Evidence base for point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) for diagnosis of skull fractures in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Blunt head trauma is a common presentation to emergency departments (EDs). Identifying skull fractures in children is important as they are known factor of risk for traumatic brain injury (TBI). Currently, CT is the reference standard for diagnosing skull fractures and TBIs in children. Identifying skull fractures with point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) may help risk-stratify children for TBI following blunt trauma. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of POCUS in identifying skull fractures in children. METHODS: A systematic search was performed on 17 July 2020 in Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Embase. Prospective studies reporting skull fractures diagnosed with ultrasound in children younger than 18 years due to blunt head injury were included. Studies that did not confirm the fracture with CT were excluded. The quality of studies was evaluated using the QUADAS-2 tool. Data were extracted from the eligible studies to calculate outcomes such as sensitivity and specificity; when possible overall outcomes were calculated. RESULTS: Seven studies were included. All eligible studies included patients for whom the decision to perform a CT scan was made in advance. Overall, the included studies demonstrated low risk of bias or had minor concerns regarding risk of bias. The pooled data (n=925) demonstrated a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 96%, positive predictive value of 88% and negative predictive value of 97%. CONCLUSION: The included studies demonstrate minor methodological limitations. Overall, the evidence suggests that POCUS is a valid option for diagnosing skull fractures in children visiting the ED after blunt head injury.

Extracellular vesicle markers in relation to obesity and metabolic complications in patients with manifest cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microparticles, contribute to cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that obesity could favour enhanced release of EVs from adipose tissue, and thereby contribute to cardiovascular risk via obesity-induced metabolic complications. The objectives of this study were: 1) to investigate the relation between the quantity, distribution and (dys) function of adipose tissue and plasma concentrations of atherothrombotic EV-markers; 2) to determine the relation between these EV-markers and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome; and 3) to assess the contribution of EV markers to the risk of incident type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In 1012 patients with clinically manifest vascular disease, subcutaneous and visceral fat thickness was measured ultrasonographically. Plasma EVs were isolated and levels of cystatin C, serpin G1, serpin F2 and CD14 were measured, as well as fasting metabolic parameters, hsCRP and adiponectin. The association between adiposity, EV-markers, and metabolic syndrome was tested by multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses. As sex influences body fat distribution, sex-stratified analyses between adipose tissue distribution and EV-markers were performed. The relation between EV-markers and type 2 diabetes was assessed with Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: Higher levels of hsCRP (ß 5.59; 95% CI 3.00-8.18) and lower HDL-cholesterol levels (ß-11.26; 95% CI -18.39 - -4.13) were related to increased EV-cystatin C levels, and EV-cystatin C levels were associated with a 57% higher odds of having the metabolic syndrome (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.19-2.27). HDL-cholesterol levels were positively related to EV-CD14 levels (ß 5.04; 95% CI 0.07-10.0), and EV-CD14 levels were associated with a relative risk reduction of 16% for development of type 2 diabetes (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.75-0.94), during a median follow up of 6.5 years in which 42 patients developed type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with clinically manifest vascular disease, EV-cystatin C levels were positively related, and EV-CD14 levels were negatively related to metabolic complications of obesity.

Hepatocyte growth factor and interferon-γ inducible protein-10 are related to visceral adiposity.

BACKGROUND: Increased production of chemokines by adipose tissue and defective adipose tissue oxygenation as a result of obesity may induce leucocyte infiltration and subsequent systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVES: 1-To determine the relation between the amount of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and the chemokine interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and angiogenic factor hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). 2-To determine the relation between the metabolic syndrome and IP-10 as well as HGF. METHODS: Patients originated from the Secondary Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART) cohort. In this study, a cohort of 1251 patients with manifest vascular disease was included. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue thickness (SAT and VAT respectively) were measured ultrasonographically. IP-10 and HGF concentrations were measured with Luminex multiplex immuno assay in addition to fasting metabolic parameters. Linear regression analyses with adjustments for age, gender, smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, type 2 diabetes mellitus and medication use were applied to quantify the relations between adiposity or metabolic syndrome and IP-10 and HGF concentrations. RESULTS: VAT was significantly associated with (log)IP-10 and (log)HGF, reflected by significant higher ß-values in VAT quartile 4 compared with VAT quartile 1 (reference): ß0.155 (95%CI:0.073-0.237) for IP-10 and ß0.147 (95%CI:0.076-0.218) for HGF. Per standard deviation increase in VAT, (log)IP-10 levels increased with 0.057 pg/mL (95%CI:0.027-0.087) and (log)HGF increased with 0.051 pg/mL (95%CI:0.025-0.077). Effect estimates were not affected by including body mass index(BMI) in the model. In contrast, SAT was not associated with IP-10 and HGF. Furthermore, the presence of the metabolic syndrome was associated with IP-10 and HGF. CONCLUSIONS: Visceral adipose tissue but not subcutaneous adipose tissue is significantly associated with circulating levels of IP-10 and HGF, irrespective of BMI.

