Host and pathogen response to bacteriophage engineered against Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection.

Two mycobacteriophages were administered intravenously to a male with treatment-refractory Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary infection and severe cystic fibrosis lung disease. The phages were engineered to enhance their capacity to lyse M. abscessus and were selected specifically as the most effective against the subject's bacterial isolate. In the setting of compassionate use, the evidence of phage-induced lysis was observed using molecular and metabolic assays combined with clinical assessments. M. abscessus isolates pre and post-phage treatment demonstrated genetic stability, with a general decline in diversity and no increased resistance to phage or antibiotics. The anti-phage neutralizing antibody titers to one phage increased with time but did not prevent clinical improvement throughout the course of treatment. The subject received lung transplantation on day 379, and systematic culturing of the explanted lung did not detect M. abscessus. This study describes the course and associated markers of a successful phage treatment of M. abscessus in advanced lung disease.

Increased occurrences of consecutive La Niña events under global warming.

Most El Niño events occur sporadically and peak in a single winter1-3, whereas La Niña tends to develop after an El Niño and last for two years or longer4-7. Relative to single-year La Niña, consecutive La Niña features meridionally broader easterly winds and hence a slower heat recharge of the equatorial Pacific6,7, enabling the cold anomalies to persist, exerting prolonged impacts on global climate, ecosystems and agriculture8-13. Future changes to multi-year-long La Niña events remain unknown. Here, using climate models under future greenhouse-gas forcings14, we find an increased frequency of consecutive La Niña ranging from 19 ± 11% in a low-emission scenario to 33 ± 13% in a high-emission scenario, supported by an inter-model consensus stronger in higher-emission scenarios. Under greenhouse warming, a mean-state warming maximum in the subtropical northeastern Pacific enhances the regional thermodynamic response to perturbations, generating anomalous easterlies that are further northward than in the twentieth century in response to El Niño warm anomalies. The sensitivity of the northward-broadened anomaly pattern is further increased by a warming maximum in the equatorial eastern Pacific. The slower heat recharge associated with the northward-broadened easterly anomalies facilitates the cold anomalies of the first-year La Niña to persist into a second-year La Niña. Thus, climate extremes as seen during historical consecutive La Niña episodes probably occur more frequently in the twenty-first century.

Japanese encephalitis virus NS1 and NS1' protein disrupts the blood-brain barrier through macrophage migration inhibitory factor-mediated autophagy.

Flaviviruses in the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serogroup, such as JEV, West Nile virus, and St. Louis encephalitis virus, can cause severe neurological diseases. The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional protein of flavivirus that can be secreted by infected cells and circulate in the host bloodstream. NS1' is an additional form of NS1 protein with 52 amino acids extension at its carboxy-terminal and is produced exclusively by flaviviruses in the JEV serogroup. In this study, we demonstrated that the secreted form of both NS1 and NS1' can disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of mice, with NS1' exhibiting a stronger effect. Using the in vitro BBB model, we found that treatment of soluble recombinant JEV NS1 or NS1' protein increases the permeability of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and leads to the degradation of tight junction proteins through the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Consistently, NS1' protein exhibited a more pronounced effect compared to NS1 in these cellular processes. Further research revealed that the increased expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is responsible for triggering autophagy after NS1 or NS1' treatment in hBMECs. In addition, TLR4 and NF-κB signaling was found to be involved in the activation of MIF transcription. Moreover, administering the MIF inhibitor has been shown to decrease viral loads and mitigate inflammation in the brains of mice infected with JEV. This research offers a novel perspective on the pathogenesis of JEV. In addition, the stronger effect of NS1' on disrupting the BBB compared to NS1 enhances our understanding of the mechanism by which flaviviruses in the JEV serogroup exhibit neurotropism.IMPORTANCEJapanese encephalitis (JE) is a significant viral encephalitis worldwide, caused by the JE virus (JEV). In some patients, the virus cannot be cleared in time, leading to the breach of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and invasion of the central nervous system. This invasion may result in cognitive impairment, behavioral disturbances, and even death in both humans and animals. However, the mechanism by which JEV crosses the BBB remains unclear. Previous studies have shown that the flavivirus NS1 protein plays an important role in causing endothelial dysfunction. The NS1' protein is an elongated form of NS1 protein that is particularly produced by flaviviruses in the JEV serogroup. This study revealed that both the secreted NS1 and NS1' of JEV can disrupt the BBB by breaking down tight junction proteins through the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and NS1' is found to have a stronger effect compared to NS1 in this process. In addition, JEV NS1 and NS1' can stimulate the expression of MIF, which triggers autophagy via the ERK signaling pathway, leading to damage to BBB. Our findings reveal a new function of JEV NS1 and NS1' in the disruption of BBB, thereby providing the potential therapeutic target for JE.

