Sodium Octahydridotriborate as a Solid Electrolyte with Excellent Stability Against Sodium-Metal Anode.

Solid-state sodium metal batteries have been extensively investigated because of their potential to improve safety, cost-effectiveness, and energy density. The development of such batteries urgently required a solid-state electrolyte with fast Na-ion conduction and favorable interfacial compatibility. Herein, the progress on developing the NaB3H8 solid-state electrolytes is reported, which show a liquid-like ionic conductivity of 0.05 S cm-1 at 56 °C with an activation energy of 0.35 eV after an order-disorder phase transformation, matching or surpassing the best single-anion hydridoborate conductors investigated up to now. The steady polarization voltage and significantly decreased resistance are achieved in the symmetric Na/NaB3H8/Na cell, indicating the great electrochemical stability and favorable interfacial contact with the Na metal of NaB3H8. Furthermore, a Na/NaB3H8/TiS2 battery, the first high-rate (up to 1 C) solid-state sodium metal battery using the single-anion hydridoborate electrolyte, is demonstrated, which exhibits superior rate capability (168.2 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and 141.2 mAh g-1 at 1 C) and long-term cycling stability (70.9% capacity retention at 1 C after 300 cycles) at 30 °C. This work may present a new possibility to solve the interfacial limitations and find a new group of solid-state electrolytes for high-performance sodium metal batteries.

Structure and characterization of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides/whey protein isolate nanoparticles for sustained release of curcumin.

BACKGROUND: Whey protein isolate (WPI) nanoparticles can be used in a strategy to improve the bioavailability of curcumin (CUR) although they are generally not stable. Previous studies have indicated that Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPs) can increase the stability of WPI. This work investigated systematically the characterization and structure of TFP/WPI nanoparticles with differing CUR content. RESULTS: The highest encapsulation efficiency of CUR was 98.8% and the highest loading content was 47.88%. The TFP-WPI-CUR with 20 mg mL-1 of CUR had the largest particle size (653.67 ± 21.50 nm) and lowest zeta potential (-38.97 ± 2.51 mV), and the capacity to retain stability across a variety of salt ion and pH conditions for 21 days. According to the findings of the structural analysis, the addition of TFPs and CUR rendered the structure of WPI amorphous, and the ß-sheet was reduced. Finally, in vitro release indicated that the TFP-WPI-CUR combination could regulate the sustained release behavior of CUR. CONCLUSION: In summary, TFP-WPI nanoparticles can be used as carriers for the delivery of CUR, and can expand applications of CUR in the functional food, dietary supplement, pharmaceutical, and beverage industries. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Exogenous H2S Attenuates Hypertension by Regulating Renin Exocytosis under Hyperglycaemic and Hyperlipidaemic Conditions.

Obesity, along with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is a major contributor to hypertension. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in the occurrence of diabetes and hypertension. However, the mechanism by which obesity is related to T2DM induced hypertension is unclear. In this study, we observed that blood pressure and serum renin content were increased in patients with diabetes and hypertension. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as an endogenous bioactive molecule, has been shown to be a vasodilator. Db/db mice, characterized by obesity and T2DM, and juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, which line the afferent arterioles at the entrance of the glomeruli to produce renin, treated with glucose, palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA), were used as animal and cellular models. NaHS, the H2S donor, was administered to db/db mice through intraperitoneal injection. NaHS significantly alleviated blood pressure in db/db mice, decreased the renin content in the serum of db/db mice and reduced renin secretion from JG cells. NaHS modulated renin release via cAMP and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), including synaptosome-associated protein 23 (SNAP23) and vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2), which mediate renin exocytosis. Furthermore, NaHS increased the levels of autophagy-related proteins and colocalization with EGFP-LC3 puncta with renin-containing granules and VAMP2 to consume excessive renin to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Therefore, exogenous H2S attenuates renin release and promotes renin-vesicular autophagy to relieve diabetes-induced hypertension.

Correction: Liu et al. Exogenous H2S Attenuates Hypertension by Regulating Renin Exocytosis under Hyperglycaemic and Hyperlipidaemic Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1690.

In the original publication [...].

Quality Chemistry, Physiological Functions, and Health Benefits of Organic Acids from Tea (Camellia sinensis).

