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Grapevines (Vitis spp.) produce several valuable polyphenol-type secondary metabolites including various stilbenoids. Although the potential application of stilbenes may offer alternative solutions to food safety or health challenges, only little information is available on their antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens. In this work, high-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze the stilbenoid profile of various wild Vitis species, including V. amurensis, V. davidii, V. pentagona, and V. romanetii, selected from the gene bank for grapes at the University of Pécs, Hungary. We found that the stilbene profile of cane extracts is strongly genotype-dependent, showing the predominant presence of ε-viniferin with a wide concentration range ≈ 320-3870 µg/g dry weight. A novel yet simple and efficient extraction procedure was developed and applied for the first time on grape canes, resulting in ε-viniferin-rich crude extracts that were tested against Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen. After 24 h exposure, V. pentagona and V. amurensis crude extracts completely eliminated the bacteria at a minimum bactericidal concentration of 42.3 µg/mL and 39.2 µg/mL of ε-viniferin, respectively. On the other hand, V. romanetii extract with 7.8 µg/mL of ε-viniferin resulted in 4 log reduction in the viable bacterial cells, while V. davidii extract with 1.4 µg/mL of ε-viniferin did not show significant antibacterial activity. These findings indicate that the ε-viniferin content was directly responsible for the antibacterial effect of cane extract. However, pure ε-viniferin (purity > 95%) required a higher concentration (188 µg/mL) to eradicate the bacteria under the same conditions, suggesting the presence of other antibacterial compounds in the cane extracts. Investigating the onset time of the bactericidal action was conducted through a kinetic experiment, and results showed that the reduction in living bacterial number started after 2 h; however, the bactericidal action demanded 24 h of exposure. Our results revealed that the canes of V. pentagona and V. amurensis species are a crucial bio-source of an important stilbene with antimicrobial activity and health benefits.
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Antibacterianos , Listeria monocytogenes , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales , Estilbenos , Vitis , Estilbenos/farmacología , Estilbenos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Vitis/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Listeria monocytogenes/efectos de los fármacos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Benzofuranos/farmacología , Benzofuranos/químicaRESUMEN
The darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus, and the poultry red mite, Dermanysuss gallinae are among the most common pests of poultry farms. Both pests can be carriers and reservoirs of various pathogens including zoonotic ones like Salmonella. Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases reported in the EU. We developed a semi-nested PCR method for the direct detection of Salmonella enterica. When testing the specificity of the novel PCR, we successfully detected various S. enterica strains, whereas Escherichia coli and Citrobacter strains gave negative results. The authenticity of the PCR products was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The sensitivity of the semi-nested PCR was tested on serial dilution of bacterial cultures and extracted DNA. We found our new method more sensitive than the previous PCRs. We also screened ectoparasite samples, collected from a poultry farm in Hungary, and three out of the eight samples were positive for S. Enteritidis. This novel PCR seems suitable for the detection of S. enterica strains in poultry ectoparasites without the need of sample pre-enrichment.
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Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Salmonella enterica , Animales , Salmonella enterica/genética , Aves de Corral , Pollos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Hungría/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Heat stress affects the performance of poultry species and also induces immunosuppression. Chickens can be treated by thermal conditioning to have better heat stress tolerance. Our purpose was to determine the effect of acute heat stress on the immune response, i.e. antibody production against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and change in the proportion of leukocyte components, in chicks subjected to prenatal heat conditioning. Eighty as-hatched broiler chicks from the same parent stock were used: control (40 chicks incubated at 36.7 °C from days 18-20 of embryonic life) and thermally manipulated (TM) (40 chicks incubated at 38.4 °C from day 18-20 of embryonic life; 4 h/day). The chickens were exposed to heat stress: at day 19 (31 °C/8 h) and at day 35 (32 °C/10 h). The first heat stress (day 19) decreased the lymphocyte counts and significantly increased the heterophil counts (P < 0.05) in both treatments (from 34.25 to 55% in the controls and from 37 to 60.06% in the TM chicks). The second heat stress (day 35) did not alter the heterophil and lymphocyte profiles of the chickens. Before the heat stress, all of the chickens (control and TM) presented the same positive antibody titres to NDV vaccination. After the first heat stress, 50% of the control samples and 40% of samples from the TM chickens were negative. After the second heat stress, 80% of the TM samples were negative.
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Pollos , Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Animales , Calor , InmunidadRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We determined the prevalence of untreated depression in patients with hypertension (HT) and/or diabetes (DM) and estimated the extra health care use and expenditures associated with this comorbidity in a rural Hungarian adult population. We also assessed the potential workload of systematic screening for depression in this patient group. METHODS: General health check database from a primary care programme containing survey data of 2027 patients with HT and/or DM was linked to the outpatient secondary care use database of National Institute of Health Insurance Fund Management. Depression was ascertained by Beck Depression Inventory score and antidepressant drug use. The association between untreated depression and secondary healthcare utilization indicated by number of visits and expenses was evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis controlled for socioeconomic/lifestyle factors and comorbidity. The age-, sex- and education-specific observations were used to estimate the screening workload for an average general medical practice. RESULTS: The frequency of untreated depression was 27.08%. The untreated severe depression (7.45%) was associated with increased number of visits (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.11-2.31) and related expenses (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.50-3.22) in a socioeconomic status-independent manner. To identify untreated depression cases among patients with HT and/or DM, an average GP has to screen 42 subjects a month. CONCLUSION: It seems to be reasonable and feasible to screen for depression in patients with HT and/or DM in the primary care, in order to detect cases without treatment (which may be associated with increase of secondary care visits and expenditures) and to initiate the adequate treatment of them.
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Depresión/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/psicología , Hipertensión/psicología , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Atención Secundaria de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Anciano , Atención Ambulatoria/estadística & datos numéricos , Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Comorbilidad , Bases de Datos Factuales , Depresión/economía , Depresión/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus/economía , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Femenino , Gastos en Salud , Humanos , Hungría , Hipertensión/economía , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Seguro de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Atención Primaria de Salud/economía , Atención Primaria de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Atención Secundaria de Salud/economía , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
This article reports nine cases of neurological disease in brown layer pullets that occured in various European countries between 2015 and 2018. In all cases, the onset of neurological clinical signs was at 4-8 weeks of age and they lasted up to 22 weeks of age. Enlargement of peripheral nerves was the main lesion observed in all cases. Histopathological evaluation of nerves revealed oedema with moderate to severe infiltration of plasma cells. Marek's disease (MD) was ruled out by real-time PCR as none of the evaluated tissues had a high load of oncogenic MD virus (MDV) DNA, characteristics of MD. Based on the epidemiological data (layers with clinical signs starting at 5-8 weeks of age), gross lesions (peripheral nerve enlargement with a lack of tumours in other organs), histopathological lesions (oedema and infiltration of plasma cells), and no evidence of high load of MDV DNA, we concluded that those cases were due to peripheral neuropathy (PN). PN is an autoimmune disease easily misdiagnosed as MD, leading to a costly enforcement of the vaccination protocol. Additional vaccination against MD does not protect against PN and could worsen the clinical signs by over-stimulating the immune system. Differential diagnosis between PN and MD should always be considered in cases of neurological disease with enlargement of peripheral nerves as the only gross lesion. This case report shows for the first time how real-time PCR to detect oncogenic MDV is a very valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of PN and MD.
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Pollos/virología , Mardivirus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedad de Marek/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Animales , ADN Viral/análisis , ADN Viral/genética , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Mardivirus/genética , Enfermedad de Marek/patología , Enfermedad de Marek/virología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/patología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/patologíaRESUMEN
Plasmon-enhanced in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry was realized using the Kretschmann geometry. A 10-µL flow cell was designed for multi-channel measurements using a semi-cylindrical lens. Dual-channel monitoring of the layer formation of different organic structures has been demonstrated on titania nanoparticle thin films supported by gold. Complex modeling capabilities as well as a sensitivity of ~40 pg/mm2 with a time resolution of 1 s was achieved. The surface adsorption was enhanced by the titania nanoparticles due to the larger specific surface and nanoroughness, which is consistent with our previous results on titanate nanotubes.
