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1.
J Med Virol ; 89(3): 559-561, 2017 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26702584

RESUMEN

We aimed to establish the utility of the Fast-track diagnostics Viral meningitis multiplex PCR kit for the diagnosis of central nervous system infection in infants. The multiplex assay had reduced sensitivity for the detection of enterovirus, the predominant pathogen in young infants, when compared to our in-house singleplex PCR. In our infant population, multiple singleplex PCR assays perform better than a multiplex assay for the detection of CSF viruses. J. Med. Virol. 89:559-561, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Asunto(s)
Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/virología , Meningitis Viral/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/métodos , Virus/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Virus/clasificación , Virus/genética
2.
Br J Biomed Sci ; 74(2): 85-89, 2017 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28367738

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Real-time multiplex PCR assays are increasingly used for respiratory virus detection, and offer automated analysis in a closed tube system, but they have the disadvantage of low-throughput due to multiplexing limitations. In this study, the established fast-track respiratory 21 assay (FTD) (fast-track diagnostics, Junglinster Luxembourg) was compared to the new Seegene Allplex assay (Seegene) (Seegene Inc. Seoul, Korea) which offers greater multiplexing as multiple targets can be detected in each fluorescence channel. The Seegene Allplex assay is quicker to perform than previous Seegene respiratory multiplex assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The assays were evaluated using 199 mostly upper respiratory tract samples. RESULTS: A respiratory pathogen was found in 127/199 (63.8%) of samples by the FTD assay and 123/199 (61.8%) using the Seegene assay. Kappa agreement was between 0.87 and 1 for all targets except human bocavirus and adenovirus. CONCLUSION: Although the performance of the assays were similar, the Seegene assay had the advantage of simultaneous detection of two gene targets for each of the common Influenza A subtypes, improved throughput of 30 samples per run and automated result analysis. The FTD assay could only test 17 samples per run but validation for use on several different real-time thermal cyclers made it easier to integrate into an existing laboratory system. Both assays were cost effective compared to in-house multiplex PCR respiratory virus screening.


Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/métodos , Juego de Reactivos para Diagnóstico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/diagnóstico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Virus/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Estándares de Referencia
3.
Am J Public Health ; 105 Suppl 4: S607-13, S600-6, 2015 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés, Español | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26313050

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: We measured symptom and influenza prevalence, and the effectiveness of symptom and temperature screening for identifying influenza, in arriving international airline travelers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study collected data from travelers to Christchurch International Airport, New Zealand, in winter 2008, via a health questionnaire, temperature testing, and respiratory sampling. RESULTS: Forms were returned by 15 976 (68%) travelers. Of these, 17% reported at least 1 influenza symptom, with runny or blocked nose (10%) and cough (8%) most common. Respiratory specimens were obtained from 3769 travelers. Estimated prevalence of influenza was 1.1% (4% among symptomatic, 0.2% among asymptomatic). The sensitivity of screening criteria ranged from 84% for "any symptom" to 3% for a fever of 37.8 °C or greater. The positive predictive value was low for all criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Border screening using self-reported symptoms and temperature testing has limitations for preventing pandemic influenza from entering a country. Using "any symptom" or cough would lead to many uninfected people being investigated, yet some infected people would remain undetected. If more specific criteria such as fever were used, most infected people would enter the country despite screening.


Asunto(s)
Aeropuertos , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Pandemias , Estaciones del Año , Autoinforme , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
4.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 35(2): 155-62, 2014 Feb.
Artículo en Español | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24781098

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: We measured symptom and influenza prevalence, and the effectiveness of symptom and temperature screening for identifying influenza, in arriving international airline travelers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study collected data from travelers to Christchurch International Airport, New Zealand, in winter 2008, via a health questionnaire, temperature testing, and respiratory sampling. RESULTS: Forms were returned by 15 976 (68%) travelers. Of these, 17% reported at least 1 influenza symptom, with runny or blocked nose (10%) and cough (8%) most common. Respiratory specimens were obtained from 3769 travelers. Estimated prevalence of influenza was 1.1% (4% among symptomatic, 0.2% among asymptomatic). The sensitivity of screening criteria ranged from 84% for "any symptom" to 3% for a fever of 37.8 ºC or greater. The positive predictive value was low for all criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Border screening using self-reported symptoms and temperature testing has limitations for preventing pandemic influenza from entering a country. Using "any symptom" or cough would lead to many uninfected people being investigated, yet some infected people would remain undetected. If more specific criteria such as fever were used, most infected people would enter the country despite screening.