Organic acids account for around 3% of the dry matter in tea leaves, and their composition and contents vary in different types of tea. They participate in the metabolism of tea plants, regulate nutrient absorption and growth, and contribute to the aroma and taste quality of tea. Compared with other secondary metabolites in tea, the researches on organic acids are still limited. This article reviewed the research progresses of organic acids in tea, including analysis methods, the root secretion and physiological function, the composition of organic acids in tea leaves and related influencing factors, the contribution of organic acids to sensory quality, and the health benefits, such as antioxidation, promotion of digestion and absorption, acceleration of gastrointestinal transit, and regulation of intestinal flora. It is hoped to provide references for related research on organic acids from tea.

L-Theanine and Immunity: A Review.

L-theanine (N-ethyl-γ-glutamine) is the main amino acid in tea leaves. It not only contributes to tea flavor but also possesses several health benefits. Compared with its sedative and calming activities, the immunomodulatory effects of L-theanine have received less attention. Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that L-theanine reduces immunosuppression caused by strenuous exercise and prevents colds and influenza by improving immunity. Numerous cell and animal studies have proven that theanine plays an immunoregulatory role in inflammation, nerve damage, the intestinal tract, and tumors by regulating γδT lymphocyte function, glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and the secretion of cytokines and neurotransmitters. In addition, theanine can be used as an immunomodulator in animal production. This article reviews the research progress of L-theanine on immunoregulation and related mechanisms, as well as its application in poultry and animal husbandry. It is hoped that this work will be beneficial to future related research.

Synthesis, Formation Mechanism, and Structure of K[BH3S(CH3)BH3] and Its Application in Preparation of KB3H8.

The design, synthesis, and applications of new boranes are eternal topics in boron chemistry. A new bis(borane)alkanethiolate salt, K[BH3S(CH3)BH3], was synthesized in high yield by the reaction of K with (CH3)2S·BH3 at room temperature. The formation mechanism was elucidated based on experimental and theoretical studies. The single-crystal structure of the K[BH3S(CH3)BH3]·18-crown-6 adduct was determined in which the B-S-B bonding information of K[BH3S(CH3)BH3] was illustrated for the first time. Using K[BH3S(CH3)BH3] as a starting material, KB3H8 was successfully synthesized.

Exogenous H2 S prevents the nuclear translocation of PDC-E1 and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the diabetic state.

Hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation induced by hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia; however, the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we observed lower H2 S levels and higher expression of the proliferation-related proteins PCNA and cyclin D1 in db/db mouse aortae and vascular smooth muscle cells treated with 40 mmol/L glucose and 500 µmol/L palmitate, whereas exogenous H2 S decreased PCNA and cyclin D1 expression. The nuclear translocation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-E1 (PDC-E1) was significantly increased in VSMCs treated with high glucose and palmitate, and it increased the level of acetyl-CoA and histone acetylation (H3K9Ac). Exogenous H2 S inhibited PDC-E1 translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus because PDC-E1 was modified by S-sulfhydration. In addition, PDC-E1 was mutated at Cys101. Overexpression of PDC-E1 mutated at Cys101 increased histone acetylation (H3K9Ac) and VSMC proliferation. Based on these findings, H2 S regulated PDC-E1 S-sulfhydration at Cys101 to prevent its translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus and to inhibit VSMC proliferation under diabetic conditions.

Which Type of Pincer Complex Is Thermodynamically More Stable? Understanding the Structures and Relative Bond Strengths of Group 10 Metal Complexes Supported by Benzene-Based PYCYP Pincer Ligands.

The influence of the pincer platform composition and substitution on the reactivity and physical properties of pincer complexes can be easily explored through different experimental techniques. However, the influence of these factors on the molecular structures and thermodynamic stability of pincer complexes is usually very subtle and cannot always be unambiguously established. To rationalize this subtle influence, a survey of crystallographic data from 130 group 10 metal pincer complexes supported by benzene-based PYCYP pincer ligands, [2,6-(R2PY)2C6H3-nR'n]MX (Y = CH2, NH, O, S; M = Ni, Pd, Pt; R = tBu, iPr, Ph, Cy, Me; R' = CO2Me, tBu, CF3, Ac; n = 0-2; X = F, Cl, Br, I, H, SH, SPh, SBn, Ph, Me, N3, NCS), was carried out. Theoretical calculations for some selected complexes were performed to evaluate the relative bond strength. It was found that the M-Cipso bond length decreases following the linker series of CH2 > NH > O and that the relative M-Cipso bond strength increases following the linker series of CH2 < NH < O. In most cases, the M-P bond length decreases following the linker series of NH > CH2 > O. The relative M-P bond strength increases following the linker series of CH2 < NH < O. A comparison of the thermochemical balance for the isodesmic displacement of the side-arm interactions with PH3 as a probe ligand indicated that the Ni-P bond in a PCCCP-type pincer complex is far less difficult to break compared with that in a POCOP-type complex. As a result, with the same donor substituents and the same auxiliary ligand, the POCOP-type pincer complexes are thermodynamically more stable than the PCCCP complexes. The influence of other backbone and donor substitutions as well as the pincer platform composition on the M-Cipso, M-P, and M-X bond lengths, relative bond strengths, and P-M-P bite angles was also discussed.

