What are the mechanisms underlying the delivery of survivorship care information in Australia? A realist review.

OBJECTIVE: Quality survivorship information is an essential component of cancer care. However, survivors often report not receiving this information and healthcare professionals report limited practical guidance on how to effectively deliver survivorship information. Therefore, this study used realist review methods to identify mechanisms reported within the published literature for communicating survivorship information and to understand the contextual factors that make these mechanisms effective. METHODS: Full-text papers published in CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Academic Search Ultimate were included. Studies included in this review were conducted in Australia between January 2006 and December 2023, and reported on how information regarding survivorship care was communicated to adult cancer survivors living in the community. This review utilized realist methodologies: text extracts were converted to if-then statements used to generate context-mechanism-outcome theories. RESULTS: Fifty-one studies were included and six theories for mechanisms that underpin the effective delivery of survivorship information were formed. These include: (1) tailoring information based on the survivors' background, (2) enhancing communication among providers, (3) employing dedicated survivorship staff, (4) providing survivorship training, (5) reducing the burden on survivors to navigate their care, and (6) using multiple modalities to provide information. CONCLUSIONS: Findings can inform practical guidance for how survivorship care information is best delivered in practice. Clinicians can apply this guidance to improve their individual interactions with cancer survivors, as can policymakers to develop healthcare systems and procedures that support effective communication of cancer survivorship information.

Comparison of Computer-Assisted Self-Interview Versus Clinician Interview for Self-Reported Vulvovaginal Symptoms.

ABSTRACT: This secondary analysis (N = 43) compared computer-assisted self-interview (CASI) to clinician interview for self-report of 8 vulvovaginal symptoms. Concordance was moderate between interview modes (range, 70-86%) with itching and odor having highest agreement. Although prior reports suggest more responses on CASI, we found CASI did not significantly increase self-report of symptoms over clinician interview.

What are the post-treatment information needs of rural cancer survivors in Australia? A systematic literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic literature review to critically assess the met and unmet post-treatment information needs of cancer survivors living in rural communities in Australia, to inform the improvement of survivors' transition from treatment in major cities to community care. METHODS: Cumulative index of nursing and allied health literature, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL and Academic Search Ultimate databases and websites of 118 cancer organisations were searched for relevant Australian studies published since 2006. Key search terms included 'rural', 'remote', 'regional', 'cancer', 'survivor*', 'living with', and 'post-treatment'. Data reflecting study source, aims, methodology, and reported information needs were extracted and summarised. Study quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. RESULTS: Fifty-two articles met eligibility criteria. Only six of these specified a primary aim of understanding information needs for rural cancer survivors. Information on prognosis and recovery; managing treatment side effects; healthy lifestyle choices; referrals to support services, and face-to-face and written delivery of information at multiple time points were reported as needed and often lacking for rural cancer survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Co-ordinated, multi-step provision of information to support health and recovery after cancer treatment and beyond is likely to be particularly important for rural cancer survivors given their broad range of needs and reduced access to health care services. Findings provide useful recommendations to facilitate patients' transition home to rural communities after cancer treatment in major cities, however, an increased understanding of the information needs of rural survivors is required to inform the development of guidelines that can be used in clinical practice.

Age-Related Changes in Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins from Whole Male and Female Skeletal Elements.

One of the key questions in forensic cases relates to some form of age inference, whether this is how old a crime scene is, when in time a particular crime was committed, or how old the victim was at the time of the crime. These age-related estimations are currently achieved through morphological methods with varying degrees of accuracy. As a result, biomolecular approaches are considered of great interest, with the relative abundances of several protein markers already recognized for their potential forensic significance; however, one of the greatest advantages of proteomic investigations over genomics ones is the wide range of post-translational modifications (PTMs) that make for a complex but highly dynamic resource of information. Here, we explore the abundance of several PTMs including the glycosylation, deamidation, and oxidation of several key proteins (collagen, fetuin A, biglycan, serum albumin, fibronectin and osteopontin) as being of potential value to the development of an age estimation tool worthy of further evaluation in forensic contexts. We find that glycosylations lowered into adulthood but deamidation and oxidation increased in the same age range.

Accessing and Assessing the Cell-Surface Glycocalyx Using DNA Origami.

