Correction to: MicroRNA-30d promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth via MYPT1/c-JUN/VEGFA pathway and predicts aggressive outcome in prostate cancer.

After publication of the article [1], the author reported that this article contained some errors.

Expression of PD-L1 in tumor-associated nerves correlates with reduced CD8+ tumor-associated lymphocytes and poor prognosis in prostate cancer.

To investigate immune profile consisting of stromal PD-L1 expression, inhibitory or non-T-cell inflamed tumor microenvironment that may predict response to anti-PD-L1/PD-1 immunotherapy in prostate cancer, we validated the specificity of a PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (E1L3N) and identified PD-L1 specific expression in prostatic stromal nerve cells. PD-L1 expression was analyzed in 73 primary prostate cancers and 7 castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and resulting data from primary prostate cancers were correlated with tumor-associated lymphocytes (TALs), clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome. PD-L1 was expressed in the tumor cells in only one primary prostate cancer case and none of the CRPC. However, PD-L1 was frequently observed in the nerve branches in the tumor-associated stroma (69 of 73 cases, 94.5%), supported by colocalization with axonal marker PGP9.5. FoxP3-, CD3- and CD8-positive T lymphocytes were observed in 74.6% (47/63), 98.4% (62/63) and 100% (61/61) of the cases, respectively. The density of PD-L1+ tumor-associated nerves (TANs) was inversely correlated with that of CD8+ TALs. Higher density of PD-L1+ TANs was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence (BCR) in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p = 0.016). In both univariate and multivariate Cox analysis, the density of PD-L1+ TANs was independently prognostic of BCR. In conclusion, PD-L1 expression is rare in prostate tumor cells but prevalent in TANs and negatively correlated with CD8+ TALs. Neuro-immunological interaction may be a contribution to immune-suppressive microenvironment. Combinatorial treatment regimen designs to neural PD-L1 and TALs should be warranted in future clinical application of anti-PD-L1/PD-1 immunotherapy in prostate cancer.

BACH1 promotes the progression of human colorectal cancer through BACH1/CXCR4 pathway.

The present study was to investigate clinical significance, biological functions and underlying mechanisms of BTB Domain and CNC Homolog 1(BACH1) deregulation in human colorectal cancer (CRC). The result showed that BACH1 upregulation was significantly associated with enhanced tumor invasion (P = 0.014) and gender (P = 0.028) of CRC patients. Kaplan-Meier method results showed that the overall survival of CRC patients with high BACH1 mRNA expression was markedly shorter than those with low expression (P = 0.015), and multivariate analyzes results showed that BACH1 was an independent prognostic predictor for CRC patients (P = 0.049). In vitro studies revealed that BACH1 efficiently promoted invasion and migration of CRC cell line. In vitro studies proved that the HCT116 cell stably expressing BACH1 formed significantly larger tumor nodules and remarkably accelerated tumor xenografts growth. In addition, Immunohistochemical scores of CD31 and Vimentin were significantly higher than those of the control group. Finally, correlation analysis indicated that BACH1 expression was positively correlated with C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4(CXCR4) in tumor tissues and cell lines. Together, BACH1 serves as an oncogene to promote CRC progression and an independent prognostic factor for survival and metastasis. BACH1 may inhibit the progression of CRC through BACH1/CXCR4 pathway.

MicroRNA-30d promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth via MYPT1/c-JUN/VEGFA pathway and predicts aggressive outcome in prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Even though aberrant expression of microRNA (miR)-30d has been reported in prostate cancer (PCa), its associations with cancer progression remain contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical significance, biological functions and underlying mechanisms of miR-30d deregulation in PCa. METHODS: Involvement of miR-30d deregulation in malignant phenotypes of PCa was demonstrated by clinical sample evaluation, and in vitro and in vivo experiments. The mechanisms underlying its regulatory effect on tumor angiogenesis were determined. RESULTS: miR-30d over-expression was observed in both PCa cells and clinical specimens. High-miR-30d was distinctly associated with high pre-operative PSA and Gleason score, advanced clinical and pathological stages, positive metastasis and biochemical recurrence (BCR), and reduced overall survival of PCa patients. Through gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we found that miR-30d promoted PCa cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary tube formation of endothelial cells, as well as in vivo tumor growth and angiogenesis in a mouse model. Simulation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1), acting as a direct target of miR-30d, antagonized the effects induced by miR-30d up-regulation in PCa cells. Notably, miR-30d/MYPT1 combination was identified as an independent factor to predict BCR of PCa patients. Furthermore, miR-30d exerted its pro-angiogenesis function, at least in part, by inhibiting MYPT1, which in turn, increased phosphorylation levels of c-JUN and activated VEGFA-induced signaling cascade in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: miR-30d and/or its target gene MYPT1 may serve as novel prognostic markers of PCa. miR-30d promotes tumor angiogenesis of PCa through MYPT1/c-JUN/VEGFA pathway.