Improved Methods for the Synthesis of KB3H8, NH3B3H7, and N-Alkyl Analogues of NH3B3H7.

Improved methods for the synthesis of KB3H8, NH3B3H7, and N-alkyl analogues of NH3B3H7 have been developed based on previous works. KB3H8 was synthesized by the reaction of metallic potassium (K) with borane dimethyl sulfide ((CH3)2S·BH3) with high yield and atom-economy. In the preparation of NH3B3H7 and its N-alkyl analogues, KB3H8 served as a starting material and was converted to THF·B3H7 first through reactions with HCl diethyl ether solution or oxidation agent CoCl2. Then, the formed THF·B3H7 in situ reacted with the corresponding ammonia or amines to form the amine borane final products. This work paves an alternative way for preparing organic-inorganic hybrid materials containing B, N, and C atoms.

Syntheses of Bromo-N-heterocycles through Dibromohydantoin-Promoted Tandem C-H Amination/Bromination.

Herein, we report a metal-free radical tandem C-H amination and bromination reaction with dibromohydantoin (DBH) as both the amination and bromination reagents and water as the main solvent. The reaction involves in intramolecular C-H amination and electrophilic bromination using cheap commercially available DBH. The products represent heterocyclic building blocks, readily modifiable by classical cross-coupling reactions.

Fascin induces melanoma tumorigenesis and stemness through regulating the Hippo pathway.

BACKGROUND: Fascin is a F-actin bundling protein and its overexpression is correlated with poor prognosis and increases metastatic potential in a number of cancers. But underlying function and mechanism of fascin on tumorigenesis in melanoma remain elusive. METHODS: The melanoma cell lines WM793 and WM39 were employed for the soft agar and sphere formation assay. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot were performed for identifying the gene expression at mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Co-IP and in vitro GST pulldown experiments were used to test the interaction between fascin and MST2. RESULTS: Fascin regulates tumorigenesis and cancer cell stemness in melanoma through inhibition of the Hippo pathway kinase MST2 and the activation of transcription factor TAZ. Our data showed that fascin interacts with the kinase domain of MST2 to inhibit its homodimer formation and kinase activity. Depletion of fascin led to increase of p-LATS level and decrease of TAZ, but not YAP. We also demonstrated that fascin regulates melanoma tumorigenesis independent of its actin-bundling activity. CONCLUSIONS: Fascin is a new regulator of the MST2-LATS-TAZ pathway and plays a critical role in melanoma tumorigenesis. Inhibition of fascin reduces melanoma tumorigenesis and stemness, and thus fascin could be a potential therapeutic target for this malignancy.

The catalytic effect of water, water dimers and water trimers on H2S + (3)O2 formation by the HO2 + HS reaction under tropospheric conditions.

In this article, the reaction mechanisms of H2S + (3)O2 formation by the HO2 + HS reaction without and with catalyst X (X = H2O, (H2O)2 and (H2O)3) have been investigated theoretically at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2pd)//B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p) level of theory, coupled with rate constant calculations by using conventional transition state theory. Our results show that in the presence of catalyst X (X = H2O, (H2O)2 and (H2O)3) into the channel of H2S + (3)O2 formation, the reactions between the SH radical and HO2(H2O)n (n = 1-3) complexes are more favorable than the corresponding reactions of the HO2 radical with HS(H2O)n (n = 1-3) complexes due to the lower barrier of the former reactions and the higher concentrations of HO2(H2O)n (n = 1-3) complexes. Meanwhile, the catalytic effect of water, water dimers and water trimers is mainly taken from the contribution of a single water vapor molecule, since the total effective rate constant of HO2H2O + HS and H2OHO2 + HS reactions was, respectively, larger by 7-9 and 9-12 orders of magnitude than that of SH + HO2(H2O)2 and SH + HO2(H2O)3 reactions. Besides, the enhancement factor of water vapor is only 0.37% at 240 K, while at high temperatures, such as 425 K, the positive water vapor effect is enhanced up to 38.00%, indicating that at high temperatures the positive water effect is obvious under atmospheric conditions. Overall, these results show how water and water clusters catalyze the gas phase reactions under atmospheric conditions.