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The implementation of monitoring for general medical practice (GMP) can contribute to improving the quality of diabetes mellitus (DM) care. Our study aimed to describe the associations of DM care performance indicators with the structural characteristics of GMPs and the socioeconomic status (SES) of patients. Using data from 2018 covering the whole country, GMP-specific indicators standardized by patient age, sex, and eligibility for exemption certificates were computed for adults. Linear regression models were applied to evaluate the relationships between GMP-specific parameters (list size, residence type, geographical location, general practitioner (GP) vacancy and their age) and patient SES (education, employment, proportion of Roma adults, housing density) and DM care indicators. Patients received 58.64% of the required medical interventions. A lower level of education (hemoglobin A1c test: ß = -0.108; ophthalmic examination: ß = -0.100; serum creatinine test: ß = -0.103; and serum lipid status test: ß = -0.108) and large GMP size (hemoglobin A1c test: ß = -0.068; ophthalmological examination ß = -0.031; serum creatinine measurement ß = -0.053; influenza immunization ß = -0.040; and serum lipid status test ß = -0.068) were associated with poor indicators. A GP age older than 65 years was associated with lower indicators (hemoglobin A1c test: ß = -0.082; serum creatinine measurement: ß = -0.086; serum lipid status test: ß = -0.082; and influenza immunization: ß = -0.032). Overall, the GMP-level DM care indicators were significantly influenced by GMP characteristics and patient SES. Therefore, proper diabetes care monitoring for the personal achievements of GPs should involve the application of adjusted performance indicators.
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Introduction: Spatially segregated, socio-economically deprived communities in Europe are at risk of being neglected in terms of health care. In Hungary, poor monitoring systems and poor knowledge on the health status of people in these segregated areas prevent the development of well-informed effective interventions for these vulnerable communities. Aims: We used data available from National Health Insurance Fund Management to better describe health care performance in segregated communities and to develop more robust monitoring systems. Methods: A cross-sectional study using 2020 health care data was conducted on each general medical practice (GMP) in Hungary providing care to both segregated and nonsegregated (complementary) adult patients. Segregated areas were mapped and ascertained by a governmental decree that defines them as within settlement clusters of adults with low level of education and income. Age, sex, and eligibility for exemption certificate standardized indicators for health care delivery, reimbursement, and premature mortality were computed for segregated and nonsegregated groups of adults and aggregated at the country level. The ratio of segregation and nonsegregation specific indicators (relative risk, RR) was computed with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Broad variations between GMPs were detected for each indicator. Segregated groups had a significantly higher rate of health care service use than complementary groups (RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.219;1.223) while suffering from significantly reduced health care reimbursement (RR = 0.940, 95% CI: 0.929;0.951). The risk of premature mortality was significantly higher among segregated patients (RR = 1.184, 95% CI: 1.087;1.289). Altogether, living in a segregated area led to an increase in visits to health care services by 18.1% with 6.6% less health spending. Conclusion: Adults living in segregated areas use health care services more frequently than those living in nonsegregated areas; however, the amount of health care reimbursement they receive is significantly lower, suggesting lower quality of care. The health status of segregated adults is remarkably lower, as evidenced by their higher premature mortality rate. These findings demonstrate the need for intervention in this vulnerable group. Because our study reveals serious variation across GMPs, segregation-specific monitoring is necessary to support programs sensitive to local issues and establish necessary benchmarks.
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Atención a la Salud , Guanosina Monofosfato , Tionucleótidos , Humanos , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Hungría , Europa (Continente)RESUMEN
Post-antibiotic era requires the use of alternative pesticides against bacterial infections. One potential application field is agriculture, where pesticides are routinely applied in combinations. In this study we tested the interference of antibacterial effects of two alternative antimicrobials with basically different mode of actions if applied together in vitro by using the Enterohemorrhagic E. coli strain Sakai as a modelorganism, one strain of a pathotype that is frequently associated with meat and plant derived infections. TiO2 is a photocatalytically active nanomaterial, which can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), exerting destructive effects on macromolecules, while the vb_EcoS_bov25_1D bacteriophage has a specific lytic action. Both, bacteriophages and Sakai were sensitive against ROS if tested separately, during that PFUs of bacteriophages dropped from 5 × 105 to 0 in 4 h, while in case of Sakai CFUs decreased with 5 and 2 logs of magnitude in the presence of 0,05 % and 0,025 % of TiO2 respectively. In Sakai by the sixth minute of ROS exposition the expressions of superoxide dismutases and catalases were boosted, as revealed by whole transcriptomic analyses, but the elevated levels rclC and bshA support some roles of these genes under this stress situation. Combined application of phages and TiO2 under UV-A exposure have revealed that beside the inner enzymatic defence mechanisms presenting phage particles served as shields and spoiled the antimicrobial effect of TiO2 (0,0125 %). As a consequence, phages became sacrificed as during exposition a 3-log drop (5 × 105â5 × 102) in their PFUs was revealed. Survived bacteriophages however in the system remained active and under the subsequent dark phase the 3-log drop in the PFU was compensated in 24 h. Our results show that joint application of the two alternative antimicrobial agents TiO2 and a bacteriophage can have two consequences depending on the circumstances they were used. From one side they complement each other's effects in that TiO2 can exert its effect on UV-A or sunlight exposed areas, whereas the bacteriophage on non-exposed surfaces. On the other hand, they also can spoil each others effect as phages can bind generated ROS and by that protect target bacteria, but bacteria themselves can serve as shields and by that protect phages from the destroying effect of ROS, phages however can exert their antibacterial effects on bacteria.
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To develop efficient microbial fuel cell systems for green energy production using different waste products, establishing characterised bacterial consortia is necessary. In this study, bacteria with electrogenic potentials were isolated from mud samples and examined to determine biofilm-formation capacities and macromolecule degradation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry identifications have revealed that isolates represented 18 known and 4 unknown genuses. They all had the capacities to reduce the Reactive Black 5 stain in the agar medium, and 48 of them were positive in the wolfram nanorod reduction assay. The isolates formed biofilm to different extents on the surfaces of both adhesive and non-adhesive 96-well polystyrene plates and glass. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the different adhesion potentials of isolates to the surface of carbon tissue fibres. Eight of them (15%) were able to form massive amounts of biofilm in three days at 23 °C. A total of 70% of the isolates produced proteases, while lipase and amylase production was lower, at 38% and 27% respectively. All of the macromolecule-degrading enzymes were produced by 11 isolates, and two isolates of them had the capacity to form a strong biofilm on the carbon tissue one of the most used anodic materials in MFC systems. This study discusses the potential of the isolates for future MFC development applications.
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Titanium dioxide nanocrystals (TiO2 NCs), through their photocatalytic activity, are able to generate charge carriers and induce the formation of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of O2 and H2O. This special feature makes TiO2 an important and promising material in several industrial applications. Under appropriate antioxidant balancing, the presence of ROS is crucial in plant growth and development, therefore, the regulated ROS production through the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 NCs may be also exploited in the agricultural sector. However, the effects of TiO2 NCs on plants are not fully understood and/or phase-pure TiO2 NCs are rarely used in plant experiments. In this work, we present a phase-selective synthesis of TiO2 NCs with anatase and rutile crystal phases. The nanomaterials obtained were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). In field experiments, Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon leaves developed under natural sunlight were treated with aqueous dispersions of TiO2 NCs at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 w/v%. The effect of the applied nanocrystals was characterized via leaf photochemistry, mineral nutrient contents, and pyridoxine levels. We found that stress responses of grapevine to anatase and rutile NCs treatments are different, which can be related to the different ROS profiles of the two polymorphs. Our results indicate that TiO2 NCs may be utilized not only for direct pathogen inactivation but also for eliciting plant defense mechanisms.
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The segregated colonies (SCs) in Hungary are populated mainly but not exclusively by Roma. Their health care use is restricted in many respects. It has not been studied yet, whether fair COVID-19 vaccination coverage achieved in Hungary is accompanied with fair effectiveness in SCs. Using census data, the vaccination coverage in SCs and the complementary areas (CAs) in the same settlements of the country was determined. To describe the settlement level differences, the vaccination coverage (until June 30, 2021) in SCs were compared to those in CAs by age, sex, and eligibility for exemption certificate standardized measures. Aggregating settlement level data, the level of geographic discrimination in Hungary was also determined. According to nationwide aggregates, crude vaccination coverage was significantly lower in SCs (40.05%, 95% CI 39.87%-40.23%) than in CAs (65.42%, 95% CI 65.37%-65.46%). The relative standardized vaccination coverage was 0.643 (95% CI 0.639-0.647) in SCs. A total of 437 of the 938 investigated settlements showed significant local vaccination disparities. Hungarian citizens living in SCs, mainly of Roma ethnicity, are a distinct high-risk group. Special intervention adapted to SCs is needed to mitigate inequality in vaccination coverage and further consequences of the pandemic.
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Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Cobertura de Vacunación , Adolescente , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Hungría/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The red-fleshed grape cultivars, called teinturier or dyer grapes, contain anthocyanins in both the skin and flesh. These phenolic compounds exhibit excellent coloring ability, and as antioxidants, they are important bioactive compounds in food crops. In this work, anthocyanin patterns of grape berries of fifteen teinturier varieties collected from the gene bank located at Pécs in the southwest of Hungary were compared. Anthocyanin profiles of numerous varieties originating from Hungary such as 'Bíborkadarka', 'Kármin', 'Kurucvér', and 'Turán' are reported for the first time. Anthocyanins extracted separately from the skin and juice were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector. For the identification of compounds, high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry was used. All in all, twenty-one anthocyanins were identified and quantified. We found that anthocyanin patterns differed significantly in the skin and juice for all investigated cultivars. For Vitis vinifera varieties, the predominant anthocyanin in the skin was malvidin-3-O-glucoside, while the main pigment in the juice was peonidin-3-O-glucoside. For the first time, a significant amount of diglucosides was detected in two Vitis Vinifera cultivars with a direct relationship. In general, the pigment composition of the skin was much more complex than that of the juice. The comparative study with presented patterns gives valuable and beneficial information from a chemotaxonomical point of view. Our results also help to choose the appropriate teinturier varieties with the desired anthocyanins for food coloring or winemaking purposes.
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Contamination of meats and meat products with foodborne pathogenic bacteria raises serious safety issues in the food industry. The antibacterial activities of phosphorous-fluorine co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (PF-TiO2) were investigated against seven foodborne pathogenic bacteria: Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shewanella putrefaciens, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. PF-TiO2 NPs were synthesized hydrothermally at 250 °C for 1, 3, 6 or 12 h, and then tested at three different concentrations (500 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, 20 µg/mL) for the inactivation of foodborne bacteria under UVA irradiation, daylight exposure or dark conditions. The antibacterial efficacies were compared after 30 min of exposure to light. Distinct differences in the antibacterial activities of the PF-TiO2 NPs, and the susceptibilities of tested foodborne pathogenic bacterium species were found. PF-TiO2/3 h and PF-TiO2/6 h showed the highest antibacterial activity by decreasing the living bacterial cell number from ~106 by ~5 log (L. monocytogenes), ~4 log (EHEC), ~3 log (Y. enterolcolitca, S. putrefaciens) and ~2.5 log (S. aureus), along with complete eradication of C. jejuni and S. Typhimurium. Efficacy of PF-TiO2/1 h and PF-TiO2/12 h NPs was lower, typically causing a ~2-4 log decrease in colony forming units depending on the tested bacterium while the effect of PF-TiO2/0 h was comparable to P25 TiO2, a commercial TiO2 with high photocatalytic activity. Our results show that PF-co-doping of TiO2 NPs enhanced the antibacterial action against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and are potential candidates for use in the food industry as active surface components, potentially contributing to the production of meats that are safe for consumption.
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Background: The health status of the Roma is inferior to that of the general population. The causes of poor health among this population are still ambiguous, but they include low utilization of healthcare services. Our study aimed to investigate prescription redemptions in segregated Roma colonies (SRC) where the most disadvantaged quartile of Roma people are living. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with data obtained from the National Institute of Health Insurance Fund Management in the settlements belonging to the study area of the "Public Health-Focused Model Program for Organizing Primary Care Services." The study included 4,943 residents of SRC and 62,074 residents of the complementary area (CA) of the settlements where SRC were located. Crude and age- and sex-standardized redemption ratios for SRC and CA were calculated for each Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) group and for the total practice by ATC group. Standardized relative redemptions (RR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for SRC, with CA as a reference. Results: The crude redemption ratios were 73.13% in the SRC and 71.15% in the CA. RRs were higher in the SRC than in the CA for cardiovascular, musculoskeletal system, and alimentary tract and metabolism drugs (11.5, 3.7, and 3.5%, respectively). In contrast, RRs were lower in the SRC than in the CA for anti-infective agents (22.9%) due to the poor redemption of medicines prescribed for children or young adults. Despite the overall modest differences in redemption ratios, some ATC groups showed remarkable differences. Those include cardiovascular, alimentary and musculoskeletal drugs. Conclusion: Redemption of prescriptions was significantly higher among Roma people living in SRC than among those living in CA. The better redemption of cardiovascular and alimentary tract drugs was mainly responsible for this effect. These findings contradict the stereotype that the Roma do not use health services properly and that prescription non-redemption is responsible for their poor health.
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Grape pomace is a valuable source of various bioactive compounds such as plant-derived polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The commercial demand of grape skin and seed powders as nutraceuticals is still growing. However, no distinction is currently made between unfermented native grape seed and grape seed pomace powders regarding their antioxidant activities. Our aim was to find the relationship between the polyphenol and fatty acid content as well as the antioxidant capacity of native and fermented grape seeds of four different grape varieties harvested in the Villány wine region. According to our results, none of the three investigated polyphenols (resveratrol, rutin, quercetin) could be detected in native grape seed samples in correlation with their significantly lower total antioxidant capacities compared to fermented seed samples. Pinot Noir (PN) grape seed pomace samples with the highest resveratrol and oil content showed significantly higher total antioxidant capacity than Cabernet Sauvignon (CS), Syrah (S) and Blue Portugal (BP) samples. Based on the statistical analysis, positive correlation was found between the fatty acid content and the resveratrol concentration in the pomace samples of different grape varieties. In contrast, rutin concentrations were negatively proportional to the fatty acid content of the fermented samples. No significant correlation was found considering the quercetin content of the samples. According to our findings, grape pomace seems a more promising source in the production of nutraceuticals, since it contains polyphenols in higher concentration and exerts significantly higher antioxidant activity than native grape seeds.
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The control of infectious bronchitis (IB) is essential in intensive broiler production and is pursued through strict biosecurity and mass vaccination. Despite effective and routinely adopted, hatchery spray vaccination has been hypothesized to affect chicks' body temperature and wellbeing. Recently, gel administration has been proposed as an alternative and proved feasible in experimental settings. In this study, IBV spray and gel vaccination methods were compared in field conditions. One hundred birds from the same hatch were enrolled in the study and vaccinated, half by spray and half by gel, with 793B and Mass vaccines. After vaccination, rectal temperature was measured and vaccine intake assessed. The two groups were housed for 35 days in separate pens and swabs and blood samples were collected at multiple time points for genotype-specific molecular analyses and serology, respectively. The temperature was significantly lower in spray-vaccinated chicks 10 min and an hour after administration. A similar trend in 793B titres was observed in both groups, while the Mass vaccine was detected later but persisted longer in gel-vaccinated chicks. No differences were observed in mean antibody titres. Compared to spray, gel administration appears equally effective and less impactful on body temperature, thus supporting its application for IBV vaccination.
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Flavonols play key roles in many plant defense mechanisms, consequently they are frequently investigated as stress sensitive factors in relation to several oxidative processes. It is well known that grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) can synthesize various flavonol glycosides in the leaves, however, very little information is available regarding their distribution along the cane at different leaf levels. In this work, taking into consideration of leaf position, the main flavonol glycosides of a red grapevine cultivar (Cabernet Sauvignon) were profiled and quantified by HPLC-DAD analysis. It was found that amount of four flavonol glycosides, namely, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide decreased towards the shoot tip. Since leaf age also decreases towards the shoot tip, the obtained results suggest that these compounds continuously formed by leaf aging, resulting in their accumulation in the older leaves. In contrast, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (predominant form) and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside were not accumulated significantly by aging. We also pointed out that grapevine boosted the flavonol biosynthesis in September, and flavonol profile differed significantly in the two seasons. Our results contribute to the better understanding of the role of flavonols in the antioxidant defense system of grapevine.