Mycobacterium immunogenum acquisition from hospital tap water: a genomic and epidemiologic analysis.

We identified 23 cases of Mycobacterium immunogenum respiratory acquisition linked to a colonized plumbing system at a new hospital addition. We conducted a genomic and epidemiologic investigation to assess for clonal acquisition of M. immunogenum from hospital water sources and improve understanding of genetic distances between M. immunogenum isolates. We performed whole-genome sequencing on 28 M. immunogenum isolates obtained from August 2013 to July 2021 from patients and water sources on four intensive care and intermediate units at an academic hospital. Study hospital isolates were recovered from 23 patients who experienced de novo respiratory isolation of M. immunogenum and from biofilms obtained from five tap water outlets. We also analyzed 10 M. immunogenum genomes from previously sequenced clinical (n = 7) and environmental (n = 3) external control isolates. The 38-isolate cohort clustered into three clades with pairwise single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distances ranging from 0 to 106,697 SNPs. We identified two clusters of study hospital isolates in Clade 1 and one cluster in Clade 2 for which clinical and environmental isolates differed by fewer than 10 SNPs and had less than 0.5% accessory genome variation. A less restrictive combined threshold of 40 SNPs and 5% accessory genes reliably captured additional isolates that met clinical criteria for hospital acquisition, but 12 (4%) of 310 epidemiologically unrelated isolate pairs also met this threshold. Core and accessory genome analyses confirmed respiratory acquisition of multiple clones of M. immunogenum from hospital water sources to patients. When combined with epidemiologic investigation, genomic thresholds accurately distinguished hospital acquisition.

Nickel-Catalyzed Direct Sulfonylation of Styrenes and Unactivated Aliphatic Alkenes with Sulfonyl Chlorides.

A nickel-catalyzed direct sulfonylation of alkenes with sulfonyl chlorides has been developed using 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione as the ligand. Unactivated alkenes and styrenes including 1,1-, 1,2-disubstituted alkenes can be subjected to the protocol, and a wide range of vinyl sulfones was obtained in high to excellent yields with good functional group compatibility. Notably, the process did not allow the desulfonylation of sulfonyl chloride or chlorosulfonylation of alkenes. Radical-trapping experiment supported that a sulfonyl free-radical was likely produced and triggered subsequent transformation in the process.

Effect of Graded Motor Imagery Combined With Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Upper Extremity Motor Function in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of graded motor imagery therapy (GMI) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on upper extremity function alone and in combination in patients with stroke. DESIGN: This was a prospective randomized controlled trial. SETTING: A rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (N=56) were randomized into GMI (n=19), rTMS (n=18), or combined groups (n=19). INTERVENTIONS: There were 2 interventions: (1) 20 minutes of 1 Hz rTMS. (2) 30 minutes of GMI. In addition to this, all participants receive conventional rehabilitation including 120 minutes of physical therapy and occupational therapy daily. All treatments were administered once a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. The Fugl-Meyer assessment of upper extremity (FMA-UE), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), modified Barthel Index (MBI), motor activity log (MAL), and motor evoked potential (MEP) were assessed in a blinded manner at baseline and 4 weeks after treatment, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the improvement from baseline in FMA-UE for stroke patients at 4 weeks. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of treatment, the FMA-UE scores in the GMI, rTMS, and combined groups were higher than those at baseline assessment, with statistically significant differences among the 3 groups (P=.009). The efficacy of the combined group was significantly better than that of the GMI and rTMS groups (P=.015, P=.043, respectively). In the motor activity log-amount of use (MAL-AOU) score, the efficacy of the combined group was better than that of the rTMS group (P=.035). CONCLUSIONS: Both GMI and rTMS were effective in improving upper extremity function in patients with stroke, but the combination of the 2 techniques was more effective. However, GMI was better than rTMS in improving the interest of stroke patients in active training.