Asunto(s)
Viaje en Avión , Gripe Humana/diagnóstico , Tamizaje Masivo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Árboles de Decisión , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Adulto Joven
5.
Am J Public Health ; 103(8): 1412-8, 2013 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23237174

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: We measured symptom and influenza prevalence, and the effectiveness of symptom and temperature screening for identifying influenza, in arriving international airline travelers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study collected data from travelers to Christchurch International Airport, New Zealand, in winter 2008, via a health questionnaire, temperature testing, and respiratory sampling. RESULTS: Forms were returned by 15 976 (68%) travelers. Of these, 17% reported at least 1 influenza symptom, with runny or blocked nose (10%) and cough (8%) most common. Respiratory specimens were obtained from 3769 travelers. Estimated prevalence of influenza was 1.1% (4% among symptomatic, 0.2% among asymptomatic). The sensitivity of screening criteria ranged from 84% for "any symptom" to 3% for a fever of 37.8 °C or greater. The positive predictive value was low for all criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Border screening using self-reported symptoms and temperature testing has limitations for preventing pandemic influenza from entering a country. Using "any symptom" or cough would lead to many uninfected people being investigated, yet some infected people would remain undetected. If more specific criteria such as fever were used, most infected people would enter the country despite screening.


Asunto(s)
Aeronaves , Gripe Humana/diagnóstico , Tamizaje Masivo , Viaje , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Niño , Preescolar , Tos/diagnóstico , Tos/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Fiebre/diagnóstico , Fiebre/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Prevalencia , Rinitis/diagnóstico , Rinitis/epidemiología , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
6.
Lancet ; 377(9773): 1264-75, 2011 Apr 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21435708

RESUMEN

About 200 million cases of viral community-acquired pneumonia occur every year-100 million in children and 100 million in adults. Molecular diagnostic tests have greatly increased our understanding of the role of viruses in pneumonia, and findings indicate that the incidence of viral pneumonia has been underestimated. In children, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, and parainfluenza viruses are the agents identified most frequently in both developed and developing countries. Dual viral infections are common, and a third of children have evidence of viral-bacterial co-infection. In adults, viruses are the putative causative agents in a third of cases of community-acquired pneumonia, in particular influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses. Bacteria continue to have a predominant role in adults with pneumonia. Presence of viral epidemics in the community, patient's age, speed of onset of illness, symptoms, biomarkers, radiographic changes, and response to treatment can help differentiate viral from bacterial pneumonia. However, no clinical algorithm exists that will distinguish clearly the cause of pneumonia. No clear consensus has been reached about whether patients with obvious viral community-acquired pneumonia need to be treated with antibiotics. Apart from neuraminidase inhibitors for pneumonia caused by influenza viruses, there is no clear role for use of specific antivirals to treat viral community-acquired pneumonia. Influenza vaccines are the only available specific preventive measures. Further studies are needed to better understand the cause and pathogenesis of community-acquired pneumonia. Furthermore, regional differences in cause of pneumonia should be investigated, in particular to obtain more data from developing countries.


Asunto(s)
Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Pulmón/patología , Pulmón/virología , Neumonía Viral , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Factores de Edad , Biomarcadores/sangre , Niño , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/virología , Comorbilidad , Países en Desarrollo/estadística & datos numéricos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Salud Global , Humanos , Inmunocompetencia , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Pandemias , Neumonía Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Neumonía Bacteriana/epidemiología , Neumonía Bacteriana/microbiología , Neumonía Bacteriana/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , Neumonía Viral/tratamiento farmacológico , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/mortalidad , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/virología , Radiografía , Manejo de Especímenes , Estados Unidos/epidemiología
7.
J Antimicrob Chemother ; 67(12): 2949-56, 2012 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22949624

