[Research Progress in Clinical Electrophysiological Assessment of Patients with Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy].

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy(SAE) caused by infections outside the central nervous system always presents extensive brain damage.It is common in clinical practice and associated with a poor prognosis.There are problems in the assessing and diagnosing of SAE.Many factors,such as sedation and mechanical ventilation,make it difficult to assess SAE,while electrophysiological examination may play a role in the assessment.We reviewed the studies of electrophysiological techniques such as electroencephalography and somatosensory evoked potentials for monitoring SAE,hoping to provide certain evidence for the clinical evaluation and diagnosis of SAE.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of heating of biased Si avalanche photodiodes in an external circuit due to irradiation by a millisecond-pulse laser.

The interaction mechanism between external laser and Si avalanche photodiodes (Si-APDs) in practical circuits and the law of temperature increase are vital for the laser protection of Si-APDs. This study establishes the heating model of Si-APDs in an external circuit irradiated by a millisecond-pulse laser. The law of surface temperature increase in Si-APDs is determined via simulation and experiment. Results show that both laser energy density and external capacitance significantly affect the temperature increase. The theoretical simulation and experimental results are consistent, thereby validating the theoretical model.

Experimental study of different pulse delays on the phenomenon of double shock waves induced by a millisecond-nanosecond combined-pulse laser.

We study the motion morphology, distance, and velocity of plasma and laser-induced shock waves induced by a millisecond-nanosecond (ms-ns) combined-pulse laser with different pulse delays on silicon. The laser shadowgraph method is used, and the phenomenon of double laser-induced shock waves has been found while the pulse delay is 1.2-1.8 ms. The controlling variable method is used to study this phenomenon, and it is found that it is mainly related to the ignition of the laser-supported absorption wave induced by the ms laser. Moreover, the plasma expansion velocity increases with the increase of pulse delay, the axial propagation distance of laser-induced shock waves increases monotonically with pulse delay, and the velocity of laser-induced shock waves decreases with the increase of pulse delay.

Experimental study of the morphological evolution of the millisecond-nanosecond combined-pulse laser ablation of aluminum alloy.

A comparative study of the interactions of the millisecond-nanosecond combined-pulse laser and millisecond pulse laser with aluminum alloy is presented. During the interaction between the laser and aluminum alloy, the coupling effect of the nanosecond pulse laser on the molten pool formed by the millisecond laser is analyzed. During the nanosecond laser irradiation in the combined approach, the expansion velocity of the plasma plume reaches 600 m/s, while the laser ablation depth increased by approximately 9 times. Based on experiments, the high-speed shadow imaging method, correlation of the temperature evolution characteristics, and ablation morphology are considered for a comprehensive analysis. The coupling effect between the millisecond-nanosecond combined-pulse laser and aluminum-alloy molten pool phase is explained.

The establishment and validation of a prediction model for traumatic intracranial injury patients: a reliable nomogram.

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to death and disability. This study developed an effective prognostic nomogram for assessing the risk factors for TBI mortality. Method: Data were extracted from an online database called "Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care IV" (MIMIC IV). The ICD code obtained data from 2,551 TBI persons (first ICU stay, >18 years old) from this database. R divided samples into 7:3 training and testing cohorts. The univariate analysis determined whether the two cohorts differed statistically in baseline data. This research used forward stepwise logistic regression after independent prognostic factors for these TBI patients. The optimal variables were selected for the model by the optimal subset method. The optimal feature subsets in pattern recognition improved the model prediction, and the minimum BIC forest of the high-dimensional mixed graph model achieved a better prediction effect. A nomogram-labeled TBI-IHM model containing these risk factors was made by nomology in State software. Least Squares OLS was used to build linear models, and then the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted. The TBI-IHM nomogram model's validity was determined by receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs), correction curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), net reclassification improvement (NRI), and decision-curve analysis (DCA). Result: The eight features with a minimal BIC model were mannitol use, mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, international normalized ratio, urea nitrogen, respiratory rate, and cerebrovascular disease. The proposed nomogram (TBI-IHM model) was the best mortality prediction model, with better discrimination and superior model fitting for severely ill TBI patients staying in ICU. The model's receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was the best compared to the seven other models. It might be clinically helpful for doctors to make clinical decisions. Conclusion: The proposed nomogram (TBI-IHM model) has significant potential as a clinical utility in predicting mortality in TBI patients.

