted a phase Ib study to examine the safety of a combination of carbon-ion RT (CIRT) with durvalumab (MEDI4736; AstraZeneca) in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. This was an open-label, single-arm study with a modified 3 + 3 design. Patients with newly diagnosed histologically proven locally advanced cervical cancer were enrolled. All patients received 74.4 Gy of CIRT in 20 fractions and concurrent weekly cisplatin (chemo-CIRT) at a dose of 40 mg/m2. Durvalumab was administered (1500 mg/body) at weeks two and six. The primary endpoint was the incidence of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs), including dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). All three enrolled patients completed the treatment without interruption. One patient developed hypothyroidism after treatment and was determined to be an SAE. No other SAEs were observed. The patient recovered after levothyroxine sodium hydrate treatment. None of the AEs, including hypothyroidism, were associated with DLT in the present study. All three patients achieved complete responses within the CIRT region concerning treatment efficacy. This phase 1b trial demonstrates the safety of combining chemo-CIRT and durvalumab for locally advanced cervical cancer in the early phase. Further research is required as only three patients were included in this study.

Appropriate selection of endoscopic resection for superficial nonampullary duodenal adenomas in association with recurrence.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The appropriate selection of endoscopic resection for relatively small superficial nonampullary duodenal adenomas (SNADAs) considering recurrence is not completely clarified. Therefore, this study investigated endoscopic resection utility (EMR, underwater EMR [UEMR], and cap-assisted EMR [EMRC]) for SNADAs from the viewpoint of recurrence and short-term outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with sporadic SNADAs who underwent EMR, UEMR, and EMRC at Chiba University Hospital between May 2004 and March 2020 and were observed for ≥12 months after endoscopic resection (EMR, 34 patients, 36 lesions; UEMR, 54 patients, 55 lesions; and EMRC, 45 patients, 48 lesions). Outcomes were evaluated using weighted logistic regression analysis. The logistic regression analysis was weighted using propensity scores. RESULTS: EMRC showed significantly higher en-bloc and R0 resection rates than EMR. All techniques were equally safe. Only 1 case each of intraoperative perforation and postoperative perforation (in 2 different patients) occurred, which were associated with EMRC. UEMR resulted in higher R0 resection and lower postbleeding rates than EMR. Moreover, patients who underwent UEMR showed no perforation. Median observation period per lesion after endoscopic resection was 84 months (range, 16-199) for patients who underwent EMR, 25 months (range, 12-60) for patients who underwent UEMR, and 63 months (range, 12-180) for patients who underwent EMRC. No significant difference was observed between EMR versus UEMR and between EMR versus EMRC in terms of recurrence (odds ratio, .20 [95% confidence interval, .01-2.86; P = .24] and .78 [95% confidence interval, .09-6.84; P = .82], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence risk was not different for EMR, UEMR, and EMRC. Therefore, UEMR, a simple and safe procedure, could be the first choice for relatively small SNADAs. With larger prospective studies, UEMR data may turn out to be more robust, corroborating it as the endoscopic modality of choice for certain SNADAs.

Utility of underwater EMR for nonpolypoid superficial nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumors ≤20 mm.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The application of underwater EMR (UEMR) for nonpolypoid superficial nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADETs) has not been comprehensively assessed. Therefore, the current study aimed to validate the efficacy of UEMR versus conventional EMR and cap-assisted EMR (EMRC) for SNADETs measuring ≤20 mm. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with sporadic nonpolypoid SNADETs measuring ≤20 mm undergoing EMR, EMRC, or UEMR at Chiba University Hospital between May 2004 and October 2020 (EMR, 21 patients and 23 SNADETs; UEMR, 60 patients and 61 SNADETs; EMRC, 45 patients and 48 SNADETs). A weighted logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze outcomes. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify the predictors of RX/1 and piecemeal resection. The recurrence rate of lesions observed ≥12 months after resection was assessed. RESULTS: Both UEMR and EMRC had a significantly higher R0 resection rate than EMR. UEMR had significantly lower multiple resection and postbleeding rates than EMR. Only 1 patient (2.1%) who underwent EMRC experienced intraoperative and postoperative perforation. EMR was involved in RX/1 and piecemeal resection. The recurrence rates of EMR, UEMR, and EMRC were 4.3%, 2.0%, and 6.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: UEMR had significantly higher R0 resection and lower postbleeding rates than EMR. Moreover, it was safer than EMRC and was associated with a lower incidence of recurrences. The significant results of the retrospective analysis suggest a randomized controlled study with adequate numbers needs to be conducted to confirm the superior efficacy of UEMR before it is recommended for primary treatment option for SNADETs measuring ≤20 mm.