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: In 2007 New Zealand (NZ) became the first country to make oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) available off-prescription. This study investigated the extent of pharmacist supply of oseltamivir over 5 years, including during the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, and the impact of pharmacist supply of oseltamivir on influenza virus oseltamivir susceptibility, personal stockpiling and influenza vaccine uptake. METHODS: Randomly selected community pharmacies in NZ reported oseltamivir provision by prescription and through pharmacist supply from 1 January 2007 to 15 September 2011. Oseltamivir resistance data on influenza viruses isolated during influenza surveillance from 2008 to 2011 were obtained, along with influenza vaccine uptake data from 2005 to 2011 and influenza detection data. RESULTS: Seventy of 85 eligible pharmacies completed the study (82% response rate). Most supplies of oseltamivir throughout the 5 years were dispensed against a prescription rather than pharmacist supplied, with pharmacist supply responsible for 11% of supplies during the pandemic years (2009-10) versus 27% and 31% during 2007 and 2008, respectively. Pharmacist-supplied oseltamivir did not appear to be associated with the development of resistance, with identified likely stockpiling or with a decline in influenza immunization. Pharmacist supplies largely matched the timing of influenza in the community and peaked in June 2009, as did prescription supplies. CONCLUSIONS: Five years of non-prescription oseltamivir in NZ has resulted in no significant change in the development of resistance or rates of influenza immunization. Supplies remained modest and significant consumer stockpiling through pharmacist supply has not occurred, even during the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic in 2009 and 2010. Pharmacists could be better utilized in ensuring fast distribution of antivirals to influenza sufferers during a pandemic.


Asunto(s)
Antivirales/provisión & distribución , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Vacunas contra la Influenza/administración & dosificación , Gripe Humana/tratamiento farmacológico , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Oseltamivir/provisión & distribución , Oseltamivir/uso terapéutico , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Humanos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Nueva Zelanda , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos
8.
JAMA ; 308(13): 1333-9, 2012 Oct 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23032549

RESUMEN

CONTEXT: Observational studies have reported an inverse association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). However, results of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on incidence and severity of URTIs in healthy adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted among 322 healthy adults between February 2010 and November 2011 in Christchurch, New Zealand. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned to receive an initial dose of 200,000 IU oral vitamin D3, then 200,000 IU 1 month later, then 100,000 IU monthly (n = 161), or placebo administered in an identical dosing regimen (n = 161), for a total of 18 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary end point was number of URTI episodes. Secondary end points were duration of URTI episodes, severity of URTI episodes, and number of days of missed work due to URTI episodes. RESULTS: The mean baseline 25-OHD level of participants was 29 (SD, 9) ng/mL. Vitamin D supplementation resulted in an increase in serum 25-OHD levels that was maintained at greater than 48 ng/mL throughout the study. There were 593 URTI episodes in the vitamin D group and 611 in the placebo group, with no statistically significant differences in the number of URTIs per participant (mean, 3.7 per person in the vitamin D group and 3.8 per person in the placebo group; risk ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85-1.11), number of days of missed work as a result of URTIs (mean, 0.76 days in each group; risk ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.81-1.30), duration of symptoms per episode (mean, 12 days in each group; risk ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.73-1.25), or severity of URTI episodes. These findings remained unchanged when the analysis was repeated by season and by baseline 25-OHD levels. CONCLUSION: In this trial, monthly administration of 100,000 IU of vitamin D did not reduce the incidence or severity of URTIs in healthy adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION: anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12609000486224.


Asunto(s)
Colecalciferol/uso terapéutico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/prevención & control , Vitaminas/uso terapéutico , Absentismo , Administración Oral , Adulto , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangre
9.
Interface Focus ; 12(2): 20210079, 2022 Apr 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35261734

RESUMEN

Responses to the early (February-July 2020) COVID-19 pandemic varied widely, globally. Reasons for this are multiple but likely relate to the healthcare and financial resources then available, and the degree of trust in, and economic support provided by, national governments. Cultural factors also affected how different populations reacted to the various pandemic restrictions, like masking, social distancing and self-isolation or self-quarantine. The degree of compliance with these measures depended on how much individuals valued their needs and liberties over those of their society. Thus, several themes may be relevant when comparing pandemic responses across different regions. East and Southeast Asian populations tended to be more collectivist and self-sacrificing, responding quickly to early signs of the pandemic and readily complied with most restrictions to control its spread. Australasian, Eastern European, Scandinavian, some Middle Eastern, African and South American countries also responded promptly by imposing restrictions of varying severity, due to concerns for their wider society, including for some, the fragility of their healthcare systems. Western European and North American countries, with well-resourced healthcare systems, initially reacted more slowly, partly in an effort to maintain their economies but also to delay imposing pandemic restrictions that limited the personal freedoms of their citizens.

10.
Am J Public Health ; 99 Suppl 2: S360-2, 2009 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19797749

RESUMEN

We sought the collaboration of an international airline and border control agencies to study the feasibility of entry screening to identify airline travelers at increased risk of influenza infection. Although extensive and lengthy negotiations were required, we successfully developed a multisector collaboration and demonstrated the logistical feasibility of our screening protocol. We also determined the staffing levels required for a larger study to estimate the prevalence of influenza in international airline travelers.