Role of GPR30 in estrogen-induced prostate epithelial apoptosis and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Several studies have implicated estrogen and the estrogen receptor (ER) in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); however, the mechanism underlying this effect remains elusive. In the present study, we demonstrated that estrogen (17ß-estradiol, or E2)-induced activation of the G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) triggered Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, increased the mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration, and thus induced prostate epithelial cell (PEC) apoptosis. Both E2 and the GPR30-specific agonist G1 induced a transient intracellular Ca2+ release in PECs via the phospholipase C (PLC)-inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3) pathway, and this was abolished by treatment with the GPR30 antagonist G15. The release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3 in response to GPR30 activation were observed. Data generated from the analysis of animal models and human clinical samples indicate that treatment with the GPR30 agonist relieves testosterone propionate (TP)-induced prostatic epithelial hyperplasia, and that the abundance of GPR30 is negatively associated with prostate volume. On the basis of these results, we propose a novel regulatory mechanism whereby estrogen induces the apoptosis of PECs via GPR30 activation. Inhibition of this activation is predicted to lead to abnormal PEC accumulation, and to thereby contribute to BPH pathogenesis.

[Correlation of oxidative stress with sperm DNA integrity and semen parameters in infertile men with varicocele].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of oxidative stress with DNA integrity and semen parameters in infertile men with varicocele (VC). METHODS: This prospective study included 98 infertile males with VC. According to the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the semen, we divided the patients into a high ROS group (n=44) and a low ROS group (n=54), determined the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI), motility and morphology, and analyzed their correlation with ROS in the two groups of patients. RESULTS: Compared with the patients of the low ROS group, those of the high ROS group showed a significantly higher DFI (27.38±8.10 vs 34.49±6.05, P=0.039) and a higher concentration of seminal leukocytes (ï¼»0.65±0.15ï¼½×106/ml vs ï¼»0.86±0.41ï¼½×106/ml, P=0.022), but lower sperm motility (ï¼»36.16±22.83ï¼½% vs ï¼»18.22±25.21ï¼½%, P=0.017), percentage of progressively motile sperm (ï¼»23.34±11.53ï¼½% vs ï¼»16.34±9.22ï¼½%, P=0.041), sperm curvilinear velocity (ï¼»27.03±6.21ï¼½ vs ï¼»20.62±4.38ï¼½ µm/s, P=0.013), and sperm linearity (ï¼»29.75±8.24ï¼½% vs ï¼»18.30±7.93ï¼½%, P=0.024). Spearman correlation analysis indicated that the ROS level was correlated positively with the concentration of seminal leukocytes (r=0.41, P<0.01) and DFI (r=0.21, P=0.006), but negatively with sperm curvilinear velocity (r=－0.24, P=0.017), linearity (r=－0.24, P=0.021), motility (r=－0.31, P=0.002), and the percentage of progressively motile sperm (r=－0.41, P=0.012). Additionally, the sperm DFI manifested a significant negative correlation with sperm motility (r=－0.29, P<0.01) and the percentage of progressively motile sperm (r=－0.34, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The level of seminal ROS is positively correlated with the sperm DFI in infertile men with varicocele, and both the ROS level and DNA integrity are associated with semen parameters.

MicroRNA-224 and its target CAMKK2 synergistically influence tumor progression and patient prognosis in prostate cancer.