The cell-surface glycocalyx serves as a physiological barrier regulating cellular accessibility to macromolecules and other cells. Conventional glycocalyx characterization has largely been morphological rather than functional. Here, we demonstrated direct glycocalyx anchoring of DNA origami nanotiles and performed a comprehensive comparison with traditional origami targeting to the phospholipid bilayer (PLB) using cholesterol. While DNA nanotiles effectively accessed single-stranded DNA initiators anchored on the glycocalyx, their accessibility to the underlying PLB was only permitted by extended nanotile-to-initiator spacing or by enzymatic glycocalyx degradation using trypsin or pathogenic neuraminidase. Thus, the DNA nanotiles, being expelled by the physiologic glycocalyx, provide an effective functional measure of the glycocalyx barrier integrity and faithfully predict cell-to-cell accessibility during DNA-guided multicellular assembly. Lastly, the glycocalyx-anchoring mechanism enabled enhanced cell-surface stability and cellular uptake of nanotiles compared to PLB anchoring. This research lays the foundation for future development of DNA nanodevices to access the cell surface.

Cancer survivors' perspectives of dietary information provision after cancer treatment: A scoping review of the Australian context.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: To support survivor-centred care in Australia, this review maps current knowledge regarding adult cancer survivors' perspectives of dietary information provision post-treatment. METHODS: A scoping review of research conducted in Australia within the past decade reported using PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Seven databases were searched (01/01/2009-05/06/2020) and records were independently screened by two researchers using eligibility criteria. Papers in the peer-reviewed literature with dietary information post-treatment as a primary and secondary outcome were eligible for inclusion. Data charting included participant characteristics, study methodology and cancer survivors' reports of dietary information provision post-treatment. RESULTS: Of 531 records identified, 12 met eligibility criteria. Most studies included breast (58%) and colorectal (42%) cancer survivors within 5 years post-diagnosis (84%). Three studies were conducted amongst specific ethnic groups (Indigenous Australians, Chinese-Australians, Greek-Australians). Participants in the included studies commonly reported limited or ineffective dietary information from healthcare providers post-treatment. Cancer survivors identified a need for individualised information regarding dietary strategies to manage ongoing symptoms, professional support for weight management, and practical skills for healthy eating. Amongst ethnic groups, there was a need for dietary information that considers traditional foods and cultural beliefs, and is available in their native language. Cancer survivors valued ongoing dietary follow-up and support post-treatment, and suggested a variety of face-to-face and online delivery modes. Those residing in rural and remote areas reported barriers to accessing dietary information post-treatment including time, cost, and availability of local services. CONCLUSIONS: There is scope to improve dietary information provision after cancer treatment in Australia. SO WHAT?: Dietary guidance post-treatment should consider individual needs, cultural background, and opportunity for ongoing follow-up and support.

Relative Protein Abundances and Biological Ageing in Whole Skeletal Elements.

Establishing biological age is an integral part of forensic investigations, currently achieved through morphological methods with varying degrees of accuracy. Furthermore, biological ageing is much easier in juveniles than in adults, at which point traditional ageing methods struggle. Therefore, biomolecular approaches are considered of great interest, with several protein markers already recognized for their potential forensic significance. However, previous studies have typically relied on subsampling different parts of skeletal elements. Here, we attempt to evaluate the proteome of complete elements using a rat model. In the analysis of specimens spanning beyond adulthood (1 week to 1.5 years), we observed 729 unique proteins across 33 samples (three for each sex for each of the five (female) or six (male)), five of which represent newly identified proteins in relation to age estimation: vimentin, osteopontin, matrilin-1, apolipoprotein A-I, and prothrombin. Most of these follow the trend of decreasing abundance through age, with the exception of prothrombin that increases. We consider the combined use of these relative abundances, along with those of previously noted fetuin-A, biglycan, albumin, and chromogranin-A signatures, as being of potential value to the development of an age estimation tool worthy of further evaluation in forensic contexts.

