Clarifying Deeper Psychological Characteristics of Hikikomori Using the Rorschach Comprehensive System: A Pilot Case-Control Study.

Hikikomori, a form of severe social withdrawal more than 6 months, has increasingly become a crucial issue especially among adolescents. Loneliness, avoidant personality, Japanese culture-related attachment style ("amae"), and difficulty in expressing emotions are suggested to be related to hikikomori. However, deeper psychological aspects have not been well clarified. The Rorschach test is one of the most popular psychological assessment tools to evaluate deeper personality traits. The Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) has been established as the most reliable scoring method. Until now, no CS research has been conducted focusing on hikikomori. Therefore, we herein conducted a pilot case-control study using CS in clinical cases with and without hikikomori condition. Participants were recruited from the Mood Disorder/Hikikomori Clinic at Kyushu University Hospital. Twenty-two patients with hikikomori (HK patients) and 18 patients without hikikomori (non-HK patients) participated in the present study. All the 40 participants conducted the self-report Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) personality questionnaire and CS. Regarding the SCID-II personality questionnaire, various personality traits including passive aggressive trait were significantly higher in HK patients. Among CS variables, HK patients showed higher scores on FC (Form Color) and SumT (total number of texture-related responses). In addition, frequency of SumT was higher in HK patients. The present results suggest that persons with hikikomori are more likely to express emotions indirectly and expect others to presume their feelings and thoughts. Persons with hikikomori may also have difficulty in becoming independent emotionally from primitive dependence and attachment on significant others. Further investigations with larger samples are warranted for validation.

Adaptation of the Evidence-Based Practices Attitude Scale in Spanish child welfare professionals.

BACKGROUND: Implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) into real-world settings represents an organizational change that may be limited or facilitated by provider attitudes towards the adoption of new interventions and practices. The objective of the present study was to analyze psychometric properties of the Evidence Based Practices Attitude Scale (EBPAS) Spanish version in Child Welfare professionals. METHOD: The EBPAS 50-item version was administered to a sample of professionals (N = 240) providing services to children/adolescents and their families in Child Welfare Services from three Spanish regions. RESULTS: Most of the dimensions measured by the EBPAS (50 items) were confirmed in the Spanish version administrated to Child Welfare professionals. Internal consistency reliabilities were fair to excellent. Provider attitudes varied by professional discipline and organizational context. CONCLUSIONS: The EBPAS Spanish version is an adequate instrument to be used as a measure of attitudes toward implementation of evidence-based practices.

Psychologists and child psychological maltreatment severity assessment.

BACKGROUND: Psychological maltreatment (PM) is probably the most difficult child maltreatment form to detect and evaluate. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of an instrument developed to improve accuracy in the assessment of PM severity in Child Protection Services (CPS). METHOD: Case vignettes representing different severity levels of PM situations were used. 146 CPS psychologists participated in the study. A first group was made up of 115 psychologists who had been trained in the use of the instrument for 4 hours. The second group was made up of 31 psychologists who had been using the instrument for more than 12 months at the time of the study. Psychologists from the first group rated the severity of the vignettes in two ways: applying their own daily work criteria and applying the instrument after the training. RESULTS: Accurate ratings clearly improved when psychologists used the instrument criteria. However, only psychologists who had used the instrument for more than 12 months at the time of the study obtained more than 80% of accurate ratings. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the importance for CPS psychologists to use psychological maltreatment severity assessment instruments and show the conditions under which they could be effective.

Implantación piloto de dos programas basados en la evidencia (SafeCare e Incredible Years) en los Servicios de Protección Infantil de Gipuzkoa (España) / Pilot Implementation of two evidence based programs (SafeCare and Incredible Years) in Child Protection Services in Gipuzkoa (Spain)

El presente artículo describe el proceso de implantación de dos la primera letra de las tres palabras minúscula en el Sistema de Protección Infantil de Gipuzkoa (España): SafeCare e incredible years. El primero es un programa de intervención en el domicilio para familias negligentes o en riesgo de negligencia con niños menores de 5 años. El segundo es un programa terapéutico grupal para familias con niños entre 4 y 8 años con problemas de comportamiento cuyos padres tienen dificultades significativas para su manejo. Se describe el proceso por el que las instituciones responsables de la protección infantil en Gipuzkoa iniciaron un cambio desde los modelos actuales de intervención hacia programas más estructurados, focalizados y breves que han mostrado resultados positivos en aplicaciones previas en otros países. Se tratan cuestiones relacionadas con la adaptación de los programas, la selección y formación de profesionales y se presentan los resultados pre- y post- obtenidos en la aplicación preliminar de ambos programas a un número limitado de familias. Se presenta el diseño de la siguiente fase del proceso (implantación piloto con diseño experimental para evaluación de resultados). Se discuten cuestiones relevantes de este proceso, que pueden ser de utilidad para aquellas administraciones e instituciones que pretendan llevar a cabo un proceso similar