Asunto(s)
Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Viaje , Aeronaves , Humanos , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Proyectos Piloto
11.
Trop Med Infect Dis ; 4(4)2019 Sep 23.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31547606

RESUMEN

The anniversary of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic has allowed a refocusing on the global burden of influenza and the importance of co-ordinated international surveillance for both seasonal influenza and the identification of control strategies for future pandemics. Since the introduction of the International Health Regulations (IHR), progress had been slow, until the emergence of the novel influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus and its global spread, which has led to the World Health Organization (WHO) developing a series of guidance documents on global influenza surveillance procedures, severity and risk assessments, and essential measurements for the determination of national pandemic responses. However, the greatest burden of disease from influenza occurs between pandemics during seasonal influenza outbreaks and epidemics. Both Australia and New Zealand utilise seasonal influenza surveillance to support national influenza awareness programs focused on seasonal influenza vaccination education and promotion. These programs also serve to promote the importance of pandemic preparedness.

12.
Lancet Infect Dis ; 8(10): 650-8, 2008 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18922487

RESUMEN

The history of pandemic influenza, along with the evolving epizootic of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus and the severity of associated human infections, serve as a warning to the world of the threat of another influenza pandemic. Conservative estimates suggest that up to 350 million people could die and many more would be affected, causing disruption to health-care systems, society, and the world's economy. WHO has encouraged countries to prepare in advance by developing influenza pandemic preparedness plans that involve public-health and pharmaceutical interventions. Vaccination is a cornerstone of these plans; however, a pandemic vaccine cannot be manufactured in advance because the next pandemic virus cannot be predicted. The concepts of vaccine stockpiling and prepandemic vaccination have thus become attractive. Human H5N1 vaccines are currently available and can induce heterotypic immunity. WHO and governments should give urgent consideration to the use of these vaccines for the priming of individuals or communities who would be at greatest risk of infection if an H5N1 influenza pandemic were to emerge.


Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Subtipo H5N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Vacunas contra la Influenza/provisión & distribución , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Países en Desarrollo/economía , Planificación en Desastres , Humanos , Programas de Inmunización/organización & administración , Pobreza , Organización Mundial de la Salud/organización & administración
14.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis ; 57(1): 67-70, 2007 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17178298

RESUMEN

To evaluate the Binax NOW Influenza A & B combination assay, we tested upper respiratory tract samples in parallel with the Binax NOW Flu A and Binax NOW Flu B assays, the Becton-Dickinson Directigen Flu A+B assay, and immunofluorescence, and the results were compared with viral culture. Of the 521 samples tested, influenza A was cultured from 113 and influenza B from 6. There were no significant differences in the performance of all rapid antigen tests, with sensitivities of 53% to 59% for detecting influenza A compared with culture and immunofluorescence (80%). The sensitivities for all rapid tests were significantly higher for nasopharyngeal samples than for throat swabs. The Binax NOW Influenza A & B assay performed as well as other rapid assays. Commercial antigen detection assays are useful tools for the rapid diagnosis of influenza; however, confirmatory testing is always recommended. The use of nasopharyngeal samples for all rapid detection methods should be strongly encouraged.


Asunto(s)
Antígenos Virales/análisis , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Virus de la Influenza B/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Humana/diagnóstico , Juego de Reactivos para Diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Gripe Humana/virología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nasofaringe/virología , Faringe/virología , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Factores de Tiempo , Cultivo de Virus
17.
J Clin Virol ; 67: 8-13, 2015 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25959149

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: There is very little known about the prevalence and distribution of respiratory viruses, other than influenza, in international air travellers and whether symptom screening would aid in the prediction of which travellers are more likely to be infected with specific respiratory viruses. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigate whether, the use of a respiratory symptom screening tool at the border would aid in predicting which travellers are more likely to be infected with specific respiratory viruses. STUDY DESIGN: Data were collected from travellers arriving at Christchurch International Airport, New Zealand, during the winter 2008, via a symptom questionnaire, temperature testing, and respiratory sampling. RESULTS: Respiratory viruses were detected in 342 (26.0%) of 1313 samples obtained from 2714 symptomatic travellers. The most frequently identified viruses were rhinoviruses (128), enteroviruses (77) and influenza B (48). The most frequently reported symptoms were stuffy or runny nose (60%), cough (47%), sore throat (27%) and sneezing (24%). Influenza B infections were associated with the highest number of symptoms (mean of 3.4) followed by rhinoviruses (mean of 2.2) and enteroviruses (mean of 1.9). The positive predictive value (PPV) of any symptom for any respiratory virus infection was low at 26%. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of respiratory virus infections caused by viruses other than influenza in this study, many with overlapping symptotology to influenza, has important implications for any screening strategies for the prediction of influenza in airline travellers.


