Genome-wide identification of gene families related to miRNA biogenesis in Mangifera indica L. and their possible role during heat stress.

Mango is a popular tropical fruit that requires quarantine hot water treatment (QHWT) for postharvest sanitation, which can cause abiotic stress. Plants have various defense mechanisms to cope with stress; miRNAs mainly regulate the expression of these defense responses. Proteins involved in the biogenesis of miRNAs include DICER-like (DCL), ARGONAUTE (AGO), HYPONASTIC LEAVES 1 (HYL1), SERRATE (SE), HUA ENHANCER1 (HEN1), HASTY (HST), and HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90), among others. According to our analysis, the mango genome contains five DCL, thirteen AGO, six HYL, two SE, one HEN1, one HST, and five putative HSP90 genes. Gene structure prediction and domain identification indicate that sequences contain key domains for their respective gene families, including the RNase III domain in DCL and PAZ and PIWI domains for AGOs. In addition, phylogenetic analysis indicates the formation of clades that include the mango sequences and their respective orthologs in other flowering plant species, supporting the idea these are functional orthologs. The analysis of cis-regulatory elements of these genes allowed the identification of MYB, ABRE, GARE, MYC, and MeJA-responsive elements involved in stress responses. Gene expression analysis showed that most genes are induced between 3 to 6 h after QHWT, supporting the early role of miRNAs in stress response. Interestingly, our results suggest that mango rapidly induces the production of miRNAs after heat stress. This research will enable us to investigate further the regulation of gene expression and its effects on commercially cultivated fruits, such as mango, while maintaining sanitary standards.

Binding of green tea epigallocatechin gallate to the arginine kinase active site from the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles laeta): A potential synergist to chemical pesticides.

Loxosceles spp. spiders can cause serious public health issues. Chemical control is commonly used, leading to health and environmental problems. Identifying molecular targets and using them with natural compounds can help develop safer and eco-friendlier biopesticides. We studied the kinetics and predicted structural characteristics of arginine kinase (EC 2.7.3.3) from Loxosceles laeta (LlAK), a key enzyme in the energy metabolism of these organisms. Additionally, we explored (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea flavonoid, as a potential lead compound for the LlAK active site through fluorescence and in silico analysis, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MM/PBSA analyses. The results indicate that LlAK is a highly efficient enzyme (K m Arg 0.14 mM, K m ATP 0.98 mM, k cat 93 s-1, k cat/K m Arg 630 s-1 mM-1, k cat/K m ATP 94 s-1 mM-1), which correlates with its structure similarity to others AKs (such as Litopenaeus vannamei, Polybetes pythagoricus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus) and might be related to its important function in the spider's energetic metabolism. Furthermore, the MD and MM/PBSA analysis suggests that EGCG interacted with LlAK, specifically at ATP/ADP binding site (RMSD <1 nm) and its interaction is energetically favored for its binding stability (-40 to -15 kcal/mol). Moreover, these results are supported by fluorescence quenching analysis (K d 58.3 µM and K a 1.71 × 104 M-1). In this context, LlAK is a promising target for the chemical control of L. laeta, and EGCG could be used in combination with conventional pesticides to manage the population of Loxosceles species in urban areas.

Endocarditis due to Candida albicans in an immunocompromised patient: A case report / Endocarditis por Candida albicans en una paciente inmunocomprometida: presentación de un caso

Case report: Here we present the case of a 53-year-old woman under corticosteroid therapy with a history of rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve replacement, and rheumatoid arthritis, who presented with fungal endocarditis caused by Candida albicans. Even though the patient received 3 years of antifungal prophylaxis with fluconazole, had valve replacement surgery, and received intensive care, the patient finally worsened and died. Conclusions: Comorbidities and corticosteroid therapy predisposed the patient to acquire fungal endocarditis. This case highlights the importance of implementing procedures for the isolation and identification of fungi, and for carrying out antifungal-susceptibility testing, as well as establishing surveillance programs to identify infection-causing species and drug resistance patterns in hospitals. Moreover, designing and upgrading the algorithm for infectious endocarditis is the key to future improvements in diagnosis.(AU)

Antecedentes: La endocarditis fúngica es una enfermedad de baja incidencia cuyo diagnóstico puede ser complicado al confundirse con la endocarditis bacteriana. La endocarditis fúngica se asocia a mayor mortalidad en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. En la práctica clínica, la endocarditis fúngica representa hasta el 10% de las endocarditis infecciosas, con una mortalidad de aproximadamente el 50%. Caso clínico: Mujer de 53 años con endocarditis fúngica por Candida albicans en tratamiento con corticosteroides por antecedentes de fiebre reumática, prótesis de válvula aorta y artritis reumatoide. A pesar de 3 años de profilaxis antifúngica con fluconazol, un nuevo reemplazo valvular y cuidados intensivos, la paciente finalmente empeora y muere. Conclusiones: Las comorbilidades y la toma de corticosteroides predispusieron a la paciente a adquirir una endocarditis fúngica. Esto resalta la importancia de implementar procedimientos de aislamiento, identificación del hongo y pruebas de sensibilidad a los antifúngicos, así como establecer programas de vigilancia para identificar especies causantes de infecciones y patrones de resistencia en hospitales. Además, diseñar y actualizar el algoritmo para un mejor diagnóstico de las endocarditis infecciosas es una cuestión clave.