Effect of bariatric surgery on NAFLD/NASH: a single-centre observational prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from 25% in the general population to 90% in patients with obesity scheduled for bariatric surgery. NAFLD can progress towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associated with complications such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and cardiovascular disease. To date, losing weight and lifestyle modifications are the best known treatments for NASH. Bariatric surgery significantly improves NAFLD/NASH in the short term. However, the extent of this improvement is not yet clear and long-term data on the natural course of NAFLD/NASH after bariatric surgery are lacking. The factors involved in NAFLD/NASH regression after bariatric surgery have not been elucidated. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is an observational prospective cohort study including patients scheduled for bariatric surgery. Extensive metabolic and cardiovascular analyses will be carried out including measurements of carotid intima media thickness and pulse wave velocity. Genomic, proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic studies will be done. Microbioma analyses before and 1 year after surgery will be done. Transient elastography measurements will be performed before and at 1, 3 and 5 years after surgery. For those with an elevated preoperative transient elastography measurement by Fibroscan, a laparoscopic liver biopsy will be performed during surgery. Primary outcome measures are the change of steatosis and liver fibrosis 5 years after surgery. Secondary outcome measure is the comparison of the transient elastography measurements with the NAFLD Activity Score from the biopsies. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol has been approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committees United, Nieuwegein, on 1 March 2022 (registration code R21.103/NL79423.100.21). The study results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and data will be presented at scientific meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05499949.

Evaluation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in severe obesity using noninvasive tests and imaging techniques.

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the more severe and inflammatory type, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is increasing rapidly. Especially in high-risk patients, that is those with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of NAFLD can be as high as 80% while NASH may be present in 20% of these subjects. With the worldwide increase of obesity, it is most likely that these numbers will rise. Since advanced stages of NAFLD and NASH are strongly associated with morbidity and mortality-in particular, cardiovascular disease, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma-it is of great importance to identify subjects at risk. A great variety of noninvasive tests has been published to diagnose NAFLD and NASH, especially using blood- and imaging-based tests. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for NAFLD/NASH. This review aims to summarize the different mechanisms leading to NASH and liver fibrosis, the different noninvasive liver tests to diagnose and evaluate patients with severe obesity.

Extracellular vesicle protein levels are related to brain atrophy and cerebral white matter lesions in patients with manifest vascular disease: the SMART-MR study.

OBJECTIVES: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their protein levels have been identified as a potential risk marker for the development of vascular disease. In the present study, we assessed whether levels of four previously identified EV proteins (cystatin C, serpin G1, serpin F2 and CD14) are associated with cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs) and brain atrophy. DESIGN: Cohort study; cross-sectional and prospective. SETTING: Single centre, secondary and tertiary setting. PARTICIPANTS: 1309 patients with manifest vascular disease from the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease-MR (SMART-MR) study, of which 994 had successful brain MRI and EV protein level measurements. OUTCOMES: WML and brain parenchymal fraction (BPF), as parameter for brain atrophy, at baseline and follow-up. STATISTICAL METHODS: The relationship between EV protein levels and WML volume (expressed as log transformed percentage of intracranial volume) and BPF (expressed percentage of intracranial volume) on 1.5 T brain MRI was assessed with multivariable linear regression modelling. Subsequently, the relationship between baseline EV protein levels and progression of atrophy and WML was analysed in 534 patients, in whom a follow-up MRI was obtained after 4 years. RESULTS: Higher EV-cystatin C and EV-CD14 were significantly associated with larger WML volume (linear regression coefficient (95% CI) 0.10 log %/SD (0.04 to 0.17) and 0.14 log %/SD (0.07 to 0.20), respectively. Higher EV-CD14 was associated with more brain atrophy (-0.14%/SD; -0.27 to -0.01). Baseline EV-CD14 was significantly associated with increase of WMLs (0.11 log %/SD (0.04 to 0.18)). No relationship with EV-serpins was observed at baseline or at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: EV proteins cystatin C and CD14 are related to cerebral WMLs and the progression of brain atrophy in patients with manifest vascular disease, potentially identifying EVs in the aetiology of structural brain changes.

Microvesicle protein levels are associated with increased risk for future vascular events and mortality in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Microvesicles (MVs) are small membrane vesicles that are involved in atherotrombotic processes. In the present study, we evaluated the risk of MV protein levels on the occurrence of new vascular events in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease. METHODS: In this cohort study 1060 patients were prospectively followed for the occurrence of a new vascular event or death (median follow up 6.4 years, interquartile range 5.2-7.3 years). MVs were isolated from plasma and MV protein levels of Cystatin C, Serpin G1, Serpin F2 and CD14 were measured. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk for new vascular events, vascular mortality and all-cause mortality. During follow up 136 vascular events occurred, 65 vascular mortality and 114 all-cause mortality. RESULTS: An increase in 1 standard deviation (SD) of Cystatin C MV level was related to an increased risk for myocardial infarction (HR 1.49; 95%CI 1.20-1.86), vascular mortality (HR 1.48; 95%CI 1.17-1.86), vascular events (HR 1.27; 1.07-1.52) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.41; 95%CI 1.18-1.69). Serpin F2 MV levels were related to an increased risk for myocardial infarction (HR 1.22; 95%CI 1.00-1.51), vascular mortality (HR 1.25; 95%CI 1.00-1.56), and all-cause mortality (HR 1.22; 95% CI 1.03-1.45). CD14 MV levels were related to an increased risk for myocardial infarction (HR 1.55; 95%CI 1.27-1.91), vascular mortality (HR 1.37; 95%CI 1.10-1.70), vascular events (HR 1.32; 95%CI 1.12-1.55), all-cause mortality (HR 1.36; 95%CI 1.15-1.62) and occurrence of ischemic stroke (HR 1.32; 95%CI 1.00-1.74). CONCLUSIONS: Cystatin C, Serpin F2 and CD14 MV levels are related to an elevated risk for future vascular events and mortality in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease.