DrugBank 5.0: a major update to the DrugBank database for 2018.

DrugBank (www.drugbank.ca) is a web-enabled database containing comprehensive molecular information about drugs, their mechanisms, their interactions and their targets. First described in 2006, DrugBank has continued to evolve over the past 12 years in response to marked improvements to web standards and changing needs for drug research and development. This year's update, DrugBank 5.0, represents the most significant upgrade to the database in more than 10 years. In many cases, existing data content has grown by 100% or more over the last update. For instance, the total number of investigational drugs in the database has grown by almost 300%, the number of drug-drug interactions has grown by nearly 600% and the number of SNP-associated drug effects has grown more than 3000%. Significant improvements have been made to the quantity, quality and consistency of drug indications, drug binding data as well as drug-drug and drug-food interactions. A great deal of brand new data have also been added to DrugBank 5.0. This includes information on the influence of hundreds of drugs on metabolite levels (pharmacometabolomics), gene expression levels (pharmacotranscriptomics) and protein expression levels (pharmacoprotoemics). New data have also been added on the status of hundreds of new drug clinical trials and existing drug repurposing trials. Many other important improvements in the content, interface and performance of the DrugBank website have been made and these should greatly enhance its ease of use, utility and potential applications in many areas of pharmacological research, pharmaceutical science and drug education.

Eating disorder hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada from 2010 to 2022: a population-based surveillance study using administrative data.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders (EDs) are severe mental illnesses associated with significant morbidity and mortality. EDs are more prevalent among females and adolescents. Limited research has investigated Canadian trends of ED hospitalizations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, however during the pandemic, rates of ED hospitalizations have increased. This study examined rates of ED hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada from 2010 to 2022, by sex, age, province/territory, length of stay, discharge disposition and ED diagnosis. METHODS: Cases of ED hospitalizations among children and youth, ages 5 to 17 years, were identified using available ICD-10 codes in the Discharge Abstract Database from the 2010/11 to 2022/23 fiscal years. The EDs examined in this study were anorexia nervosa (F50.0), atypical anorexia nervosa (F50.1), bulimia nervosa (F50.2), other EDs (F50.3, F50.8) and unspecified EDs (F50.9). Both cases of total and first-time ED hospitalizations were examined. Descriptive statistics and trend analyses were performed. RESULTS: Between 2010/11 and 2022/23, 18,740 children and youth were hospitalized for an ED, 65.9% of which were first-time hospitalizations. The most frequent diagnosis was anorexia nervosa (51.3%). Females had significantly higher rates of ED hospitalization compared to males (66.7/100,000 vs. 5.9/100,000). Youth had significantly higher rates compared to children. The average age of ED hospitalization was 14.7 years. Rates of ED hospitalizations were relatively stable pre-pandemic, however during the pandemic (2020-2021), rates increased. INTERPRETATION: Rates of pediatric ED hospitalizations in Canada increased significantly during the pandemic, suggesting that there may have been limited access to alternative care for EDs or that ED cases became more severe and required hospitalization. This emphasizes the need for continued surveillance to monitor how rates of ED hospitalizations evolve post-pandemic.

Eating disorders disproportionally affect children and youth, however, literature investigating long-term trends of eating disorder hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada is limited. We conducted a retrospective surveillance study, examining eating disorder hospitalizations among children and youth in Canada, from 2010 to 2022, by sex, age group, geography and eating disorder diagnosis. More than half of eating disorder hospitalizations examined during our study period were first-time hospitalizations. The most common eating disorder diagnoses were anorexia nervosa, followed by unspecified eating disorders. Youth had higher rates of eating disorders compared to younger children and females had higher rates compared to males. In Canada, rates of pediatric eating disorder hospitalizations increased during the pandemic. These results emphasize the need for continued surveillance to monitor how ED hospitalizations evolve post-pandemic, as well as prioritizing early intervention and treatment to help reduce the number of children and youth requiring hospitalization.

Sentinel surveillance of injuries and poisonings associated with cocaine and other substance use: results from the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP). / Surveillance sentinelle des blessures et des intoxications liées à la consommation de cocaïne et d'autres substances : résultats du Système canadien hospitalier d'information et de recherche en prévention des traumatismes (SCHIRPT).