This paper describes the implementation process of two evidence-based programs in Gipuzkoa’s Child Protection System (Spain): SafeCare and Incredible Years. SafeCare is a home visiting program for high-risk and neglectful families with children under 5 years. Incredible Years is a parenting skills training program for families with children between 4 to 8 years with behavior problems whose parents have significant difficulties to manage. The paper describes the process by which public institutions responsible for child protection in Gipuzkoa decided to shift from current intervention programs towards more structured, focused, and short-term programs that have shown positive results in previous applications in other countries. Issues related to programs adaptation, selection, and training of professionals and pre- and post- results obtained in the preliminary application of SafeCare and Incredible Years to a limited set of families are presented. Finally, the next step of the implementation process (pilot implementation with a randomized control trial design) is described. The paper discusses a significant number of issues that have been important throughout this process and that may be useful for administrations and institutions that wish to undertake a similar process

Adaptation of the Evidence-Based Practices Attitude Scale in Spanish child welfare professionals / Adaptación de la escala de actitudes hacia la práctica basada en la evidencia en profesionales de protección infantil

BACKGROUND: Implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) into real-world settings represents an organizational change that may be limited or facilitated by provider attitudes towards the adoption of new interventions and practices. The objective of the present study was to analyze psychometric properties of the Evidence Based Practices Attitude Scale (EBPAS) Spanish version in Child Welfare professionals. METHOD: The EBPAS 50-item version was administered to a sample of professionals (N = 240) providing services to children/adolescents and their families in Child Welfare Services from three Spanish regions. RESULTS: Most of the dimensions measured by the EBPAS (50 items) were confirmed in the Spanish version administrated to Child Welfare professionals. Internal consistency reliabilities were fair to excellent. Provider attitudes varied by professional discipline and organizational context.CONCLUSIONS: The EBPAS Spanish version is an adequate instrument to be used as a measure of attitudes toward implementation of evidence-based practices

ANTECEDENTES: la implantación de programas basados en la evidencia (PBEs) representa un cambio organizacional que puede ser limitado o facilitado por las actitudes de los profesionales hacia la adopción de nuevas prácticas. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español de la Escala de Actitudes para la Práctica Basada en la Evidencia (EBPAS) en profesionales de la Protección Infantil. MÉTODO: se administró la versión traducida del EBPAS-50 a una muestra de 240 profesionales de los servicios de Protección Infantil en tres regiones españolas. RESULTADOS: la mayoría de las dimensiones medidas por el EBPAS (50 ítems) fueron confirmadas en la versión española aplicada a profesionales de la Protección Infantil. Los índices de consistencia interna fueron adecuados. Las puntuaciones en las actitudes variaron en base a algunas variables personales y contextuales. CONCLUSIONES: la versión española del EBPAS puede ser un instrumento adecuado para ser utilizado en España como medida de actitudes hacia la implantación de prácticas basadas en la evidencia

Psychologists and child psychological maltreatment severity assessment / Los profesionales de la psicología en la evaluación de la gravedad de las situaciones de maltrato psicológico infantil en la familia

Background: Psychological maltreatment (PM) is probably the most difficult child maltreatment form to detect and evaluate. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of an instrument developed to improve accuracy in the assessment of PM severity in Child Protection Services (CPS). Method: Case vignettes representing different severity levels of PM situations were used. 146 CPS psychologists participated in the study. A first group was made up of 115 psychologists who had been trained in the use of the instrument for 4 hours. The second group was made up of 31 psychologists who had been using the instrument for more than 12 months at the time of the study. Psychologists from the first group rated the severity of the vignettes in two ways: applying their own daily work criteria and applying the instrument after the training. Results: Accurate ratings clearly improved when psychologists used the instrument criteria. However, only psychologists who had used the instrument for more than 12 months at the time of the study obtained more than 80% of accurate ratings. Conclusions: Results support the importance for CPS psychologists to use psychological maltreatment severity assessment instruments and show the conditions under which they could be effective(AU)

Antecedentes: el maltrato psicológico en la familia es una de las tipologías de maltrato infantil que presenta mayores dificultades para su identificación y evaluación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer el efecto de un nuevo instrumento diseñado para mejorar la valoración de la gravedad de situaciones de maltrato psicológico en los Servicios de Protección Infantil (SPI). Método: se utilizaron doce viñetas que representaban situaciones de maltrato psicológico de diferente gravedad. El estudio se realizó con 146 psicólogos de SPI. Un primer grupo (n = 115) calificó la gravedad de las viñetas antes y después de recibir formación básica sobre el instrumento. Un segundo grupo (n = 31) llevaba ya más de doce meses utilizándolo. Resultados: los resultados mostraron un claro incremento en el porcentaje de psicólogos que calificaron correctamente las viñetas cuando utilizaron el instrumento en comparación a sus criterios previos. Sin embargo, solo alcanzaron un 80% de calificación correcta los profesionales que llevaban más de doce meses utilizándolo en su actividad profesional. Conclusiones: los resultados apoyan la importancia de que los psicólogos de SPI dispongan de instrumentos que les ayuden a valorar la gravedad del maltrato psicológico y muestran las condiciones en que pueden resultar eficaces (AU)