The Effect of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus on White Matter Changes in MRI Brain: A Comparative Study between Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and an Age-matched Control Group.

BACKGROUND: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI brain in the periventricular and deep white matter regions are commonly seen in older persons with normal cognition and in patients with AD. AIMS: To compare presence and severity of WMHs in patients with AD with that in a cognitively normal control group, and to evaluate effect of presence of Hypertension and Diabetes on WMHs in both groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty four patients with AD were serially recruited from Neurology and Psychiatry OPDs. An age and gender matched cohort of 24 persons with MMSE over 27/30 from the community acted as controls. Vascular risk factors, MMSE and MRI brain were assessed in all. Fezeka's and Pasquier grading of WMH and atrophy were done. Periventricular WMHs (PVWMH) and Deep WMH (DWMH) were assessed separately. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Overall, Periventricular WMHs of grade 2 and over were seen in 19/34 patients, and in 7/24 controls (P value 0.044). Significantly higher grades of PVWMHs were seen in hypertensives as compared to nonhypertensives in the case group, and in women compared to men. In the control group, hypertension had no effect on severity of PVWMHs. Among both Diabetics and non-diabetics, no difference in PVWMHs was found between the case and control groups. DWMHs were, conversely, seen only in the control group. Overall, over a quarter of cognitively normal older persons had WM hyperintensities of grade 2 and over on MRI brain; 55% of AD patients had PVWMH of Gd 2 or over, and no DWMHs.

Life-threatening Medical Complications Due to Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome: A Hidden Etiology.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is usually an iatrogenic complication in women taking ovulation induction medications during assisted reproduction. We hereby report the case of a 25 years old female who presented with hypertension, polyserositis with tense ascites and large cystic ovaries. She developed sigmoid and transverse sinus thrombosis. She had undergone a clandestine ovulation induction therapy as a commercial ovum donor. She fitted in severe category of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

Metronidazole-Induced Encephalopathy in Chronic Diarrhoea.

Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy (MIE) is a rare cause of drug-induced toxic encephalopathy. We report the clinical and neuroimaging findings of a patient with chronic diarrhoea who developed metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. After the drug was discontinued there was complete reversal of the condition.

Duration of birth depression and neurodevelopmental outcomes after whole-body hypothermia for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh - an exploratory analysis of the HELIX trial.

Background: Effect of duration of birth depression on neurodevelopmental outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is not known. We examined the association of birth depression with brain injury, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and hypothermia after hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in south Asia. Methods: We compared cerebral magnetic resonance (MR) at 2 weeks, and adverse outcomes (death or moderate or severe disability) at 18 months in 408 babies with moderate or severe HIE who had long birth depression (positive pressure ventilation (PPV) >10 min or Apgar score<6 at 10 min or cord pH < 7.0) and short birth depression (PPV for 5-10 min or Apgar score<6 at 5 min, but ≥6 at 10 min). Findings: Long depression group (n = 201) had more severe HIE (32.8% versus 6.8%), mortality (47.5% versus 26.4%), death or disability at 18 months (62.2% versus 35.4%) (all p < 0.001), MR injury (Odds ratio; 95% CI) to basal ganglia (2.4 (1.3, 4.1); p = 0.003), posterior limb of internal capsule (2.3 (1.3, 4.3); p < 0.001) and white matter (1.7 (1.1, 2.7); p = 0.021), and lower thalamic N-acetylaspartate levels (7.69 ± 1.84 versus 8.29 ± 1.60); p = 0.031) than short depression group (n = 207). Three babies had no heartbeat at 5 min, of which 1 died and 2 survived with severe disability. No significant interaction between the duration of birth depression and whole-body hypothermia was seen for any of the MR biomarker or clinical outcomes. Interpretation: Long birth depression was associated with more brain injury and adverse outcomes than short depression. Effect of hypothermia was not modified by duration of birth depression. Funding: National Institute for Health Research.

Ipsilateral renal dysgenesis or agenesis with tubulocystic anomalies of the mesonephric duct.

Tubulocystic anomalies of the mesonephric duct (MND) are a rare group of related entities with a perplexing clinical presentation. Ultrasound is a useful screening investigation, which can help identify a dysplastic kidney or point to renal agenesis and identify cystic or tubulocystic changes in the structures derived from the ureteric bud or MND. Further evaluation with MRI can help in characterisation and direct management. The presence of a dysplastic kidney or absence of a kidney should prompt further evaluation for associated ureteric abnormalities such as ectopic insertion or ureterocoele, which could lead to a diagnosis of tubulocystic anomaly of the MND. Contribution: The authors describe two cases, briefly outline the diagnostic approach and summarise the literature on management. Reporting radiologists should be aware of these entities.

Evaluation of 'Normal' Cognitive Functions and Correlation With MRI Volumetry: Towards a Definition of Vascular Cognitive Impairment.

Introduction It is important to establish criteria to define vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in India as VCI is an image-based diagnosis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes resulting from age with prevalent vascular risk factors may confound MRI interpretation. The objective of this study was to establish normative community data for MRI volumetry including white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), correlated with age-stratified cognitive scores and vascular risk factors (VRFs), in adults aged 40 years and above.  Methods We screened 2651 individuals without known neurological morbidity, living in Mumbai and nearby rural areas, using validated Marathi translations of Kolkata Cognitive Battery (KCB) and geriatric depression score (GDS). We stratified 1961 persons with GDS ≤9 by age and cognitive score, and randomly selected 10% from each subgroup for MRI brain volumetry. Crude volumes were standardized to reflect percentage of intracranial volume.  Results MRI volumetry studies were done in 199 individuals (F/M = 90/109; 73 with body mass index (BMI) ≥25; 44 hypertensives; 29 diabetics; mean cognitive score 76.3). Both grey and white matter volumes decreased with increasing age. WMHV increased with age and hypertension. Grey matter volume (GMV) decreased with increasing WMHV. Positive predictors of cognition included standardized hippocampal volume (HCV), urban living, education, and BMI, while WMHV and age were negative predictors. Urban dwellers had higher cognitive scores than rural, and, paradoxically, smaller HCV.  Conclusion In this study of MRI volumetry correlated with age, cognitive scores and VRFs, increasing age and WMHV predicted lower cognitive scores, whereas urban living and hippocampal volume predicted higher scores. Age and WMHV also correlated with decreasing GMV. Further study is warranted into sociodemographic and biological factors that mutually influence cognition and brain volumes, including nutritional and endocrine factors, especially at lower cognitive score bands. In this study, at the lower KCB score bins, the lack of laboratory data pertaining to nutritional and endocrine deficiencies is a drawback that reflects the logistical limitations of screening large populations at the community level. Our volumetric data which is age and cognition stratified, and takes into account the vascular risk factors associated, nevertheless constitutes important baseline data for the Indian population. Our findings could possibly contribute to the formulation of baseline criteria for defining VCI in India and could help in early diagnosis and control of cognitive decline and its key risk factors.

Whole-Body Hypothermia, Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Biomarkers, and Outcomes in Neonates With Moderate or Severe Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Born at Tertiary Care Centers vs Other Facilities: A Nested Study Within a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The association between place of birth and hypothermic neuroprotection after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is unknown. Objective: To ascertain the association between place of birth and the efficacy of whole-body hypothermia for protection against brain injury measured by magnetic resonance (MR) biomarkers among neonates born at a tertiary care center (inborn) or other facilities (outborn). Design, Setting, and Participants: This nested cohort study within a randomized clinical trial involved neonates at 7 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh between August 15, 2015, and February 15, 2019. A total of 408 neonates born at or after 36 weeks' gestation with moderate or severe HIE were randomized to receive whole-body hypothermia (reduction of rectal temperatures to between 33.0 °C and 34.0 °C; hypothermia group) for 72 hours or no whole-body hypothermia (rectal temperatures maintained between 36.0 °C and 37.0 °C; control group) within 6 hours of birth, with follow-up until September 27, 2020. Exposure: 3T MR imaging, MR spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging. Main Outcomes and Measures: Thalamic N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) mmol/kg wet weight, thalamic lactate to NAA peak area ratios, brain injury scores, and white matter fractional anisotropy at 1 to 2 weeks and death or moderate or severe disability at 18 to 22 months. Results: Among 408 neonates, the mean (SD) gestational age was 38.7 (1.3) weeks; 267 (65.4%) were male. A total of 123 neonates were inborn and 285 were outborn. Inborn neonates were smaller (mean [SD], 2.8 [0.5] kg vs 2.9 [0.4] kg; P = .02), more likely to have instrumental or cesarean deliveries (43.1% vs 24.7%; P = .01), and more likely to be intubated at birth (78.9% vs 29.1%; P = .001) than outborn neonates, although the rate of severe HIE was not different (23.6% vs 17.9%; P = .22). Magnetic resonance data from 267 neonates (80 inborn and 187 outborn) were analyzed. In the hypothermia vs control groups, the mean (SD) thalamic NAA levels were 8.04 (1.98) vs 8.31 (1.13) among inborn neonates (odds ratio [OR], -0.28; 95% CI, -1.62 to 1.07; P = .68) and 8.03 (1.89) vs 7.99 (1.72) among outborn neonates (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, -0.62 to 0.71; P = .89); the median (IQR) thalamic lactate to NAA peak area ratios were 0.13 (0.10-0.20) vs 0.12 (0.09-0.18) among inborn neonates (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.96-1.08; P = .59) and 0.14 (0.11-0.20) vs 0.14 (0.10-0.17) among outborn neonates (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.98-1.09; P = .18). There was no difference in brain injury scores or white matter fractional anisotropy between the hypothermia and control groups among inborn or outborn neonates. Whole-body hypothermia was not associated with reductions in death or disability, either among 123 inborn neonates (hypothermia vs control group: 34 neonates [58.6%] vs 34 [56.7%]; risk ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.76-1.41), or 285 outborn neonates (hypothermia vs control group: 64 neonates [46.7%] vs 60 [43.2%]; risk ratio, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.83-1.41). Conclusions and Relevance: In this nested cohort study, whole-body hypothermia was not associated with reductions in brain injury after HIE among neonates in South Asia, irrespective of place of birth. These findings do not support the use of whole-body hypothermia for HIE among neonates in LMICs. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02387385.