Needs, preferences, and experiences of adult cancer survivors in accessing dietary information post-treatment: A scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: To support provision of healthy lifestyle information tailored to patients' needs and preferences, this review maps adult cancer survivors' self-reported needs, preferences, and experiences accessing dietary information post-treatment. METHODS: A scoping review of research published within the past decade conducted using PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Seven databases were searched in June 2020. RESULTS: Of 15,973 articles identified, 57 met eligibility criteria. Studies most frequently included survivors of breast cancer (49%), persons aged 40+ years (95%), ≤5 years post-diagnosis (54%), and residing in North America (44%). Cancer survivors commonly identified needing information regarding healthy eating, particularly practical skills, and support in changing dietary behaviours. Preferences included specific recommendations, direct communication with healthcare professionals, and peer support from other cancer survivors. In practice, survivors frequently reported receiving generic advice from healthcare professionals, limited dietary follow-up, and lack of referral to support. Unmet needs in healthcare settings led to dietary information-seeking elsewhere; however, survivors indicated difficulty identifying credible sources. Personal beliefs and desire for involvement in care motivated dietary information-seeking post-treatment. CONCLUSION: Cancer survivors' experiences accessing dietary information post-treatment do not align with needs and preferences. Less is known about survivors who are young adults, >5 years post-diagnosis, and living in rural areas.

Gender, age, disease severity, body mass index and diabetes may not affect response to subcutaneous tanezumab in patients with osteoarthritis after 16 weeks of treatment. A subgroup analysis of placebo-controlled trials.

AIM: To assess the impact of pre-specified patient characteristics on efficacy and safety of subcutaneous tanezumab in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Data were pooled from two (efficacy; N = 1545) or three (safety; N = 1754) phase 3 placebo-controlled trials. Change from baseline to week 16 in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain, WOMAC Physical Function and patient global assessment of OA (PGA-OA) scores was compared between tanezumab (2.5 and 5 mg) and placebo groups via analysis of covariance. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were summarised descriptively. Analyses were done in patient subgroups (men or women; age <65, ≥65, or ≥75 years; body mass index [BMI] <25, 25 to <30, 30 to <35 or ≥35 kg/m2 ; diabetes or no diabetes; baseline WOMAC Pain score <7 or ≥7; and Kellgren-Lawrence [KL] grades 2, 3 or 4 in the index joint) and the overall population. RESULTS: In all subgroups, improvements in WOMAC Pain were numerically greater and often statistically significant (P < .05) for both tanezumab groups compared with placebo. Results were similar for WOMAC Physical Function and PGA-OA. TEAE profiles were generally consistent across subgroups and similar to the overall population (ie slightly higher rates of TEAEs, serious TEAEs and severe TEAEs with tanezumab relative to placebo) with a few exceptions. Exceptions included women reporting slightly more TEAEs with tanezumab than men, and patients with diabetes reporting slightly more severe TEAEs with tanezumab than patients without diabetes. Additionally, TEAEs were more frequent with tanezumab than placebo in the age ≥65 and ≥75 years, but not the age <65 years, subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy and safety/tolerability of tanezumab may not be meaningfully impacted by gender, age, BMI, diabetes status, baseline pain severity or KL grade in the index joint. Conclusions are limited by low patient number in some subgroups. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02697773, NCT02709486, NCT01089725.

Dietitian encounters after treatment for ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: After ovarian cancer treatment, women report health issues that may be amenable to change with dietary support. The present study investigated how many women encounter a dietitian post-treatment and the factors associated with dietitian service use. METHODS: We used data from a cohort of women with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer to identify socio-economic, clinical and personal factors associated with dietitian encounter after treatment completion. Data were collected at regular intervals using validated questionnaires up to 4 years post-treatment completion. Logistic regression (LR) and generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess factors associated with dietitian encounter at any time-point post-treatment (LR), as well as in the 3 months prior to a follow-up questionnaire (GLMM) to assess time-varying factors. RESULTS: Of 819 women, 97 (12%) reported seeing a dietitian post-treatment. Factors associated with dietitian encounter were being overweight (ORLR  = 1.7, CI = 1.1-2.8), having poorer self-rated health (ORLR  = 2.5, CI = 1.2-5.2; ORGLMM  = 2.3, CI = 1.2-4.4) or poorer diet quality (ORLR  = 0.5, CI = 0.2-1.0) pre-diagnosis, treatment within the public health system (ORGLMM  = 1.8, CI = 1.2-2.7), previous support from dietetic (ORLR  = 3.1, CI = 1.8-5.4; ORGLMM  = 2.8, CI = 1.8-4.2) or other allied health services (ORLR  = 2.0, CI = 1.2-3.2; ORGLMM  = 3.7, CI = 2.4-5.5), and having progressive disease at follow-up (ORGLMM  = 2.2, CI = 1.4-3.3). Most women (86%) with ≥ 3 moderate-to-severe nutrition impact symptoms did not report a dietitian encounter post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Few women encounter a dietitian post-treatment for ovarian cancer, including those with multiple nutrition impact symptoms. Further work is needed to engage those likely to benefit from dietitian support but less likely to seek or receive it.