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Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Vitis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Flavonoles/análisis , Flavonoles/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Glucósidos/química , Glucurónidos/química , Glicósidos/análisis , Glicósidos/metabolismo , Quempferoles/química , Monosacáridos/química , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Quercetina/química , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
The inevitable rising costs of health care and the accompanying risk of increasing inequalities raise concerns. In order to make tailored policies and interventions that can reduce this risk, it is necessary to investigate whether vulnerable groups (such as Roma, the largest ethnic minority in Europe) are being left out of access to medical advances. Objectives: The study aimed to describe the association between general medical practice (GMP) level of average per capita expenditure of the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), and the proportion of Roma people receiving GMP in Hungary, controlled for other socioeconomic and structural factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study that included all GMPs providing care for adults in Hungary (N = 4818) was conducted for the period 2012-2016. GMP specific data on health expenditures and structural indicators (GMP list size, providing care for adults only or children also, type and geographical location of settlement, age of GP, vacancy) for secondary analysis were obtained from the NHIF. Data for the socioeconomic variables were from the last census. Age and sex standardized specific socioeconomic status indicators (standardized relative education, srEDU; standardized relative employment, srEMP; relative housing density, rHD; relative Roma proportion based on self-reported data, rRP) and average per capita health expenditure (standardized relative health expenditure, srEXP) were computed. Multivariate linear regression model was applied to evaluate the relationship of socioeconomic and structural indicators with srEXP. Results: The srEDU had significant positive (b = 0.199, 95% CI: 0.128; 0.271) and the srEMP had significant negative (b = -0.282, 95% CI: -0.359; -0.204) effect on srEXP. GP age > 65 (b = -0.026, 95% CI: -0.036; -0.016), list size <800 (b = -0.043, 95% CI: -0.066; -0.020) and 800-1200 (b = -0.018, 95% CI: -0.031; -0.004]), had significant negative association with srEXP, and GMP providing adults only (b = 0.016, 95% CI: 0.001;0.032) had a positive effect. There was also significant expenditure variability across counties. However, rRP proved not to be a significant influencing factor (b = 0.002, 95% CI: -0.001; 0.005). Conclusion: As was expected, lower education, employment, and small practice size were associated with lower NHIF expenditures in Hungary, while the share of self-reported Roma did not significantly affect health expenditures according to our GMP level study. These findings do not suggest the necessity for Roma specific indicators elaborating health policy to control for the risk of widening inequalities imposed by rising health expenses.
Asunto(s)
Gastos en Salud , Romaní , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Gastos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Hungría , Seguro de Salud , Masculino , Grupos Minoritarios/estadística & datos numéricos , Romaní/estadística & datos numéricos , Clase SocialRESUMEN
Exploitation of engineered nanomaterials with unique properties has been dynamically growing in numerous fields, including the agricultural sector. Due to the increasing resistance of phytopathogenic microbes, human control over various plant pathogens in crop production is a big challenge and requires the development of novel antimicrobial materials. Photocatalytic active nanomaterials could offer an alternative solution to suppress the plant pathogens. In this work, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) with high photocatalytic activity were synthesized by hydrothermal post-treatment of amorphous titania at different temperatures (250 °C or 310 °C) without using any additives or doping agents. The obtained samples were investigated through X-ray diffraction, N2-sorption measurements, diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The applied hydrothermal treatment led to the formation of TiO2 nanocrystallites with a predominant anatase crystal phase, with increasing crystallinity and crystallite size by prolonging treatment time. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 NPs was tested for the photo-degradation of phenol and applied for the inactivation of various plant pathogens such as Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Allhorizobium vitis. The studied bacteria showed different susceptibilities; their living cell numbers were quickly and remarkably reduced by UV-A-irradiated TiO2 NPs. The effectiveness of the most active sample prepared at 310 °C was much higher than that of commercial P25 TiO2. We found that fine-tuning of the structural properties by modulating the time and temperature of the hydrothermal treatment influenced the photocatalytic properties of the TiO2 NPs considerably. This work provides valuable information to the development of TiO2-based antimicrobial photocatalysts.