Asunto(s)
Aeropuertos , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Virosis/epidemiología , Virosis/virología , Virus/clasificación , Virus/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Temperatura Corporal , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nueva Zelanda , Prevalencia , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Viaje , Adulto Joven
18.
Elife ; 4: e05055, 2015 Jan 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25594904

RESUMEN

A complex interplay of viral, host, and ecological factors shapes the spatio-temporal incidence and evolution of human influenza viruses. Although considerable attention has been paid to influenza A viruses, a lack of equivalent data means that an integrated evolutionary and epidemiological framework has until now not been available for influenza B viruses, despite their significant disease burden. Through the analysis of over 900 full genomes from an epidemiological collection of more than 26,000 strains from Australia and New Zealand, we reveal fundamental differences in the phylodynamics of the two co-circulating lineages of influenza B virus (Victoria and Yamagata), showing that their individual dynamics are determined by a complex relationship between virus transmission, age of infection, and receptor binding preference. In sum, this work identifies new factors that are important determinants of influenza B evolution and epidemiology.


Asunto(s)
Virus de la Influenza B/genética , Filogenia , Distribución por Edad , Animales , Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Asparagina/metabolismo , Perros , Evolución Molecular , Variación Genética , Genoma Viral/genética , Glicosilación , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/genética , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Virus de la Influenza B/inmunología , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/transmisión , Gripe Humana/virología , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Modelos Moleculares , Nueva Zelanda , Virus Reordenados/genética , Selección Genética , Factores de Tiempo , Victoria
19.
Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 23(11): 1003-7, 2004 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15545854

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Viral lower respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of hospitalization for young children. METHODS: We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional methods of cell culture and antigen detection to establish the viral etiology of acute respiratory tract infections in 75 hospitalized children. RESULTS: One or more viral pathogens were detected in 65 (87%) children, with respiratory syncytial virus being the most commonly identified virus (36 children). Other viruses identified included influenza virus types A and B, parainfluenzavirus type 3, adenovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus and human metapneumovirus. PCR increased the diagnostic yield significantly compared with antigen detection and culture, with 39 (21%) diagnoses identified by this method. Multiple infections were identified in 20 (27%) children. CONCLUSIONS: PCR-based methodologies offer increased sensitivity for the detection of most respiratory viruses in young children. The inclusion of PCR into diagnostic testing strategies is needed to broaden our understanding of the natural ecology of respiratory viruses and the significance of multiple infections.


Asunto(s)
Orthomyxoviridae/clasificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Enfermedad Aguda , Distribución por Edad , Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitales Pediátricos , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Masculino , Orthomyxoviridae/efectos de los fármacos , Probabilidad , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Muestreo , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Distribución por Sexo
20.
N Z Med J ; 127(1398): 12-8, 2014 Jul 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25146857

RESUMEN

AIM: This study sought to assess the effectiveness of the 2012 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in preventing admission with confirmed influenza A(H3N2) infection and whether vaccination status influenced the duration or outcome. METHODS: We used the CDHB Delphic Laboratory Information System to identify 100 consecutive patients with confirmed influenza A(H3N2) infection. The patients were contacted via telephone and asked whether they had received the seasonal influenza vaccine prior to their hospital admission. We collected information such as age, gender, documented co-morbidities, smoking status, ICU admission, length of stay, and final outcome of admission and compared these between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups. RESULTS: A total of 92 participants could be contacted and participated; 67 these reported having been vaccinated with the 2012 seasonal influenza vaccine prior to their admission. There were no significant differences in length of stay or final outcome in vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients. CONCLUSION: This audit shows that the 2012 seasonal influenza vaccine did not provide significant protection against the H3N2 influenza strain in Canterbury. Vaccination did not alter the clinical course or final outcome in patients infected with H3N2 influenza.


Asunto(s)
Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Tiempo de Internación , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Comorbilidad , Femenino , Hospitalización , Humanos , Gripe Humana/complicaciones , Gripe Humana/virología , Enfermedades Pulmonares/complicaciones , Masculino , Nueva Zelanda
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