A postpartum functional assessment tool for women based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum dysfunctions and complications can occur in women. However, functional assessment should be conducted to make treatment plans before any intervention is implemented. In this context, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) may be a useful tool for women postpartum to document functional data and set rehabilitation goals. The purpose of this study was to determine the corresponding domains that should be considered in the evaluation of women's postpartum functioning based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model using the Delphi method. METHODS: Fifteen domestic experts were invited to conduct two rounds of expert consensus survey on the ICF-based postpartum functional assessment category pool obtained through literature retrieval, clinical investigation, and reference to relevant literature. The sample was medical staff with professional knowledge of women's health. The opinions of experts were summarized, and the positive coefficient, authority coefficient and coordination degree of experts were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 15 domestic experts participated in this expert consensus. Through two rounds of a questionnaire survey, 69 items were finally selected to form the ICF-based postpartum functional assessment tool for women. The items included 32 items of body function, 12 items of body structure, 17 items of activity and participation, and 8 items of environmental factors. In addition, we identified 8 items of personal factors. The expert positive coefficients of the two rounds of expert consensus were both 100%, the authority coefficient was 0.789, and the coefficient of variation was between 0.09 to 0.31. CONCLUSION: A postpartum functional assessment tool for women based on the ICF model was constructed based on the Delphi method, which can provide more comprehensive health management and life intervention for postpartum women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Registration number of the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry is ChiCTR2200066163, 25/11/2022.

Streptomyces virginiae XDS1-5, an antagonistic actinomycete, as a biocontrol to peach brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola.

BACKGROUND: Peach brown rot, caused by the pathogen Monilinia fructicola, represents a significant postharvest infectious disease affecting peach fruit. This disease is responsible for a substantial increase in fruit decay rates, leading to significant economic losses, often exceeding 50%. Currently, there is a growing interest in identifying biocontrol agents to mitigate peach brown rot, with a predominant interest in Bacillus species. RESULTS: In this investigation, we isolated 410 isolates of actinomycetes from non-farmland ecosystem soil samples. Subsequently, 27 isolates exhibiting superior inhibitory capabilities were selected. Among these, strain XDS1-5 demonstrated the most robust fungistatic effect against brown rot disease, achieving an 80% inhibition rate in vitro and a 66% inhibition rate in vivo. XDS1-5 was identified as belonging to the Streptomyces virginiae species. Furthermore, a fermentation filtrate of XDS1-5 exhibited the ability to metabolize 34.21% of the tested carbon sources and 7.37% of the tested nitrogen sources. Particularly noteworthy was its capacity to disrupt the cell membrane structure directly, leading to increased cell membrane permeability and cytoplasmic leakage. Additionally, our investigation indicated that indoline, a metabolite produced by XDS1-5, played a pivotal role in inhibiting the growth of M. fructicola. CONCLUSION: In summary, our study has identified a biocontrol actinomycete, XDS1-5, with the potential to effectively inhibit postharvest brown rot disease in peaches. This finding holds great significance for the biological control of peach brown rot, offering promising prospects for mitigating the economic losses associated with this devastating disease. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pooling test statistics across multiply imputed datasets for nonnormal items.

In structural equation modeling, when multiple imputation is used for handling missing data, model fit evaluation involves pooling likelihood-ratio test statistics across imputations. Under the normality assumption, the two most popular pooling approaches were proposed by Li et al. (Statistica Sinica, 1(1), 65-92, 1991) and Meng and Rubin (Biometrika, 79(1), 103-111, 1992). When the assumption of normality is violated, it is not clear how well these pooling approaches work with the test statistics generated from various robust estimators and multiple imputation methods. Jorgensen and colleagues (2021) implemented these pooling approaches in their R package semTools; however, no systematical evaluation has been conducted. In this simulation study, we examine the performance of these approaches in working with different imputation methods and robust estimators under nonnormality. We found that the naïve pooling approach based on Meng and Rubin (Biometrika, 79(1), 103-111, 1992; D3SN) worked the best when combining with the normal-theory-based imputation and either MLM or MLMV estimator.

Dealing with missing data in multi-informant studies: A comparison of approaches.

Multi-informant studies are popular in social and behavioral science. However, their data analyses are challenging because data from different informants carry both shared and unique information and are often incomplete. Using Monte Carlo Simulation, the current study compares three approaches that can be used to analyze incomplete multi-informant data when there is a distinction between reference and nonreference informants. These approaches include a two-method measurement model for planned missing data (2MM-PMD), treating nonreference informants' reports as auxiliary variables with the full-information maximum likelihood method or multiple imputation, and listwise deletion. The result suggests that 2MM-PMD, when correctly specified and data are missing at random, has the best overall performance among the examined approaches regarding point estimates, type I error rates, and statistical power. In addition, it is also more robust to data that are not missing at random.

Nomogram based on immune-inflammatory indicators and age-adjusted charlson comorbidity index score to predict prognosis of postoperative parotid gland carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Parotid gland carcinoma (PGC) is a rare malignant tumor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of immune-inflammatory-nutrition indicators and age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index score (ACCI) of PGC and develop the nomogram model for predicting prognosis. METHOD: All patients diagnosed with PGC in two tertiary hospitals, treated with surgical resection, from March 2012 to June 2018 were obtained. Potential prognostic factors were identified by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The nomogram models were established based on these identified independent prognostic factors. The performance of the developed prognostic model was estimated by related indexes and plots. RESULT: The study population consisted of 344 patients with PGC who underwent surgical resection, 285 patients without smoking (82.8%), and 225 patients (65.4%) with mucoepidermoid carcinoma, with a median age of 50.0 years. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage (p < 0.001), pathology (p = 0.019), tumor location (p < 0.001), extranodal extension (ENE) (p < 0.001), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) (p = 0.004), prognostic nutrition index (PNI) (p = 0.003), ACCI (p < 0.001), and Glasgow prognostic Score (GPS) (p = 0.001) were independent indicators for disease free survival (DFS). Additionally, the independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) including AJCC stage (p = 0.015), pathology (p = 0.004), tumor location (p < 0.001), perineural invasion (p = 0.009), ENE (p < 0.001), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) (p = 0.001), PNI (p = 0.001), ACCI (p = 0.003), and GPS (p = 0.033). The nomogram models for predicting DFS and OS in PGC patients were generated based on these independent risk factors. All nomogram models show good discriminative capability with area under curves (AUCs) over 0.8 (DFS 0.802, and OS 0.825, respectively). Decision curve analysis (DCA), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and net reclassification index (NRI) show good clinical net benefit of the two nomograms in both training and validation cohorts. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed superior discrimination of DFS and OS in the new risk stratification system compared with the AJCC stage system. Finally, postoperative patients with PGC who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy had a better prognosis in the high-, and medium-risk subgroups (p < 0.05), but not for the low-risk subgroup. CONCLUSION: The immune-inflammatory-nutrition indicators and ACCI played an important role in both DFS and OS of PGC patients. Adjuvant radiotherapy had no benefit in the low-risk subgroup for PGC patients who underwent surgical resection. The newly established nomogram models perform well and can provide an individualized prognostic reference, which may be helpful for patients and surgeons in proper follow-up strategies.

Pre-pregnancy body mass index and gut microbiota of mothers and children 5 years postpartum.

BACKGROUND: Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) has been linked to altered gut microbiota in women shortly after delivery and in their offspring in the first few years of life. But little is known about how long these differences persist. METHODS: We followed 180 mothers and children from pregnancy until 5-year postpartum in the Gen3G cohort (Canada, enrolled 2010-2013). At 5 years postpartum we collected stool samples from mothers and children and estimated the gut microbiota by 16 S rRNA sequencing (V4 region) using Illumina MiSeq, and assigning amplicon sequence variants (ASV). We examined whether overall microbiota composition (as measured by microbiota ß diversity) was more similar between mother-child pairs compared to between mothers or between children. We also assessed whether mother-child pair sharing of overall microbiota composition differed by the weight status of mothers before pregnancy and of children at 5-year. Furthermore, in mothers, we examined whether pre-pregnancy BMI, BMI 5-year postpartum, and change in BMI between time points was associated with maternal gut microbiota 5-year postpartum. In children, we further examined associations of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and child 5-year BMI z-score with child 5-year gut microbiota. RESULTS: Mother-child pairs had greater similarity in overall microbiome composition compared to between mothers and between children. In mothers, higher pre-pregnancy BMI and 5-year postpartum BMI were associated with lower microbiota observed ASV richness and Chao 1 index; in children's gut microbiota, higher maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was weakly associated with lower microbiota Shannon index, whereas child's 5-year BMI z-score was associated with higher observed ASV richness. Pre-pregnancy BMI was also linked to differential abundances of several microbial ASVs in the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families, but no specific ASV had overlapping associations with BMI measures in both mothers and children. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with gut microbiota diversity and composition of mothers and children 5 years after birth, however, the nature and direction of most associations differed for mothers and children. Future studies are encouraged to confirm our findings and look into potential mechanisms or factors that may drive these associations.

The whole-genome sequencing of prevalent DENV-1 strains during the largest dengue virus outbreak in Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture in 2019.

In 2019, a serious dengue virus (DENV) infection broke out in the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, China. Therefore, we conducted a molecular epidemiological analysis in people that contracted DENV serotype 1 (DENV-1) during this year. We analyzed the molecular epidemiology of six DENV-1 epidemic strains in 2019 by full-length genome sequencing, amino acid mutation site analysis, evolutionary tree analysis, and recombination site comparison analysis. Through the analysis of amino acid mutation sites, it was found that DENV-1 strain (MW386867) was different from the other five epidemic DENV-1 strains in Xishuangbanna in 2019. MW386867 had unique mutation sites at six loci. The six epidemic DENV-1 strains in Xishuangbanna in 2019 were divided into two clusters. MW386867 was highly similar to the MG679800 (Myanmar 2017), MG679801 (Myanmar 2017), and KC172834 (Laos 2008), and the other five strains were highly similar to JQ045660 (Vietnam 2011), FJ176780 (GuangDong 2006). Genetic recombination analysis revealed that there was no recombination signal in the six epidemic DENV-1 strains in Xishuangbanna in 2019. We speculate that the DENV-1 epidemic in 2019 has a co-epidemic of local strains and cross-border strains.

Substance Use Among Asian American Adults in 2016-2020: A Difference-in-Difference Analysis of a National Survey on Drug Use and Health Data.

Objectives. To compare substance use among Asian American adults in 2020, when anti-Asian violence increased, with substance use among the same group during the previous 4 years and compare this with that of non-Hispanic Whites. Methods. Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2016 to 2020, we investigated changes in substance use among Asian Americans compared with non-Hispanic Whites before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed difference-in-difference analyses to estimate adjusted changes in past-month substance use in the 2 groups. Results. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) among Asian Americans' past-month alcohol use, cocaine use, and tranquilizer misuse in 2020 versus in 2016 to 2019 was 1.3 times, 3.0 times, and 17.2 times, respectively, the same IRR among Whites. Conclusions. The significant increase in misuse of several substances among Asian Americans relative to Whites in 2020 calls for careful assessment, identification, and treatment of this understudied population group. Public Health Implications. Besides increasing Asian substance users' access to socioculturally responsive treatment programs, policy and resources should be focused on multilevel violence prevention efforts such as antiracial discrimination public education programs. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(6):671-679. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307256).

Periostin-targeted SDSSD peptide decorated calcium phosphate nanocomposites incorporation with simvastatin for osteoporosis treatment.