Potassium Decahydrido-closo-Decaborane Urea Complex as a Potential Solid-State Electrolyte for Potassium Metal Batteries.

All-solid-state potassium metal batteries have been considered promising candidates for large-scale energy storage because of abundance and wide availability of K resources, elimination of flammable liquid organic electrolytes, and incorporation of high-capacity K metal anode. However, unideal K-ion conductivities of most reported K-ion solid electrolytes have restricted the development of these batteries. Herein, a novel K2B10H10·CO(NH2)2 complex is reported, forming by incorporating urea into K2B10H10, to achieve an enhanced K-ion conductivity. The crystal structure of K2B10H10·CO(NH2)2 was determined as a monoclinic lattice with the space group of C2/c (No. 15). K2B10H10·CO(NH2)2 delivers an ionic conductivity of 2.7 × 10-8 S cm-1 at 25 °C, and reaching 1.3 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 80 °C, which is about 4 orders of magnitude higher than that of K2B10H10. One possible reason is the anion expansion in size due to the presence of dihydrogen bonds in K2B10H10·CO(NH2)2, resulting in an increase in the K-H bond distance and the electrostatic potential, thereby enhancing the mobility of K+. The K-ion conductivity is also higher than those of most hydridoborate-based K-ion conductors reported. Besides, K2B10H10·CO(NH2)2 reveals a wide electrochemical stability window and remarkable interface compatibility with K metal electrodes, suggesting a promising electrolyte for all-solid-state K metal batteries.

Unravelling the underlying mechanism of the reduction of aldehydes/ketones with metal borohydride in an aprotic solvent.

The reduction mechanism of aldehyde/ketones with M(BH4)n is not fully understood, even though the hydroboration mechanism of weak Lewis base borane complexes is known to involve a four-membered ring transition state. Herein, the reduction mechanism of M(BH4)n in aprotic solvents has been elucidated for a six-membered ring, in which hydride transfer to the C atom from the B atom, formation of an L·BH3 adduct, and disproportionation of (BH3(OR)-) borane are involved. The metal cations and solvents participate in and significantly influence the reaction procedure. We believe that this mechanistic study would provide a further reference for the application of M(BH4)n in organic reactions.

Hydrogen sulfide improves endothelial barrier function by modulating the ubiquitination degradation of KLF4 through TRAF7 S-sulfhydration in diabetic aorta.

Anomalous vascular endothelium significantly contributes to various cardiovascular diseases. VE-cadherin plays a vital role in governing the endothelial barrier. Krüppel-like factor 4(KLF4), as a transcription factor, which binds the VE-cadherin promoter and enhances its transcription. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has been shown to modulate the degradation of KLF4. H2S can covalently modify cysteine residues on proteins through S-sulfhydration, thereby influencing the structure and functionality of the target protein. However, the role of S-sulfhydration on endothelial barrier integrity remains to be comprehensively elucidated. This study aims to investigate whether protein S-sulfhydration in the endothelium regulates endothelial integrity and its underlying mechanism. In this study, we observed that protein S-sulfhydration was reduced in the endothelium during diabetes and TRAF7 was the main target. Overexpression of TRAF7-Cys327 mutant could mitigate the endothelial barrier damage by weakening TRAF7 interaction with KLF4 and reducing ubiquitination degradation of KLF4. In conclusion, our research demonstrates that H2S plays a pivotal role in regulating S-sulfhydration of TRAF7 at Cys327. This regulation effectively inhibits the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of KLF4, resulting in an upregulation of VE-cadherin levels. This molecular mechanism contributes to the prevention of endothelial barrier damage.

Hydrogen sulfide regulates SERCA2a SUMOylation by S-Sulfhydration of SENP1 to ameliorate cardiac systole-diastole function in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that eventually progresses to heart failure. The sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a (SERCA2a), an important calcium pump in cardiomyocytes, is closely related to myocardial systolic-diastolic function. In mammalian cells, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a second messenger, antioxidant, and sulfurizing agent, is involved in diverse biological processes. Despite the importance of H2S for protection against DCM, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to determine whether H2S regulates intracellular calcium homeostasis by acting on SERCA2a to reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis during DCM. Db/db mice were injected with NaHS for 18 weeks. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) were treated with high glucose, palmitate, oleate, and NaHS for 48 h. Compared to the NaHS-treated groups, in vivo and in vitro type 2 diabetic models both showed reduced intracellular H2S content, reduced cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) expression, impaired cardiac function, decreased SERCA2a expression and decreased SERCA2a activity, reduced SUMOylation of SERCA2a, increased sentrin-specific protease 1 (SENP1) expression, and disruption of calcium homeostasis leading to activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Compared to the NaHS-treated type 2 diabetes cellular model, overexpression of SENP1 C683A reduced the S-sulfhydration of SENP1, reduced the SUMOylation of SERCA2a, reduced the increased expression and activity of SERCA2a, and induced mitochondrial apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. These results suggested that exogenous H2S elevates SENP1 S-sulfhydration to increase SERCA2a SUMOylation, improve myocardial systolic-diastolic function, and decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis in DCM.