Regulación del inicio de la esporulación e histidina cinasas: un análisis comparativo entre bacillus subtilis y el grupo bacillus cereus / Sporulation start and hystidine kinase regulation: a comparative analysis of bacillus subtilis the group of bacillus cereus / Regulamentação do início da esporulação e histidina-cinase: uma análise comparativa entre bacillus subtilis e o grupo bacillus cereus

La esporulación, que es una respuesta de quorum sensing, es un proceso de diferenciación celular mediado por moléculas de señalización, señales fisiológicas y ambientales. Se sabe que Bacillus subtilis detecta las señales metabólicas y ambientales y éstas son integradas a un sistema de transferencia secuencial de fosfatos. Las señales son detectadas por histidina cinasas que se autofosforilan y fosforilan, a su vez, a proteínas que actúan como reguladores de respuesta y activan la expresión de genes específicos de esporulación. Dada la importancia de B. cereus desde el punto de vista epidemiológico, el potencial para bioterrorismo de B. anthracis y la importancia en biotecnología agrícola de B. thuringiensis, la investigación sobre los mecanismos moleculares de señalización y la regulación del inicio de la esporulación en estas bacterias del grupo B. cereus reviste especial interés. En esta revisión se discute la literatura sobre este tema, haciendo hincapié en las histidina cinasas y en el análisis comparativo de los genomas de B. subtilis y del grupo de B. cereus, en cuanto a las secuencias de posibles histidina cinasas y reguladores de respuesta. Cabe destacar que en los genomas del grupo B. cereus hay mayor número de histidina cinasas (10 a 14) y de reguladores de respuesta (7 a 11) putativos que en B. subtilis (6 histidina cinasas y 6 reguladores de respuesta), lo cual sugiere una mayor capacidad para responder a estímulos ambientales y metabólicos en estas bacterias.

Sporulation is a quorum sensing response and a cellular differentiation process regulated by signalling molecules and physiological and environmental signals. The regulation of sporulation initiation has been extensively studied in Bacillus subtilis and occurs through phosphorelay. B. subtilis detects metabolic and environmental signals through histidine kinases that are autophosphorylated and then transfer the phosphate group to response regulators, activating the expression of sporulation genes. However, there are other important sporulated bacilli like those from the B. cereus group. B. cereus toxins are related to food-borne intoxication, B. anthracis may be used as biological weapon in bioterrorism, and B. thuringiensis is an excellent biological control agent. Therefore, it is critical to understand the signalling processes that control sporulation initiation and the toxin synthesis. This review summarizes known literature about regulation of initiation of sporulation in the B. cereus group focusing in the role of histidine kinases and the putative open reading frames of these sensors in B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis. The genomes of the B. cereus group have 10 to 14 putative histidine kinases and 7 to 11 response regulators, compared to 6 histidine kinases and 6 response regulators in B. subtilis, implying that this last bacteria should have a lower capacity to respond to environmental and metabolic signals.

A esporulação, que é uma resposta de quorum sensing, é um processo de diferenciação celular mediado por moléculas de sinalização, sinais fisiológicas e ambientais. Sabe-se que Bacillus subtilis detecta os sinais metabólicos e ambientais e estes são integrados a um sistema de transferência sequencial de fosfatos. Os sinais são detectados por histidina cinase que, por sua vez, se autofosforilam e fosforilam, em proteínas que atuam como reguladores de resposta e que ativam a expresão de genes específicos de esporulação. Devido à importância de B. cereus do ponto de vista epidemiológico, o potencial para bioterrorismo de B. anthracis e a importância em biotecnologia agrícola de B. thuringiensis, a investigação sobre os mecanismos moleculares de sinalização e a regulamentação do início da esporulação em estas bactérias do grupo B. cereus revestem especial interesse. Nesta revisão se discute a literatura sobre este tema, colocando especial atenção nas histidina cinases, e na análise comparativa dos genomas de B. subtilis e do grupo de B. cereus, em relação às sequências de posíveis histidina cinases e reguladores de resposta. Cabe destacar que nos genomas do grupo B. cereus há maior número de histidina cinases (10 a 14) e de reguladores de resposta (7 a 11) putativos que en B. subtilis (6 histidina cinases e 6 reguladores de resposta), o que sugere uma maior capacidade para responder a estímulos ambientais e metabólicos nestas bactérias.

Recombinant expression of marine shrimp lysozyme in Escherichia coli

Shrimp Lysozyme (Lyz) is a key component of the antibacterial response as part of the innate defense in Crustacea; however, it has not been possible to purify this protein because of the very low amount present in the shrimp blood cells (hemocytes). In an effort to produce enough protein to study its function and biochemical properties we have overexpressed Lysozyme from marine shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in E. coli. A bacterial protein expression system based on the T7 polymerase promoter was used. Although Lyz was produced as insoluble protein in inclusion bodies, its refolding led to an active protein with a yield of ~10 percent. Details of the protein recombinant expression techniques applied to this shrimp protein are presented.