We previously demonstrated that microRNA (miR)-224 expression was significantly reduced in human prostate cancer (PCa) tissues and predicted unfavorable prognosis in patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of miR-224 have not been fully elucidated. In this study, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) was identified as a target gene of miR-224. Then, we found that enforced expression of miR-224 could suppress PCa cell proliferation and cell cycle by regulating the expression of CAMKK2 in vitro. In addition, the expression levels of miR-224 in PCa tissues were negatively correlated with those of CAMKK2 mRNA significantly (Spearman's correlation: r = -0.66, P = 0.004). Moreover, combined low miR-224 expression and high CAMKK2 expression (miR-224-low/CAMKK2-high) was closely correlated with advanced clinical stage (P = 0.028). Furthermore, PCa patients with miR-224-low/CAMKK2-high expression more frequently had shorter overall survival than those in groups with other expression patterns of two molecules. In conclusion, our data offer the convincing evidence that miR-224 and its target gene CAMKK2 may synergistically contribute to the malignant progression of PCa. Combined detection of miR-224 and CAMKK2 expressions represents an efficient predictor of patient prognosis and may be a novel marker which can provide additional prognostic information in PCa.

MicroRNA-224 inhibits progression of human prostate cancer by downregulating TRIB1.

Our previous microarray data showed that microRNA-224 (miR-224) was downregulated in human prostate cancer (PCa) tissues compared with adjacent benign tissues. However, the underlying mechanisms by which miR-224 is involved in PCa remain unclear. In this study, we identified TRIB1 as a target gene of miR-224. Forced expression of miR-224 suppressed PCa cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and promoted cell apoptosis by downregulating TRIB1. Moreover, the expression level of miR-224 in PCa tissues was negatively correlated with that of TRIB1. miR-224 downregulation was frequently found in PCa tissues with metastasis, higher PSA level and clinical stage, whereas TRIB1 upregulation was significantly associated with metastasis. Both miR-224 downregulation and TRIB1 upregulation were significantly associated with poor biochemical recurrence-free survival of patients with PCa. In conclusion, these findings reveal that the aberrant expression of miR-224 and TRIB1 may promote PCa progression and have potentials to serve as novel biomarkers for PCa prognosis.

MicroRNA-30c serves as an independent biochemical recurrence predictor and potential tumor suppressor for prostate cancer.

MicroRNA-30c (miR-30c) acts as a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter in various human malignancies. However, the involvement of miR-30c in prostate cancer (PCa) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular function and the clinical significance of miR-30c in PCa. Expression levels of miR-30c in PCa tissues and cells were detected by quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Additionally, the associations of miR-30c expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis in PCa patients were analyzed. The potential role of miR-30c in tumorigenesis of PCa cells was further evaluated by in vitro cell assays. MiR-30c was significantly down-regulated in PCa tissues and cells compared with the corresponding controls (P<0.05). In addition, the downregulation of miR-30c in PCa tissues was significantly associated with higher Gleason score (P=0.009), advanced pathological stage (P=0.016) and biochemical recurrence (P=0.034). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the reduced expression of miR-30c was correlated with shorter biochemical recurrence-free survival (P=0.023). The multivariate analysis also identified miR-30c as an independent prognostic predictor for biochemical recurrence-free survival in patients with PCa. Furthermore, the enforced expression of miR-30c suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion of PCa cells in vitro. Our data indicated the involvement of miR-30c in PCa progression and suggested its potential role as an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence in PCa. On cellular level, miR-30c may function as a tumor suppressor for PCa cells by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

A multi-classifier system integrated by clinico-histology-genomic analysis for predicting recurrence of papillary renal cell carcinoma.

Integrating genomics and histology for cancer prognosis demonstrates promise. Here, we develop a multi-classifier system integrating a lncRNA-based classifier, a deep learning whole-slide-image-based classifier, and a clinicopathological classifier to accurately predict post-surgery localized (stage I-III) papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) recurrence. The multi-classifier system demonstrates significantly higher predictive accuracy for recurrence-free survival (RFS) compared to the three single classifiers alone in the training set and in both validation sets (C-index 0.831-0.858 vs. 0.642-0.777, p < 0.05). The RFS in our multi-classifier-defined high-risk stage I/II and grade 1/2 groups is significantly worse than in the low-risk stage III and grade 3/4 groups (p < 0.05). Our multi-classifier system is a practical and reliable predictor for recurrence of localized pRCC after surgery that can be used with the current staging system to more accurately predict disease course and inform strategies for individualized adjuvant therapy.