Properties of a fungicidal product formed from a reaction between L-cystine and pyridoxal.

Previously we found that three components of a commonly used mammalian cell culture medium incorporated into agar killed cryptococci (Granger and Call 2019). The components were L-cystine, iron [Fe(III)], and pyridoxal (CIP). We now report on a buffered solution at neutral pH of the three components, which was highly fungicidal without agar. We showed that CIP fungicidal activity, identical to the findings with cell culture medium, was inactivated by visible light and was unstable with storage in the dark. Congeners replacing either pyridoxal or L-cystine in CIP revealed structural requirements for fungicidal activity. Replacing pyridoxal in CIP with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde produced a solution that was equally fungicidal and maintained fungicidal activity upon storage in the dark for up to 50 days. We employed methods for excluding iron from CIP and found that fungicidal activity was not affected. Upon mixing L-cystine and pyridoxal in buffer at pH 7.0, diode array spectroscopy revealed a red-shift of absorbance maximum from 391 nm to 398 nm. Our findings point to Schiff base reaction between the pyridoxal aldehyde group of C1 with the alpha amino group(s) of cystine to yield a fungicidal compound. Light at wave length approximately 400 nm inactivates this complex accompanied by bleaching of the pyridine ring of pyridoxal. Our findings may be useful for design of a class of fungicidal compounds formed through Schiff base reaction of disulfide compounds with aromatic ring-bearing aldehydes.

Patterns in On-time, Daily Submission of a Short Web-Based Personal Behavior Survey in a Longitudinal Women's Health Study.

We evaluated compliance with submitting a short Web-based personal behavior survey daily during a 10-week study (n = 52 women/3419 diaries). Time-stamped forms revealed that 50% of diaries were submitted within 24 hours of the email prompt, and 19% were missing or submitted more than 3 days late. Late submissions may affect data quality.

microRNA-29b knocks down collagen type I production in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cardiac fibroblasts.

Warm acclimation of rainbow trout can cause a decrease in the collagen content of the heart. This ability to remove cardiac collagen is particularly interesting considering that collagen deposition in the mammalian heart, following an injury, is permanent. We hypothesized that collagen removal can be facilitated by microRNA-29b (miR-29b), a highly conserved, small, non-coding RNA, as a reduction in this microRNA has been reported during the development of fibrosis in the mammalian heart. We also used a bioinformatics approach to investigate the binding potential of miR-29b to the seed sequences of vertebrate collagen isoforms. Cultured trout cardiac fibroblasts were transfected with zebrafish mature miR-29b mimic for 7 days with re-transfection occurring after 3 days. Transfection induced a 17.8-fold increase in miR-29b transcript abundance (P<0.05) as well as a 54% decrease in the transcript levels of the col1a3 collagen isoform, compared with non-transfected controls (P<0.05). Western blotting demonstrated that the level of collagen type I protein was 85% lower in cells transfected with miR-29b than in control cells (P<0.05). Finally, bioinformatic analysis suggested that the predicted 3'-UTR of rainbow trout col1a3 has a comparatively higher binding affinity for miR-29b than the 3'-UTR of col1a1 Together, these results suggest that miR-29b is a highly conserved regulator of collagen type I protein in vertebrates and that this microRNA decreases collagen in the trout heart by targeting col1a3.

Transforming growth factor-ß1 induces differentiation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts.