Effect of Reduced-Dose vs High-Dose Glucocorticoids Added to Rituximab on Remission Induction in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The current standard induction therapy for antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is the combination of high-dose glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide or rituximab. Although these regimens have high remission rates, they are associated with considerable adverse events presumably due to high-dose glucocorticoids. Objective: To compare efficacy and adverse events between a reduced-dose glucocorticoid plus rituximab regimen and the standard high-dose glucocorticoid plus rituximab regimen in remission induction of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a phase 4, multicenter, open-label, randomized, noninferiority trial. A total of 140 patients with newly diagnosed ANCA-associated vasculitis without severe glomerulonephritis or alveolar hemorrhage were enrolled between November 2014 and June 2019 at 21 hospitals in Japan. Follow-up ended in December 2019. Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive reduced-dose prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/d) plus rituximab (375 mg/m2/wk, 4 doses) (n = 70) or high-dose prednisolone (1 mg/kg/d) plus rituximab (n = 70). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was the remission rate at 6 months, and the prespecified noninferiority margin was -20 percentage points. There were 8 secondary efficacy outcomes and 6 secondary safety outcomes, including serious adverse events and infections. Results: Among 140 patients who were randomized (median age, 73 years; 81 women [57.8%]), 134 (95.7%) completed the trial. At 6 months, 49 of 69 patients (71.0%) in the reduced-dose group and 45 of 65 patients (69.2%) in the high-dose group achieved remission with the protocolized treatments. The treatment difference of 1.8 percentage points (1-sided 97.5% CI, -13.7 to ∞) between the groups met the noninferiority criterion (P = .003 for noninferiority). Twenty-one serious adverse events occurred in 13 patients in the reduced-dose group (18.8%), while 41 occurred in 24 patients in the high-dose group (36.9%) (difference, -18.1% [95% CI, -33.0% to -3.2%]; P = .02). Seven serious infections occurred in 5 patients in the reduced-dose group (7.2%), while 20 occurred in 13 patients in the high-dose group (20.0%) (difference, -12.8% [95% CI, -24.2% to -1.3%]; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with newly diagnosed ANCA-associated vasculitis without severe glomerulonephritis or alveolar hemorrhage, a reduced-dose glucocorticoid plus rituximab regimen was noninferior to a high-dose glucocorticoid plus rituximab regimen with regard to induction of disease remission at 6 months. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02198248.

Incomplete Recovery of CD4 Cell Count, CD4 Percentage, and CD4/CD8 Ratio in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Suppressed Viremia During Long-term Antiretroviral Therapy.

Background: The extent and duration of long-term recovery of CD4 count, CD4 percentage (CD4%), and CD4/CD8 ratio after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in patients with a suppressed viral load (VL) are largely unknown. Methods: Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 who started cART between January 2004 and January 2012 and showed persistent viral suppression (VL, <200 copies/mL) for ≥4 years were followed up at the AIDS Clinical Center in Tokyo. Change point analysis was used to determine the time point when CD4 count recovery shows a plateau, and a linear mixed model was applied to estimate the CD4 count at this change point. Results: Data were analyzed from 752 patients (93% male; median age, 38 years; median baseline CD4 cell count, 172/µL [interquartile range CD4%, 13.8%]; CD4/CD8 ratio, 0.23). The median follow-up period was 81.2 months, and 91 patients (12.1%) were followed up for >10 years. Change point analysis showed that CD4 count, CD4%, and CD4/CD8 ratio continued to increase until 78.6, 62.2, and 64.3 months, respectively, with adjusted means of 590/µL (95% confidence interval, 29.5%, and 0.89, respectively, at the change point. Although CD4 counts ≥500/µL were achieved in 73.8% of the study patients, they were not achieved in 48.2% of those with a baseline CD4 count <100/µL. Neither the CD4% nor the CD4/CD8 ratio were normalized in a majority of patients. Conclusions: The results showed lack of normalization of CD4 count, CD4%, and CD4/CD8 ratio to the levels seen in healthy individuals even after long-term successful cART in patients with a suppressed VL.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy reduces the administration frequency of steroid injection in patients with diabetic macular edema: A cohort study using the Japanese health insurance claims database.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Severe diabetic macular edema (DME) is often resistant to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Steroids are particularly effective at reducing edema by suppressing inflammation; they are also used as an alternative to expensive anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in some patients. Therefore, the use of steroids in DME reflects an unmet need for anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Notably, triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injections are widely used in Japan. Here, we evaluated the frequency of TA as an indicator of the efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in DME treatment using a health insurance claims database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cohort study, we retrospectively analyzed the health insurance claims data of 11 million Japanese individuals from 2005 to 2019. The frequency and duration of TA injection after the initiation of SGLT2is or other antidiabetic drugs were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 2,412 matched patients with DME, the incidence rate of TA injection was 63.8 times per 1,000 person-years in SGLT2i users and 94.9 times per 1,000 person-years in non-users. SGLT2is reduced the risk for the first (P = 0.0024, hazard ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.50-0.87), second (P = 0.0019, hazard ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.35-0.80) and third TA (P = 0.0053, hazard ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval 0.25-0.80) injections. A subanalysis of each baseline characteristic of the patients showed that SGLT2is were effective regardless of the background factors. CONCLUSIONS: The use of SGLT2is reduced the frequency of TA injection in patients with DME. Therefore, SGLT2i therapy might be a novel, noninvasive and low-cost adjunctive therapy for DME.

Feasibility of Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder in Japan: Pilot Single-Arm Trial.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in treating anxiety disorders. Accessibility to CBT has been limited in Japan due to the shortage of therapists. While an open-source e-learning system can be used to create a simple internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) program, the safety and outpatient acceptance of this treatment approach have not been explored in Japan. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether outpatients with anxiety disorders could accept and successfully complete the ICBT program with guidance by CBT therapists when implementing therapeutic modules and CBT tasks. Due to being in the initial phase of a novel treatment in Japan, this study was intended for verification with a small sample size. METHODS: In total, 6 adults, including 4 male participants and 2 female participants, were enrolled in a single-arm trial. The intervention involved guided ICBT comprising 12 sessions, including CBT text, comprehension confirmation tests, and explanatory videos about cognitive behavioral models, accessible through a website. The therapist guided the participants in accessing the ICBT program and answering their questions using a chat tool. The primary outcome was anxiety severity assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait. Secondary outcomes included the Panic Disorder Severity Scale, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF). Statistical analyses were performed using paired 2-tailed t tests to assess the changes in clinical symptoms. The total WAI-SF score at the final session was used to evaluate the therapeutic alliance. For statistical analyses, mean changes for total State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait, BAI, Panic Disorder Severity Scale, LSAS, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scores were analyzed using the paired 2-tailed t test. The 2-sided significance level for hypothesis testing was set at 5%, and 2-sided 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS: Most participants diligently engaged with the ICBT program. No adverse events were reported. The mean total scores for the primary outcome decreased by 11.0 (SD 9.6) points (95% CI -22.2 to 0.20; Hedges g=0.95), but it was not statistically significant. The mean total scores for the secondary outcomes that assess clinical symptoms decreased, with a significant reduction observed in the BAI of 15.7 (SD 12.1) points (95% CI -28.4 to -3.0; P=.03; Hedges g=1.24). The mean total scores for PDSS and LSAS decreased significantly, by 12.0 (SD 4.24) points (95% CI -50.1 to 26.1; P=.16; Hedges g=1.79) and 32.4 (SD 11.1) points (95% CI -59.7 to -4.3; P=.04; Hedges g=1.38), respectively. Of the participants, 67% (n=4) showed treatment response, and 50% (n=3) achieved remission after the intervention. The therapeutic alliance, measured using the WAI-SF, was moderate. CONCLUSIONS: Guided ICBT may be feasible for the treatment of outpatients with panic disorder and social anxiety disorder in Japan. TRIAL REGISTRATION: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry UMIN0000038118; https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000043439.