Global analysis of the differentially expressed miRNAs of prostate cancer in Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND: Our recent study showed the global physiological function of the differentially expressed genes of prostate cancer in Chinese patients was different from that of other non-Chinese populations. microRNA are estimated to regulate the expression of greater than 60% of all protein-coding genes. To further investigate the global association between the transcript abundance of miRNAs and their target mRNAs in Chinese patients, we used microRNA microarray approach combined with bioinformatics and clinical-pathological assay to investigate the miRNA profile and evaluate the potential of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers in Chinese patients. RESULTS: A total of 28 miRNAs (fold change ≥ 1.5; P ≤ 0.05) were differentially expressed between tumor tissue and adjacent benign tissue of 4 prostate cancer patients.10 top Differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR using all 20 tissue pairs. Compared to the miRNA profile of non-Chinese populations, the current study showed that miR-23b, miR-220, miR-221, miR-222, and miR-205 maybe common critical therapeutic targets in different populations. The integrated analysis for mRNA microarray and miRNA microarray showed the effects of specifically inhibiting and/or enhancing the function of miRNAs on the gene transcription level. The current studies also identified 15 specific expressed miRNAs in Chinese patients. The clinical feature statistics revealed that miR-374b and miR-19a have significant correlations with clinical-pathological features in Chinese patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed Chinese prostate cancer patients have a common and specific miRNA expression profile compared with non-Chinese populations. The miR-374b is down-regulated in prostate cancer tissue, and it can be identified as an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence-free survival.

Expression of SOCSs in human prostate cancer and their association in prognosis.

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins have been identified as negative feedback regulators of cytokine-mediated signaling in various tissues, and demonstrated to play critical roles in tumorigenesis and tumor development of different cancers. The involvement of SOCSs in human prostate cancer (PCa) has not been fully elucidated. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the expression patterns and the clinical significance of SOCSs in PCa. The expression changes of SOCSs at mRNA and protein levels in human PCa tissues compared with adjacent benign prostate tissues were, respectively, detected by using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry analyses. The associations of SOCSs expression with clinicopathological features and clinical outcome of PCa patients were further statistically analyzed. Among SOCSs, both QRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analyses found that SOCS2 expression was upregulated (at mRNA level: change ratio = 1.98, P = 0.031; at protein level: 5.12 ± 0.60 vs. 2.68 ± 0.37, P = 0.016) and SOCS6 expression was downregulated (at mRNA level: change ratio = -1.65, P = 0.008; at protein level: 3.03 ± 0.32 vs. 4.0.72 ± 0.39, P = 0.004) in PCa tissues compared with those in non-cancerous prostate tissues. In addition, the upregulation of SOCS2 in PCa tissues was correlated with the lower Gleason score (P < 0.001), the absence of metastasis (P < 0.001) and the negative PSA failure (P = 0.009); the downregulation of SOCS6 tended to be found in PCa tissues with the higher Gleason score (P = 0.016), the advanced pathological stage (P = 0.007), the positive metastasis (P = 0.020), and the positive PSA failure (P = 0.032). Furthermore, both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the downregulation of SOCS2 was an independent predictor of shorter biochemical recurrence-free survival. Our data offer the convincing evidence for the first time that the dysregulation of SOCS2 and SOCS6 may be associated with the aggressive progression of PCa. SOCS2 may be potential markers for prognosis in PCa patients.

CRISPR/Cas9 (D10A) nickase-mediated Hb CS gene editing and genetically modified fibroblast identification.