The collagen content of the rainbow trout heart increases in response to cold acclimation and decreases with acclimation to warm temperatures. This ability to remodel the myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) makes these fish useful models to study the cellular pathways involved in collagen regulation in the vertebrate heart. Remodelling of the ECM in the mammalian heart is regulated, in part, by myofibroblasts which arise from pre-existing fibroblasts in response to transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1). We have previously demonstrated that treatment of cultured rainbow trout cardiac fibroblasts with human TGF-ß1 causes an increase in collagen production. Here, we showed that repetitive treatment of rainbow trout cardiac fibroblasts with a physiologically relevant concentration of human recombinant TGF-ß1 results in a ∼29-fold increase in phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic 2 (pSmad2); a 2.9-fold increase in vinculin protein, a 1.2-fold increase in cellular size and a 3-fold increase in filamentous actin (F-actin). These are common markers of the transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Cells treated with TGF-ß1 also had highly organized cytoskeletal α-smooth muscle actin, as well as increased transcript abundances of mmp-9, timp-2 and col1a1 Furthermore, using gelatin zymography, we demonstrated that TGF-ß1 treatment causes a 5.3-fold increase in gelatinase activity. Together, these results suggest that trout cardiac fibroblasts have the capacity to differentiate into myofibroblasts and that this cell type can increase extracellular collagen turnover via gelatinase activity. Cardiac myofibroblasts are, therefore, likely involved in the remodelling of the cardiac ECM in the trout heart during thermal acclimation.

Labor and skills gap analysis of the biomedical research workforce.

The United States has experienced an unsustainable increase of the biomedical research workforce over the past 3 decades. This expansion has led to a myriad of consequences, including an imbalance in the number of researchers and available tenure-track faculty positions, extended postdoctoral training periods, increasing age of investigators at first U.S. National Institutes of Health R01 grant, and exodus of talented individuals seeking careers beyond traditional academe. Without accurate data on the biomedical research labor market, challenges will remain in resolving these problems and in advising trainees of viable career options and the skills necessary to be productive in their careers. We analyzed workforce trends, integrating both traditional labor market information and real-time job data. We generated a profile of the current biomedical research workforce, performed labor gap analyses of occupations in the workforce at regional and national levels, and assessed skill transferability between core and complementary occupations. We conclude that although supply into the workforce and the number of job postings for occupations within that workforce have grown over the past decade, supply continues to outstrip demand. Moreover, we identify practical skill sets from real-time job postings to optimally equip trainees for an array of careers to effectively meet future workforce demand.-Mason, J. L., Johnston, E., Berndt, S., Segal, K., Lei, M., Wiest, J. S. Labor and skills gap analysis of the biomedical research workforce.

Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) stimulates collagen synthesis in cultured rainbow trout cardiac fibroblasts.

Cold acclimation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, causes collagen to increase within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the myocardium, while warm acclimation has the opposite effect. The mechanism responsible for this remodelling response is not known. In mammals, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) stimulates collagen deposition within the myocardial ECM. Therefore, we hypothesized that TGF-ß1 regulates trout myocardial ECM turnover and predicted that TGF-ß1 would induce collagen deposition in cultured rainbow trout cardiac fibroblasts. We found that treatment of trout cardiac fibroblasts with 15 ng ml-1 human recombinant TGF-ß1 caused an increase in total collagen at 48 and 72 h and an increase in collagen type I protein after 7 days. We also found that TGF-ß1 treatment caused an increase in the transcript abundance of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (timp-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (mmp-9) at 24 h. Cells treated with TGF-ß1 also had lower levels of the gene transcript for mmp-2 after 48 h and higher levels of the gene transcript for collagen type I α1 (col1a1) after 72 h. These changes in gene expression suggest that the increase in collagen deposition is due to a decrease in the activity of matrix metalloproteinases and an increase in collagen synthesis. Together, these results indicate that TGF-ß1 is a regulator of ECM composition in cultured trout cardiac fibroblasts and suggest that this cytokine may play a role in regulating collagen content in the trout heart during thermal acclimation.

Benzodiazepine Initiation and Dose Escalation.

BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepines (BZDs) place patients at a significant risk of falling. The current literature does not address if this risk is increased during initiation or dose escalations of BZDs. OBJECTIVE: To determine if initiation or dose escalations of BZD regimens are associated with an increased risk of falls in hospitalized patients compared with patients maintained on their home dose or who had their dose decreased from baseline. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study evaluated hospitalized patients aged 45 years or older who received a BZD. Patients who did not fall were collected in a 3:1 ratio to patients who fell. Comparisons were made between BZD regimens prior to admission and those 48 hours prior to the index date. The date of fall served as the index date for patients who fell, and the median time-to-fall served as the index date for all other patients. RESULTS: A total of 132 patients were included in the study (33 falls and 99 without a fall). No significant differences were noted in demographics, baseline mobility, or past medical history. Patients who fell had a significantly longer median length of stay (15 vs 10 days; P = 0.025). Additionally, patients who fell were more likely to have had their BZD regimen initiated or dose escalated compared with patients who did not fall (63.6% vs 41.4%; P = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of falling while on a BZD is increased on initiation and dose escalations. Hospitals should ensure judicious use of BZDs in inpatients to reduce the risk of falls.