Hyperplastic Anterior Choroidal Artery-A Rare Variant Detected on MR Angiography.

Introduction The anterior choroidal artery is a branch of the terminal internal carotid artery (ICA) that is often an incidentally detected anomaly. The hyperplastic variant has been linked with an increased risk of aneurysms. We explore the role of magnetic resonance (MR) angiography in the detection of this variant and its impact of presentation of patients. Patient Presentation A 62-year-old diabetic and hypertensive male came to the casualty with complaints of giddiness, left-sided weakness, and loss of coordination for the last 2 to 3 days. He was provisionally diagnosed with a posterior circulation stroke. Management and Outcome Magnetic resonance imaging of brain revealed an acute infarct in the right thalamus and the midbrain. Time-of-flight angiography sequences were done that showed hypoplasia of the A1 segment of the left anterior cerebral artery, fetal origin of the right posterior cerebral artery, narrowing of the left ICA, and a hyperplastic left anterior choroidal artery. He was managed conservatively with antiplatelets. He later underwent a digital subtraction angiography that revealed significant narrowing of the left ICA for which he was advised carotid stenting. However, the patient was unwilling for the procedure and was discharged on oral medication with stable vitals. Conclusion Anatomical variations in the intracranial vasculature impact ischemia territory and the approach to intracranial pathology. Hyperplastic anterior choroidal artery results from the abnormal persistence of fetal pattern of vascular supply. It is important to recognize the presence of a hyperplastic anterior choroidal artery as it impacts both disease presentation and management of these patients. MR angiography allows for noninvasive and reliable detection of these anomalies in patients without the risks associated with radiation or contrast exposure in conventional/computed tomography angiography.

Labrune Syndrome: A Very Rare Association of Leukoencephalopathy, Cerebral Calcifications, and Cysts.

Leukoencephalopathy, cerebral calcifications, and cysts (LCC) form a very rare association which is named as "Labrune syndrome" after Labrune who reported the first case in 1996. To the best of our knowledge only eight to 10 cases have been reported in literature to date. We report a case of a 26-year-old male with onset of neurological symptoms in late adolescence (at 19 years of age) and presented with complains of continued seizures for 7 years, giddiness with imbalance, and slowly progressive motor symptoms. MRI brain revealed multiple calcifications in bilateral basal ganglia, cerebral white matter, multiple cystic lesions in the supratentorial white matter, and abnormal diffused bilateral white matter T2 hyperintensity suggesting leukoencephalopathy. Histopathological evaluation revealed prominent congested blood vessels suggestive of angiomatous changes and cystic areas suggestive of secondary gliosis.

Imaging in a Rare Case of Unilateral External and Middle Ear Anomalies Associated with Inner Ear Malformation.

External ear malformations are commonly associated with middle ear malformations due to their closely related embryogenesis. Inner ear anomalies are less consistently seen due to their independent development. Cross-sectional imaging has come to play a critical role in the workup of congenital deafness in the pediatric age group. To optimize speech and language development, early diagnosis and treatment are very crucial. Identification of these anomalies is additionally important when operative intervention is being planned because they may complicate or perhaps preclude the surgery.