This study investigated whether CRISPR/Cas9 (D10A) nickase-mediated gene editing can correct the aberrant Hb Constant Spring mutation (Hb CS or HBA2: c.427 T > C) in fibroblasts. Vectors for repairing the α-globin-encoding gene, HBA2:c.427 T > C mutation, includingthe CRISPR/Cas9(D10A)-sg plasmid and donor with homology arms, were constructed and used to perform gene editing in patient-derived fibroblasts. We subsequently analyzed the genetic correction, the gene editing efficiency and off-target effect. Sequencing analysis and the BamHI assay showed that HB CS mutant cells were repaired with Hb CS point mutations, the editing efficiency was 4.18%~9.34% and no off-target effects were detected. The results indicate that the HB CS mutant gene is effectively repaired by the CRISPR/Cas9 (D10A)system, which may enable truly personalized therapy for precise repair of α-thalassemia.

Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screening and Identification of Potential Genes Promoting Prostate Cancer Growth and Metastasis.

OBJECTIVE: Identification and validation of genes that functionally account for the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer. METHODS: DU145-KO cell line was constructed by transfecting DU145 cells with lentivirus packaged with the genome-wide knock-out library. The DU145-KO cells were transplanted into the armpits of immunocompromised Nu/Nu mice, followed by the tissue collection from the lung at week 3 (early lung tissue) or week 7 (late lung tissue with micro-metastasis), as well as from primary tumor site at week 7 (late primary tumor) after inoculation. Lung metastasis was retrieved at various time points for DNA sequencing analysis to identify enriched sgRNAs, thus candidate genes/miRNAs. Further bioinformatics analysis and limited functional validation studies were carried out. RESULTS: DU145-KO cells promoted the formation of transplanted tumors in mice and promoted the growth and metastasis of primary tumors, compared to the controls (DU145-NC cells). The analysis of sequence data showed that the abundance of sgRNAs significantly changed in the primary tumor and micro-metastasis site. Fifteen target genes (C1QTNF9B, FAM229A, hsa-mir-3929, KRT23, TARS2, CRADD, GRIK4, PLA2G15, LOXL1, SLITRK6, CDC42EP5, SLC2A4, PTGDS, MYL9 and ACOX2 for the enriched sgRNAs) have been selected for experimental validation, which showed that knock-out of any of these genes led to the enhanced potential of invasion and metastasis of DU145 cells. CONCLUSION: Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knock-out screening technology combined with highthroughput sequencing analysis identified genes that potentially relate to prostate tumor invasion and metastasis. Analysis of these genes provided insights into biological pathways relevant to the disease and disclosed innovative markers for diagnosis or prognosis as well as potential targets for therapy.

Functional classification of prostate cancer­associated miRNAs through CRISPR/Cas9­mediated gene knockout.

The aim of the present study was to use the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR­associated (Cas) 9­mediated gene knockout technology for the rapid classification of the differential function of micro (mi)RNAs screened using miRNA expression profiling by microarray. The rational design of single guide RNAs for the CRISPR/Cas9 system was verified to function in human LNCaP cells with rapid and efficient target gene editing. miRNA (miR)­205, miR­221, miR­222, miR­30c, miR­224, miR­455­3p, miR­23b and miR­505 were downregulated in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and were experimentally validated to function as tumor suppressors in prostate cancer cells, affecting tumor proliferation, invasion and aerobic glycolysis. In addition, the data of the present study suggested that miR­663a and mfiR­1225­5p were upregulated in prostate cancer tissues and cell proliferation of miR­663a and miR­1225­5p knockout PCa cells was significantly lower compared with miR­NC cells. Furthermore, knockout of miR­1225­5p and miR­663a significantly decreased the lactate production in LNCaP cells in vitro. In conclusion, the present study offered a simple and efficient method for rapidly classifying miRNA function by applying CRISPR/Cas9 in LNCaP cells. The present study suggested, for the first time to the best of the authors' knowledge, that the aberrant expression of miR­663a and miR­1225­5p may be involved with the progression of prostate cancer, implying their potential as candidate markers for this type of cancer. However, the precise role of miR­663a and miR­1225­5p in accelerating the development of prostate cancer and promoting tumor progression remains to be elucidated.