A Multisite Retrospective Study Evaluating the Implementation of the Pasero Opioid-Induced Sedation Scale (POSS) and Its Effect on Patient Safety Outcomes.

The Joint Commission recommended the Pasero Opioid-induced Sedation Scale (POSS) to minimize opioid-induced respiratory depression. However, there is a paucity of data describing its impact on patient safety. This study assessed the impact of POSS implementation or reeducation on naloxone use in patients receiving hydromorphone. This retrospective, Institutional Review Board-approved study performed with the Indianapolis Coalition for Patient Safety was conducted in two phases, 3 months before and after intervention. The intervention was POSS implementation or reeducation at six sites in a variety of practice settings. A total of 212 patients were evaluated. For the primary endpoint, naloxone use occurred in 1.9% of patients in each group and occurred in 3.1 versus 3.5 patients per 1,000 patient days pre- versus postintervention (p = .902). For secondary endpoints, POSS documentation increased post- versus preintervention, 78.1% versus 26.4% (p < .001). More patients experienced unintended sedation based on the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale or POSS post- versus preintervention, 12.2% versus 3.8% (p = .04). When the POSS was used, unintended sedation was likely detected before respiratory depression occurred and before naloxone was required. The lack of change in naloxone use and increased sedation postintervention may reflect that a POSS score 3 or 4 is a better marker of unintended sedation and should be considered as an endpoint instead of naloxone in future studies. The implementation or reeducation of the POSS at six area health-systems resulted in increased documentation of POSS and opioid-induced unintended sedation detection with no change in naloxone use.

Balancing life and work by unbending gender: Early American women psychologists' struggles and contributions.

Women's participation in the work force shifted markedly throughout the twentieth century, from a low of 21 percent in 1900 to 59 percent in 1998. The influx of women into market work, particularly married women with children, put pressure on the ideology of domesticity: an ideal male worker in the outside market married to a woman taking care of children and home (Williams, 2000). Here, we examine some moments in the early-to-mid-twentieth century when female psychologists contested established norms of life-work balance premised on domesticity. In the 1920s, Ethel Puffer Howes, one of the first generation of American women psychologists studied by Scarborough and Furumoto (1987), challenged the waste of women's higher education represented by the denial of their interests outside of the confines of domesticity with pioneering applied research on communitarian solutions to life-work balance. Prominent second-generation psychologists, such as Leta Hollingworth, Lillian Gilbreth, and Florence Goodenough, sounded notes of dissent in a variety of forums in the interwar period. At mid-century, the exclusion of women psychologists from war work galvanized more organized efforts to address their status and life-work balance. Examination of the ensuing uneasy collaboration between psychologist and library scholar Alice Bryan and the influential male gatekeeper E. G. Boring documents gendered disparities in life-work balance and illuminates how the entrenched ideology of domesticity was sustained. We conclude with Jane Loevinger's mid-century challenge to domesticity and mother-blaming through her questioning of Boring's persistent focus on the need for job concentration in professional psychologists and development of a novel research focus on mothering.

Up the years with the Bettersons: Gender and parent education in interwar America.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the parent education movement opened doors for many female psychologists and other child development professionals by providing training and jobs. Female experts in the parent education movement spread the emerging "gospel of child development" to other women-mothers-in a variety of formats. Although psychologists like John B. Watson advocated traditional definitions of motherhood focusing on role adjustment, there is evidence that women psychologists and parent educators introduced ways of thinking about family life that challenged tradition, encouraging role expansion and self-fulfillment. We explore examples provided by women at the Minnesota Institute of Child Welfare who produced radio programs on child rearing. Starting in 1932, advice about child rearing was embedded within stories featuring a fictional family, the Bettersons. The family narrative format provides an opportunity to identify implicit (and sometimes explicit) values and norms informing prescribed roles for mothers, fathers, and children. Analysis suggests that gender roles were shifting in more egalitarian directions, with an awareness of new identity options for both women and men. We explore implications for evaluating the impact of female experts involved in the parent education movement.