Exogenous H2S initiating Nrf2/GPx4/GSH pathway through promoting Syvn1-Keap1 interaction in diabetic hearts.

Excessive ROS accumulation contributes to cardiac injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a vital endogenous gasotransmitter to alleviate cardiac damage in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of NaHS administration in db/db mice via intraperitoneal injection for 20 weeks and the treatment of high glucose (HG), palmitate (PA) and NaHS in HL-1 cardiomyocytes for 48 h, respectively. H2S levels were decreased in hearts of db/db mice and HL-1 cardiomyocytes exposed to HG and PA, which were restored by NaHS. Exogenous H2S activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4)/glutathione (GSH) pathway, suppressed ferroptosis and mitigated mitochondrial apoptosis in db/db mice. However, these effects were abrogated after Nrf2 knockdown. NaHS treatment elevated the ubiquitination level of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein (Keap1) by preserving its E3 ligase synoviolin (Syvn1), resulting in Nrf2 nuclear translocation. H2S facilitated the sulfhydration of Syvn1-cys115 site, a post-translational modification. Transfecting Syvn1 C115A in cardiomyocytes exposed to HG and PA partially attenuated the effects of NaHS on Nrf2 and cell death. Our findings suggest that exogenous H2S regulates Nrf2/GPx4/GSH pathway by promoting the Syvn1-Keap1 interaction to reduce ferroptosis and mitochondrial apoptosis in DCM.

Coordination mode and stability of the tetrahydroborate ligand in group 10 metal pincer complexes.

The coordination mode of the BH4- ligand in transition metal tetrahydroborate complexes is mainly dominated by the nature of the metal centres. However, other factors can also play important roles sometimes. In order to rationalize the coordination modes and the stability of the BH4- ligand in group 10 metal tetrahydroborate pincer complexes, [2,6-(tBu2PO)2C6H3]Pt(η1-HBH3) and [C6H4-o-(NCH2PtBu2)2B]M(η2-H2BH2) (M = Ni, Pt) were prepared and characterized. A structural comparison of [2,6-(tBu2PCH2)2C6H3]Ni(BH4), [2,6-(tBu2PO)2C6H3]M(BH4) and [C6H4-o-(NCH2PtBu2)2B]M(BH4) (M = Ni, Pd, and Pt) indicates that the M-P bond length, the P-M-P bite angle and the trans-influence of the central atom in the pincer platform also affect the coordination mode of the BH4- ligand. The nickel complexes tend to adopt a monodentate coordination mode while the palladium and platinum complexes can adopt either the monodentate or the bidentate mode depending on the structural features of the pincer platforms. Longer M-P bonds and smaller P-M-P bite angles favour the bidentate mode. The stability of the BH4- ligand is influenced by both the coordination mode and the nature of the metal centre. The BH3 species is released more easily from complexes with less electron rich metal centres. Following the series of Ni, Pd, and Pt, complexes with the same pincer ligand more easily lose a BH3 moiety.

Investigating changes of proteome in the bovine milk serum after retort processing using proteomics techniques.

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes of the proteins in bovine milk serum after retort processing by label-free quantification proteomics techniques. A total of 96 and 106 proteins were quantified in control group (CG) and retort group (RG), respectively. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the identified milk serum proteins showed a decrease in the abundance of most proteins, such as serum albumin, lactoperoxidase, lactotransferrin, and complement C3, and an increase in the abundance of other proteins such as κ-casein, lipocalin 2, and Perilipin. Student's t-test showed 21 proteins significantly differential abundance between CG and RG (p < .05), of which intensity-based absolute quantification (iBAQ) of five proteins decreased and iBAQ of 16 proteins increased. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that retort processing increased the digestibility of proteins, but this improvement was offset by a decrease in the digestibility of proteins caused by protein modification. Our results provide insight into the proteome of retort sterilized milk for the first time. Given the extremely high security of retort sterilized milk, the proteome of bovine milk serum changes after retort sterilization exposed in this study will contribute to the formula design of retort sterilized milk products.