The limited options of anabolic drugs restrict their application potential in osteoporosis treatment, despite their theoretical superiority in therapeutic efficacy over antiresorptive drugs. As a prevailing strategy, nano-delivery systems could offer a wider choice of anabolic drugs. In this study, calcium phosphate nanocomposites incorporated with simvastatin (Sim) with periostin-targeting ability were designed and prepared for osteoporosis treatment. Carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) as an anionic and hydrophilic dextran derivative was used to stabilize CaP. In addition, periosteum-targeted peptide (SDSSD) was further grafted on CMD to achieve the bone targeting function. In a one-step coordination assembly strategy, hydrophobic anabolic agent Sim and SDSSD-CMD graft (SDSSD-CMD) were incorporated into the CaP nanoparticles forming SDSSD@CaP/Sim nanocomposites. The resulting SDSSD@CaP/Sim possesses uniform size, great short-term stability and excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, SDSSD@CaP/Sim exhibited a reduced release rate of Sim and showed slow-release behaviour. As anticipated, the nanocomposites exhibited bone bonding capacity in both cellular and animal studies. Besides, SDSSD@CaP/Sim achieved obviously enhanced osteoporosis treatment effect compared to direct injection of Simin vivo. Therefore, our findings highlight the potential of SDSSD-incorporated and CaP-based nanocomposites as a viable strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anabolic drugs for osteoporosis treatment.

Investigating Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Transmission at the Colorado Adult Cystic Fibrosis Program.

Rationale: Healthcare-associated transmission of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) among people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) has been investigated at CF centers worldwide, with conflicting conclusions. We investigated transmission at the Colorado Adult CF Program. Objectives: To systematically investigate healthcare-associated transmission and/or acquisition of NTM to determine similarity among respiratory and environmental isolates, and to compare home residence watershed mapping among pwCF having genetically similar NTM isolates. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing of NTM isolates from 80 pwCF was conducted to identify genetically similar isolate clusters (⩽30 SNP differences). Epidemiology, comparison of respiratory and environmental isolates, and home residence watershed mapping were analyzed. Measurements and Main Results: Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed 11 clusters of NTM [6 Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies (ssp.) abscessus, 1 M. abscessus ssp. massiliense, 2 Mycobacterium avium, and 2 Mycobacterium intracellulare] among pwCF. Epidemiologic investigation demonstrated opportunities for healthcare-associated transmission in two M. abscessus and two M. avium clusters. Respiratory and healthcare environmental isolate comparisons revealed no genetic similarity. Individuals comprising one M. abscessus cluster, with no plausible healthcare-associated transmission, resided in the same watershed. Conclusions: This study suggests healthcare-associated transmission of M. abscessus is rare and includes a report of potential healthcare-associated transmission of M. avium among pwCF. One M. abscessus cluster possibly had common acquisition arising from residing in the same watershed. The presence of genetically similar isolates is insufficient to demonstrate healthcare-associated NTM transmission. Standardizing epidemiologic investigation, combined with environmental sampling and watershed analysis, will improve understanding of the frequency and nature of healthcare-associated NTM transmission among pwCF.

Daily walking kinematic characteristics of the elderly in different residential settings: experimental study on Chinese community-living elderly and long-term nursing home residents.