What dominates the interfacial properties of extended surfactants: Amphipathicity or surfactant shape?

HYPOTHESIS: The properties of conventional surfactants (c-surfactants) are generally accepted to be amphipathicity-dominated, but extended surfactants (e-surfactants) are additionally polypropylene oxide (PPO)-dependent; this additional property makes us wonder how an intramolecular PPO spacer would be "extended" at various interfaces and what is responsible for the excellent all-round properties of e-surfactants. EXPERIMENTS: A series of novel sodium medium alkyl chain PPO-b-PEO sulfates (2-ethylhexyl polypropylene oxide-block-polyethylene oxide sulfates, C8PpEeS) were designed, synthesized and structurally identified. Tensiometry was applied to estimate the surfactant shape at the air/water surface. Surface tension, interfacial tension, emulsifying power, electrolyte tolerance, adsorption onto oil sands and thermal hydrolysis stability were measured to evaluate the effect of the PPO coil on the interfacial and micellar properties of the e-surfactants. FINDINGS: On the basis of obtaining greater values for e-surfactants than c-surfactants for both surface area (am) per surfactant molecule and the corresponding shape factor (S), we were surprised to find that e-surfactants form a rugby ball shape not only at the air/water surface but also at the oil/water interface; this result is potentially explained by the PPO spacer coiling and collapsing to produce dense packing at the monolayer adsorption, which is rationally borrowed by other interfaces. Many positive or negative correlations were observed between the interfacial/micellar properties of C8PpEeS and am values, which seems that the surfactant shape dominants the properties of the e-surfactants. In fact, the properties of C8PpEeS are dominated by the dynamic amphipathicity and assisted by the rugby ball shape of the molecules because of both being driven by the dynamic biphasic affinity of the PPO coil in response to the external environment; these findings provide soft interfacial materials specially adapted for surfactant flooding.

The Effect of Spot Size Combination Mode on Ablation Morphology of Aluminum Alloy by Millisecond-Nanosecond Combined-Pulse Laser.

Ablation morphology affects the quality of laser processing. Therefore, the control of ablation morphology is very important. The influence of spot size combination mode on the ablation morphology of aluminum alloy is studied for the first time. Experimental results show that when the nanosecond laser spot is larger, the ablation morphology looks like a bowl-shape, and there is little solidification near the edge. When the nanosecond laser spot is smaller, the shape of the ablation morphology is similar to a hole, and the protuberance is formed near the edge of the cavity. Through the analysis and simulation of the physical model, the physical mechanism, which describes the influence of the spot size combination mode on the molten pool, is discussed. The research results of this paper have important guiding significance for the control of laser processing effect.

Smooth ZnO:Al-AgNWs Composite Electrode for Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Device.

The high interest in organic light-emitting device (OLED) technology is largely due to their flexibility. Up to now, indium tin oxide (ITO) films have been widely used as transparent conductive electrodes (TCE) in organic opto-electronic devices. However, ITO films, typically deposited on glass are brittle and they make it difficult to produce flexible devices, restricting their use for flexible devices. In this study, we report on a nano-composite TCE, which is made of a silver nanowire (AgNW) network, combined with aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al, AZO) by atomic layer deposition. The AgNWs/AZO composite electrode on photopolymer substrate shows a low sheet resistance of only 8.6 Ω/sq and a high optical transmittance of about 83% at 550 nm. These values are even comparable to conventional ITO on glass. In addition, the electrodes also have a very smooth surface (0.31 nm root-mean-square roughness), which is flat enough to contact the OLED stack. Flexible OLED were built with AgNWs/AZO electrodes, which suggests that this approach can replace conventional ITO TCEs in organic electronic devices in the future.