Cross-talk between AMP-activated protein kinase and the sonic hedgehog pathway in the high-fat diet triggered colorectal cancer.

The major cause of colorectal cancer (CRC) related mortality is due to its metastasis. Signaling pathways play a definite role in the development and progression of CRC. Recent studies demonstrate that the regulation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is beneficial in the CRC treatment strategy. Also, 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a well-known regulator of metabolism and inflammation, making it a suitable treatment option for CRC. Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) is a significant cause of CRC genesis. Also, the lipids play an indispensable role in aberrant activation of the Shh pathway. This review explains in detail the interconnection between HFD consumption, Shh pathway activation, and the progression of CRC. According to recent studies and literature, AMPK is a potential regulator that can control the complexities of CRC and reduce lipid levels and may directly inhibit shh signalling. The review also suggests the possible risk elements of AMPK activation in CRC due to its context-dependent role. Also, the activation of AMPK in HFD-induced CRC may modulate cancer progression by regulating the Shh pathway and metabolism.

Influence of milk components in establishing biofilm mediated bacterial mastitis infections in cattle: a fractional factorial approach.

Biofilm formation is one of the factors responsible for antibiotic resistance. The involvement of biofilm formation in bacterial mastitis is well known. Milk composition varies during the lactation period and certain pathogens are producing more number of mastitis cases during particular periods of lactation. The present study elucidates the effects of different milk components on biofilm formation and the persistence of infection. The Plackett Burman screening design has been chosen for assessing the significance. Biofilm production of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were assessed by crystal violet assay. Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate had a significant effect on biofilm formation by S. aureus (MTCC 1430) whereas it was pH in the case of biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa (NCIM 5029). Other independent factors were found to be insignificant.