BACKGROUND: Long-term nursing home (NH) care helps NH residents with their daily activities and improves their quality of life, but negatively affects their independent physical activities and increases the risk of dangerous events. Dangerous events in the elderly usually occur in the conversion of walking periods when forward striding has already happened, but the body has not yet entered a completely steady walking. OBJECTIVES: Compare the gait characteristics in Chinese long-term NH residents and community-living elderly during the walking Transitional Period (TP) and Stabilization Period (SP). METHODS: 32 long-term NH residents and 33 age- and sex-matched community-living elderly were recruited. The 30-Second Chair Stand Test (30-s CST), Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), and Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES) were used to assess their body function. The Xsens MVN BIOMECH system was used to collect and analyze the gait parameters of participants. RESULTS: Compared to community-living elderly, NH residents had fewer numbers of 30-s CST, took more time to complete TUGT, and lower MEFS scores. NH residents showed slower gait speed (P < 0.001), less peak hip flexion (P = 0.022) and extension (P = 0.003), knee internal rotation (P = 0.023), and ankle plantarflexion (P = 0.001) and internal rotation (P = 0.007) angles during walking. When walking progressed from TP to SP, NH residents showed increased ankle dorsiflexion (P < 0.001), decreased hip internal rotation (P < 0.001), and community-living elderly had increased hip extension (P = 0.005) angles. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese long-term NH residents had reduced lower extremities strength and postural balance, and higher fear of falling compared to community-living elderly. Their walking performance also showed high fall risk. Besides, long-term NH residents adopted a distal strategy to propel the body forward, which may be a compensatory measure to compensate for inadequate proximal joint control from forward walking to stable walking, and long-term NH residents have reduced postural stability during this process.

Serotonergic afferents from the dorsal raphe decrease the excitability of pyramidal neurons in the anterior piriform cortex.

The olfactory system receives extensive serotonergic inputs from the dorsal raphe, a nucleus involved in control of behavior, regulation of mood, and modulation of sensory processing. Although many studies have investigated how serotonin modulates the olfactory bulb, few have focused on the anterior piriform cortex (aPC), a region important for olfactory learning and encoding of odor identity and intensity. Specifically, the mechanism and functional significance of serotonergic modulation of the aPC remain largely unknown. Here we used pharmacologic, optogenetic, and fiber photometry techniques to examine the serotonergic modulation of neural activity in the aPC in vitro and in vivo. We found that serotonin (5-HT) reduces the excitability of pyramidal neurons directly via 5-HT2C receptors, phospholipase C, and calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels. Furthermore, endogenous serotonin attenuates odor-evoked calcium responses in aPC pyramidal neurons. These findings identify the mechanism underlying serotonergic modulation of the aPC and shed light on its potential role.

Target Velocity Ghost Imaging Using Slice Difference Method.

Ghost imaging is a technique that uses the correlation between reference and signal arms to obtain intensity images of targets. Compared with the existing laser active imaging methods, ghost imaging can improve the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution. In this paper, through the use of the slice difference method, we propose a new scheme that allows a velocity image of moving targets to be obtained. We conduct a complete theoretical analysis and provide a proof-of-principle experiment. The experimental results are in good agreement with those of the theoretical analysis, and a velocity image with 64 × 64 resolution is obtained. This protocol achieves a great increase in the signal-to-noise ratio over what would be achievable using direct imaging. The results show a fully functional instance of velocity imaging, which is a key advancement on the path towards the multi-dimensional information acquisition of moving targets. Our scheme fulfils an urgent need for the detection of moving targets and may thus find use in fields such as target attitude perception and security monitoring.

Laser Heterodyne Detection Based on Photon Time-Domain Differential Detection Avoiding the Effect of Decoherence Phase Noise.

Laser heterodyne detection (LHD) is a key velocimetry technique that provides better accuracy and sensitivity than direct laser detection. However, random phase noise can be introduced by the surface topography of the moving target undulation or atmospheric turbulence during transmission. The random phase noise causes the target echo to undergo decoherence, resulting in degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Here, we propose a novel LHD method based on photon time-domain differential detection. It can infer the heterodyne spectrum of the target echo and the local oscillator light from the time intervals of the photon arrival. The time interval statistic is a relative quantity, which can effectively avoid the effect of random phase noise in LHD. With our method, the SNR of LHD can be improved in application scenarios where the target echo is decoherent. We developed a complete solution model for acquiring the heterodyne spectrum based on photon time-domain differential detection and performed proof-of-principle experiments. The experimental results show that in the presence of random phase noise, the SNR and velocity measurement error of our method are significantly better than that of the conventional method, and the larger the phase noise is, the more the SNR and velocity measurement error of our method are improved. Moreover, along with the increase in phase noise, the SNR of our method is basically unchanged, which also indicates that our method is not affected by random phase noise. This advantage is significant for photon-level weak echoes that require long detection times to be detected.