INTRODUCTION: Consumption of cocaine can lead to numerous injuries and poisoning. However, only a limited number of studies have explored cocaine-related injuries. This study examined a wide range of injuries and poisonings related to cocaine only and in combination with other substances in Canada using sentinel surveillance data captured by the electronic Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (eCHIRPP). METHODS: Injuries and poisonings related to the use of cocaine only or in combination with other substances were identified in the eCHIRPP database between January 2012 and December 2019 for all ages. Descriptive analyses were performed to investigate the distribution of demographic and injury characteristics in poisoning and injury records related to the use of cocaine only and in combination with other substances. Statistical analyses were conducted to find the proportion of cocaine-related injuries per 100000 eCHIRPP records. Cocaine-related injury trends were assessed using annual percent change (APC) Results: Cocaine-related injuries and poisonings were observed in 123 records per 100 000 eCHIRPP records. Of the 1482 patients who presented to emergency departments of CHIRPP sites with this type of injury or poisoning, the majority involved cocaine use in combination with one or more substances (80.0%; n = 1186), whereas cocaine-only use was the minority (20.0%; n = 296). Among all cocaine-related records, poisoning was the leading diagnosis (62.7%; n = 930) and most injuries and poisonings were unintentional (73.5%; n = 1090). Overall, the trend of cocaine-related eCHIRPP records for all age groups increased over the study period from 2012 to 2019 (APC [total] = 47.8%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings of a higher proportion of cocaine-related injuries and poisonings among adolescents and young adults, as well as the co-consumption of cocaine with other substances, demonstrate the importance of extensive surveillance of cocainerelated injuries and poisonings and the implementation of evidence-based public health interventions.

Characteristics of outdoor motorized scooter-related injuries: analysis of data from the electronic Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (eCHIRPP). / Caractéristiques des traumatismes causés par l'utilisation à l'extérieur d'une trottinette motorisée : analyse des données de la plate­forme électronique du Système canadien hospitalier d'information et de recherche en prévention des traumatismes (eSCHIRPT).

INTRODUCTION: The use of motorized scooters is gaining popularity in Canada and elsewhere. This study aims to summarize characteristics of injuries related to use of motorized scooters using data from the electronic Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (eCHIRPP) and to analyze trends. The eCHIRPP collects information associated with the injury event and clinical information related to treatment (the injured body part, the nature of the injury, injury intent and treatment received) from 11 pediatric and 9 general hospitals across Canada. RESULTS: A free-text search using keywords identified 523 cases related to motorized scooter injuries between January 2012 and December 2019. Most of the injuries reported were among males (62.7%). Fracture/dislocation was the most frequent injury (36.9%), and 14.3% of all patients were admitted to hospital. Joinpoint regression showed a statistically significant increase in injuries related to motorized scooter use between 2012 and 2017 (annual percent change of 18.4%). CONCLUSION: Study findings indicate the need for continued preventive efforts and improved educational messages on safe riding and the importance of the use of protective equipment to prevent injuries among riders.

Synthesis of a trisaccharide repeat of the zwitterionic Sp1 capsular polysaccharide utilizing 2-Azido-4-benzylamino-4N,3-O-carbonyl-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate.

2-Azido-4-benzylamino-4N,3-O-carbonyl-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate 2 conveniently prepared in six steps from 6-deoxy-d-glucal glycosylated a selectively protected α1,3 linked methyl galabioside to afford the trisaccharide skeleton of a repeating unit of the Sp1 zwitterionic capsular polysaccharide. Lithium hydroxide hydrolysis of the 3,4-cyclic carbamate permitted the creation of a 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxygalactose residue. Selective cleavage of p-methoxybenzyl ethers by trifluoroacetic acid gave a selectively deprotected trisaccharide with two hydroxymethyl groups that were oxidized by the TEMPO reagent to afford access to trisaccharide glycoside 1 containing 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxygalactose and two galacturonic acid residues.

A novel glycosyl donor for synthesis of 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-α-D-galactopyranosides.

2-Azido-4-benzylamino-4-N-,3-O-carbonyl-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (14) was conveniently prepared in six steps by regioselective introduction of an N-benzyl carbamate at O-3 of 6-deoxy-d-glucal 6, followed by mesylation at O-4. Intramolecular displacement of the leaving group afforded oxazolidinone 11. Azidonitration of the bicyclic glycal 11 gave the glycosyl nitrate anomers 12 in good yield and stereoselectivity. Hydrolysis of the anomeric nitrates under aqueous conditions gave the pyranose 13, which was easily converted into the imidate 14. Glycosylation of cyclohexanol by 14 gave glycosides 16α and 16ß in a ratio of 4:1.