Incidental chest computed tomography findings in asymptomatic Covid-19 patients. A multicentre Indian perspective.

In December 2019, an unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology emerged called COVID-19. A vast number of people affected by this disease are asymptomatic and yet contagious with up to 79% of COVID-19 infections reportedly caused by undocumented infections. Surprisingly, these asymptomatic subjects are also known to quietly harbor pneumonia changes on CT scans. RT-PCR, the definitive test for COVID-19, maybe false negative in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia on CT. Incidental findings highly suspicious of COVID-19 pneumonia on CT chest of asymptomatic patients may increase as the community transmission of the virus rises and isolation restrictions are released. It is advisable to be aware of its appearances and the challenges associated with it.

Hypothermia for moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy in low-income and middle-income countries (HELIX): a randomised controlled trial in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Although therapeutic hypothermia reduces death or disability after neonatal encephalopathy in high-income countries, its safety and efficacy in low-income and middle-income countries is unclear. We aimed to examine whether therapeutic hypothermia alongside optimal supportive intensive care reduces death or moderate or severe disability after neonatal encephalopathy in south Asia. METHODS: We did a multicountry open-label, randomised controlled trial in seven tertiary neonatal intensive care units in India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. We enrolled infants born at or after 36 weeks of gestation with moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy and a need for continued resuscitation at 5 min of age or an Apgar score of less than 6 at 5 min of age (for babies born in a hospital), or both, or an absence of crying by 5 min of age (for babies born at home). Using a web-based randomisation system, we allocated infants into a group receiving whole body hypothermia (33·5°C) for 72 h using a servo-controlled cooling device, or to usual care (control group), within 6 h of birth. All recruiting sites had facilities for invasive ventilation, cardiovascular support, and access to 3 Tesla MRI scanners and spectroscopy. Masking of the intervention was not possible, but those involved in the magnetic resonance biomarker analysis and neurodevelopmental outcome assessments were masked to the allocation. The primary outcome was a combined endpoint of death or moderate or severe disability at 18-22 months, assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (third edition) and a detailed neurological examination. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02387385. FINDINGS: We screened 2296 infants between Aug 15, 2015, and Feb 15, 2019, of whom 576 infants were eligible for inclusion. After exclusions, we recruited 408 eligible infants and we assigned 202 to the hypothermia group and 206 to the control group. Primary outcome data were available for 195 (97%) of the 202 infants in the hypothermia group and 199 (97%) of the 206 control group infants. 98 (50%) infants in the hypothermia group and 94 (47%) infants in the control group died or had a moderate or severe disability (risk ratio 1·06; 95% CI 0·87-1·30; p=0·55). 84 infants (42%) in the hypothermia group and 63 (31%; p=0·022) infants in the control group died, of whom 72 (36%) and 49 (24%; p=0·0087) died during neonatal hospitalisation. Five serious adverse events were reported: three in the hypothermia group (one hospital readmission relating to pneumonia, one septic arthritis, and one suspected venous thrombosis), and two in the control group (one related to desaturations during MRI and other because of endotracheal tube displacement during transport for MRI). No adverse events were considered causally related to the study intervention. INTERPRETATION: Therapeutic hypothermia did not reduce the combined outcome of death or disability at 18 months after neonatal encephalopathy in low-income and middle-income countries, but significantly increased death alone. Therapeutic hypothermia should not be offered as treatment for neonatal encephalopathy in low-income and middle-income countries, even when tertiary neonatal intensive care facilities are available. FUNDING: National Institute for Health Research, Garfield Weston Foundation, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. TRANSLATIONS: For the Hindi, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Singhalese, Tamil, Marathi and Bangla translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Isolation of Left Common Carotid Artery with Its Origin Proximal to Patent Ductus Arteriosus Presenting in Adult Age.

Anomalies of aortic arch are a common occurrence. Such anomalies of right sided aortic arch with its various branching patterns are of clinical importance. Rarer anomalies include isolation (deficient connection) of either left subclavian artery or left common carotid artery; that is, they do not have their origin from aorta or its major branches. We present a case of an 18-year-old male who presented with gradual onset pulsatile swelling with bruit in neck on left side and was evaluated by CT brain and neck angiography. CT angiography revealed right sided aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery and isolated left common carotid artery. Very few cases of such an anomaly have been documented in the literature but none in an adult.

Aortic arch variation: a unique case with anomalous origin of both vertebral arteries as additional branches of the aortic arch distal to left subclavian artery.