The study of multiple diagnosis models of human prostate cancer based on Taylor database by artificial neural networks.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy seen in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in males. The incidence and mortality associated with PCa has been rapidly increasing in China recently. METHODS: Multiple diagnostic models of human PCa were developed based on Taylor database by combining the artificial neural networks (ANNs) to enhance the ability of PCa diagnosis. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to select feature genes as numerical encoded parameters that reflect cancer, metastatic, or normal samples. Back propagation (BP) neural network and learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network were used to build different Cancer/Normal, Primary/Metastatic, and Gleason Grade diagnostic models. RESULTS: The performance of these modeling approaches was evaluated by predictive accuracy (ACC) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). By observing the statistically significant parameters of the three training sets, our Cancer/Normal, Primary/Metastatic, and Gleason Grade models' with ACC and AUC can be drawn (97.33%, 0.9832), (99.17%, 0.9952), and (90.48%, 0.8742), respectively. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that our diagnostic models of human PCa based on Taylor database combining the feature gene expression profiling data and artificial intelligence algorithms might act as a powerful tool for diagnosing PCa. Gleason Grade diagnostic models were used as novel prognostic diagnosis models for biochemical recurrence-free survival and overall survival, which might be helpful in the prognostic diagnosis of PCa in patients.

Increasing of FKBP9 can predict poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: FK506 binding protein 9 (FKBP9) has been reported and identified for a long time, but its relationship with cancer is rarely studied. For example, the role of FK506 binding protein 9 in prostate cancer (PCa) is still unclear. Therefore, we decided to detect the expression level of FKBP9 in PCa and explore its clinical significance. METHODS: The expression level of FKBP9 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry. In addition, it was demonstrated by high-throughput sequencing of mRNA levels in the TCGA (cancer genome atlas) dataset of 499 patients. Kaplan-meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression model were used to evaluate the relationship between FKBP9 expression and survival in prostate cancer patients. RESULTS: The expression of FKBP9 was localized in the cytoplasm, which in normal prostate tissues was obviously lower than that in PCa tissues (P = 0.001). High expression of FKBP9 was related with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.022) and distant metastasis (P = 0.028). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the BCR-free survival of PCa patients with high FKBP9 level was significantly shortened (P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: FKBP9 may be a cancer promoter that enhances PCa progression, and the level of FKBP9 may be used as an independent precursor of PCa patients.

Increased intracellular Cl- concentration mediates Trichomonas vaginalis-induced inflammation in the human vaginal epithelium.

Trichomonas vaginalis is a primary urogenital parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted disease. As the first line of host defense, vaginal epithelial cells play critical roles in orchestrating vaginal innate immunity and modulate intracellular Cl- homeostasis via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an anion channel that plays positive roles in regulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling. However, the association between T. vaginalis infection and intracellular Cl- disequilibrium remains elusive. This study showed that after T. vaginalis infection, CFTR was markedly down-regulated by cysteine proteases in vaginal epithelial cells. The intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) was consequently elevated, leading to NF-κB signalling activation via serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1. Moreover, heightened [Cl-]i and activated NF-κB signalling could be sustained in a positive feedback regulatory manner resulting from decreased intracellular cAMP through NF-κB-mediated up-regulation of phosphodiesterase 4. The results conclusively revealed that the intracellular Cl- of the human vaginal epithelium could be dynamically modulated by T. vaginalis, which contributed to mediation of epithelial inflammation in the human vagina.

Overexpression of TPX2 is associated with progression and prognosis of prostate cancer.

Targeting protein for Xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2) activates Aurora kinase A during mitosis and targets its activity to the mitotic spindle, serving an important role in mitosis. It has been associated with different types of cancer and is considered to promote tumor growth. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of TPX2 in diagnosing prostate cancer (PCa). It was identified that TPX2 expression in PCa tissues was increased compared with benign prostate tissues. Microarray analysis demonstrated that TPX2 was positively associated with the Gleason score, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, clinicopathological stage, metastasis, overall survival and biochemical relapse-free survival. In vitro studies revealed that the high expression of TPX2 in PCa cells improved proliferative, invasive and migratory abilities, and repressed apoptosis of the PCa cells, without affecting tolerance to docetaxel. The results suggested that TPX2 serves as a tumorigenesis-promoting gene in PCa, and a potential therapeutic target for patients with PCa.