Snoring, obstructive sleep apnea, and upper respiratory tract infection in elementary school children in Japan.

PURPOSE: Both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the common cold are disorders of the upper respiratory tract, and may be associated. However, studies on the association between OSA and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in children are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between snoring, the severity of OSA, and URTI in elementary school children. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in a community cohort of elementary school children (first and second graders) in Japan. Information on sleep habits, history of URTI, and OSA risk was obtained from a parental questionnaire. Children underwent overnight tracheal sound recordings from which apnea-hypopnea index was estimated. Multivariable logistic analysis was employed to define the association between snoring, OSA, and URTI ≥ 3 episodes over six months. RESULTS: Of the 922 potential enrollees, 653 children and their parents (71%) agreed to participate in the study. Multivariable-adjusted ORs for URTI were 1.73 (95%CI: 1.16 to 2.59) in children who snored 1 to 4 nights per week and 2.82 (95%CI: 1.26 to 6.28) in snoring ≥ 5 nights per week compared with never snoring (reference). Likewise, subjectively reported louder snoring, as well as objectively defined louder sound levels, were significantly associated with URTI. In addition, OR for URTI in children with an estimated apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 2.0 events/hour was 2.65 (95%CI: 1.32 to 5.31) compared to children with apnea-hypopnea index less than 1.0 events/hour (reference). CONCLUSIONS: Snoring and severity of OSA as measured by nocturnal tracheal sound recordings were associated with increased susceptibility to URTI in elementary school children.

Does Type of Residential Housing Matter for Depressive Symptoms in the Aftermath of a Disaster? Insights From the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.

The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami resulted in widespread property destruction and over 250,000 displaced residents. We sought to examine whether the type of housing arrangement available to the affected victims was associated with a differential incidence of depressive symptoms. In this prospective cohort study, which comprised participants aged ≥65 years from Iwanuma as a part of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, we had information about the residents' mental health both before the disaster in 2010 and 2.5 years afterward. The Geriatric Depression Scale was used. Type of accommodation after the disaster was divided into 5 categories: no move, prefabricated housing (temporary housing), existing private accommodations (temporary apartment), newly established housing, and other. Poisson regression analysis was adopted, with and without multiple imputation. Among the 2,242 participants, 16.2% reported depressive symptoms at follow-up. The adjusted rate ratio for depressive symptoms among persons moving into prefabricated housing, compared with those who did not, was 2.07 (95% confidence interval: 1.45, 2.94). Moving into existing private accommodations or other types of accommodations was not associated with depression. The relationship between living environment and long-term mental health should be considered for disaster recovery planning.

[Socioeconomic risk factors of stroke].

Reduction in age-adjusted mortality rate of cerebrovascular disease is one of the target of National Health Promotion 'Health Japan 21' and this is to be attained not only by the improvement of the personal health but also by developing good social environment and circumstances. This article focused on the relationship between the socioeconomic status (SES) and stroke. Personal, regional, and international comparison data shows robust relationship between low SES and higher stroke incidence, severity and mortality. Bio-Psycho-Social model is proposed as a mechanisms how SES influences stroke. Allostatic overload, behavioral difference, influence of life course, and sense of coherence explain some part of this model. New approaches in consideration of SES are needed such as 'Visualization' of the problems of patient's background, improvement of social environment through the policy, and modification of social circumstances.

Role of regulatory T cells in atheroprotective effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

We and others have previously reported that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) prevents left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction after myocardial infarction in animal models and human. We have also reported that G-CSF inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis in animal models, but its precise mechanism is still elusive. So, we examined the effects of G-CSF on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Twelve-week-old male ApoE(-/-) mice were subcutaneously administrated with 200 µg/kg of G-CSF or saline once a day for 5 consecutive days per a week for 4 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesion of aortic sinus was significantly reduced in the G-CSF-treated mice compared with the saline-treated mice (35% reduction, P<0.05). G-CSF significantly reduced the expression level of interferon-γ by 31% and increased the expression level of interleukin-10 by 20% in atherosclerotic lesions of aortic sinus. G-CSF increased the number of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in lymph nodes and spleen, and enhanced the suppressive function of regulatory T cells in vitro. G-CSF markedly increased the number of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells in atherosclerotic lesions of aortic sinus. Administration of anti-CD25 antibody (PC61) that depletes regulatory T cells abrogated these atheroprotective effects of G-CSF. Moreover, in ApoE(-/-)/CD28(-/-) mice, that lack regulatory T cells, the protective effects of G-CSF on atherosclerosis were not recognized. These findings suggest that regulatory T cells play an important role in the atheroprotective effects of G-CSF.

Effects of pitavastatin on pressure overload-induced heart failure in mice.

BACKGROUND: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), which are widely used to lower plasma cholesterol levels, have been reported to have various pleiotropic effects such as protective effect of endothelial cells, angiogenic effect, antioxidant effect and anti-inflammatory effect. It is unclear, however, whether statins have any effects on the progression from left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy to heart failure in the established hypertrophied heart. METHODS AND RESULTS: C57BL/6 mice were treated with pitavastatin (pitava) or vehicle (control) from 2 weeks (established hypertrophy stage) after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and the treatment was continued for 4 weeks. Pitavastatin significantly inhibited the progression from LV hypertrophy to heart failure as assessed on echocardiography. The cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area was significantly increased in the control group compared to the sham-operated mice (sham group), but it was not significantly different between the control group and the pitava group at 6 weeks after TAC. Moreover, pitavastatin induced myocardial angiogenesis (ratio of number of endothelial cells to cardiomyocytes) and decreased the myocardial fibrosis and oxidative stress. The expression of angiopoietin-1 in the heart was significantly increased by pitavastatin at 6 weeks after TAC. CONCLUSIONS: Pitavastatin has preventive effects on the progression of heart failure even in the hypertrophied heart.

Effect of switching from telmisartan, valsartan, olmesartan, or losartan to candesartan on morning hypertension.

The Candesartan Cooperative Research of Therapy Design for Early Morning Hypertension in CHIBA was designed to investigate whether switching from angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) except candesartan to candesartan might be effective in Japanese patients with morning hypertension. Seventy-eight mild to moderate hypertensive patients, who were treated with the standard doses of ARBs except candesartan (losartan, 50 mg; valsartan, 80 mg; telmisartan, 40 mg; or olmesartan, 20 mg), were entered into 12-week treatment period with candesartan 8 mg according to a multicenter, open-label design. Morning and office blood pressures (BPs) were significantly reduced (morning, -10.1 ± 10.5/-4.5 ± 8.4 mm Hg; office, -13.1 ± 17.3/-6.2 ± 11.3 mm Hg) after medication change. Target BPs (morning BPs ≤ 135/85 mm Hg and office BPs ≤ 140/90 mm Hg) achievement rates were 42.9% in the morning and 64.3% at office. No adverse events were recognized in all patients. Candesartan treatment significantly reduced the morning and office BPs compared with other ARBs in Japanese patients with morning hypertension.

Heart in an eggshell--eggshell appearance calcified constrictive pericarditis demonstrated by three-dimensional images of multislice computed tomography.

We describe a patient who presented with highly calcified eggshell-like constrictive pericarditis. Electrocardiogram-gated multislice computed tomography showed the degree and configuration of calcification in the pericardium and could be used to evaluate cardiac motion restrictions by calcified pericardium visually in 4D. The results described show a novel condition, a cardiac constriction by extensive calcification of the pericardium, and compression of the inferior wall of the LV due to a mass, thought to be a hematoma, located inside the pericardium.