We present the case of bilateral anomalous origin of both vertebral arteries (VAs) in a 20-year-old male patient who presented for routine contrast-enhanced CT follow-up examination of the chest. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed abnormal origins of both the VAs from the aortic arch distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. Following this, CT angiography was performed, which confirmed the findings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anomalous origins of both VAs beyond the origin of the left subclavian artery. The possible embryonic mechanism and the clinical importance of this variant is also reviewed.

Magnetic resonance urography (MRU) versus intravenous urography (IVU) in obstructive uropathy: a prospective study of 30 cases.

AIM: Intravenous Urography (IVU) as a diagnostic modality has limitations in patients of obstructive uropathy with impaired renal function. Our aim was to study the technique and diagnostic accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU) in obstructive uropathy and to correlate the findings with IVU. METHODOLOGY: Forty-eight patients, selected over a six-month period, based on mild to severe pelvicalyceal dilatation on screening ultrasonography, underwent an IVU; those having non-obstructive dilatation were excluded (18 patients). Thirty patients (age range 10 to 75 years) with definite obstructive dilatation underwent MRU. These were obtained using an open MRI unit (Siemens Magnetom Open Viva) with low-dose gadolinium-DTPA (0.01 mmol/kg body weight) using various MRI sequences. MRU studies were classified as 'excellent' or 'diagnostic' and data generated was compared with that of IVU. RESULTS: MRU studies were 'excellent' in twelve and 'diagnostic' in eighteen patients. Of the sixty pelvicalyceal systems (PCS) evaluated in thirty patients, there were thirty-seven calculi, nine pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstructions, six with impaired renal function, four malrotated kidneys and one each of horseshoe kidney, pancake kidney, pelvic mass (endometriomas), duplex moieties, ureterocele and vesico-ureteric reflux. MRU better depicted moderate-severe PCS dilatation, staghorn and urethral calculi, impaired renal function, extrinsic ureteric and PUJ obstruction. IVU better depicted small calculi and mild PCS dilatation. CONCLUSIONS: In these thirty patients of obstructive uropathy, low magnetic field, open MRI units and low-dose Gd-DTPA provided cost-effective MRU studies with excellent diagnostic utility. MRU scored over IVU in patients with moderate-severe dilatation, staghorn and urethral calculi, impaired renal function, extrinsic ureteric and PUJ obstruction.

Virtual bronchoscopy for diagnosis of inhalation injury in burnt patients.

Virtual bronchoscopy using a multislice CT scanner, is a new non-invasive imaging technique and its utility in the diagnosis of inhalation injury in burnt patients has not been reported in literature yet. Initial experience of technique is encouraging and it merits more interest. It overcomes many of the limitations of the presently established procedure of fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Ten burned patients with clinical suspicion of inhalation injury underwent this investigation and in eight of these the diagnosis was confirmed.

Role of multidetector CT virtual bronchoscopy in the evaluation of post-tracheostomy tracheal stenosis--a preliminary study.

AIM: To study the technique and utility of virtual bronchoscopy (virtual reality endobronchial simulation, VRES) as a tool to evaluate post-tracheostomy tracheal stenoses and to correlate the findings of virtual and invasive bronchoscopy and to follow-up treated lesions or those currently under treatment that were initially diagnosed with VRES. METHODOLOGY: This prospective study comprised nine patients in the age group 13 to 65 years presenting with breathlessness and stridor following one or multiple tracheostomies. They underwent plain CT using a multidetector CT (MDCT) scanner (Siemens Volume Zoom) using narrow (1 mm) collimation. These thin slice images were post-processed using an Irix-based workstation with a 'Fly-Through' endoscopy application. These patients also underwent a rigid (three patients) or fiberoptic (six patients) bronchoscopy. RESULTS: Of the nine patients that underwent VRES, five were found to have stenoses, three had obstructing granulation tissue, one had an obstructing membrane and one had synechiae. The invasive bronchoscopic findings supported the VRES diagnosis in all but one case of stenosis, one of granulation tissue and the case with synechiae. Membranes and synechiae were relatively difficult to diagnose without the corresponding axial and multiplanar images. VRES achieved a higher sensitivity, while invasive bronchoscopy a higher specificity. CONCLUSIONS: VRES proved to be comparable to invasive bronchoscopy in the depiction of post-tracheostomy tracheal stenoses, with a notable advantage in critical stenoses in that the airway distal to the stenosis could be assessed with VRES but not with invasive bronchoscopy. A preliminary VRES was found to be of assistance in the selection of patients for the more invasive therapeutic procedures such as laser ablation of granulation tissue and its follow-up.