Factors associated with hypertension among adults in high burden kidney disease areas of Jigawa State, Nigeria: A cross-sectional survey.

Background: Hypertension is the leading risk factor for preventable cardiovascular-related complications and mortalities worldwide. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among 361 adults from four local government areas (LGAs) of Jigawa state identified to have high burden of kidney diseases. The Modified WHO STEPS questionnaire and multi-stage sampling technique were employed and data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Results: The age of the respondents ranged from 18 to 102 years with a median of 45 (interquartile range = 30-80) years. More than a quarter (34.9%) of the respondents were unemployed. Few reported history of alcohol ingestion (0.8%) and cigarette smoking (1.1%). The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 116 (32.1%), while that of diastolic hypertension was 133 (36.8%). Jahun LGA had higher cases (36.7%) of systolic hypertension, whereas Dutse LGA had higher cases (47.8%) of diastolic hypertension. Systolic hypertension was significantly higher (P < 0.001) among those >35 years of age. The odds of developing systolic hypertension were significantly lower among those between the ages of 18 and 35 years, and those between the ages of 18 and 35 years were less likely to have systolic hypertension than those above the age of 35 years (adjusted odds ratio = 9.0; 95% confidence interval = 4.6-17.6). Similarly, those who reported family history of diabetes and hypertension (P < 0.001) had a significantly higher proportion of systolic hypertension. Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension was alarming in the high burden kidney disease areas. The government should develop a sustainable model for the mass community screening of risk factors and community-based health insurance for the effective management of all identified cases.

Burden, socio-demographic and other risk factors associated with haemodialysis in North-west Nigeria: A retrospective multicentre analysis.

Background: Kidney diseases requiring haemodialysis are becoming an emerging public health problem. This study aimed to determine the burden, socio-demographic and other risk factors associated with haemodialysis in Northwest Nigeria. Methodology: The study was a retrospective multicentre review of secondary data from the dialysis centres of public hospitals in northwestern Nigeria. Risk factors for renal failure were examined in 1329 patients who were enrolled for haemodialysis between 2019 and 2022 in the four public dialysis centres in Kano and Jigawa state. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0, with statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The minimum age of the patients was 2 years and the maximum was 100 years with a median of 48 (interquartile range = 31, 60) years. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was found amongst more than two-thirds 998 (75.1%) of the patients. Up to 51 (3.8%), 62 (4.7%) and 10 (0.8%) were seropositive for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C, respectively. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was significantly higher (67.9%, P < 0.001) amongst patients with post-partum haemorrhage (PPH), and were 24 times more likely to develop AKI when compared with those with no PPH (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] =24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [13.5-44.5]). CKD was significantly higher amongst patients with hypertension (HTN) (84.9%, P < 0.001), and were 3.2 times more likely to develop CKD compared with non-hypertensives (aOR = 3.2, 95% CI = [2.4-4.1]). Acute on CKD (AOCCKD) was significantly higher amongst patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) (28.1%, P < 0.001), and were three times more likely to develop AOCCKD than those without CGN (aOR = 3, 95% CI = [2.1-4.2]). Conclusion: PPH was the major reason for AKI related haemodialysis while diabetes and HTN were the major causes of CKD-requiring haemodialysis. CGN was more amongst patients who had dialysis due to acute exacerbation of CKD. The government and relevant stakeholders should ensure a favourable policy for the screening and management of patients.

Socio-demographic and Nutritional Factors Associated with Obesity amongst Adults from High Burden Kidney Diseases Areas of Jigawa State, Nigeria: A Community-based Survey.

Background: Obesity is a preventable public health problem associated with a significantly increased risk of non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to find the socio-demographic and nutritional factors associated with obesity amongst adults from high-burden kidney disease areas of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the socio-demographic and nutritional factors associated with obesity among 361 adults from four local government areas (LGAs) of Jigawa state identified to have a high burden of kidney diseases. The Modified WHO STEPS questionnaire and multi-stage sampling technique were employed, and data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Results: The minimum age of the respondents was 18, and the maximum was 102 with a median of 45 (interquartile range = 30-80) years. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in the high-burden LGAs of Jigawa state was 33.0% and 27.1% respectively. Hadejia LGA had the highest (68.1%) prevalence of obesity. The prevalence of overweight was higher in Jahun LGA (38.9%). About one-third (38.2%) had a waist circumference (WC) greater than 88cm. Up to half of the female respondents had a waist-hip ratio (WHR) greater than 0.85. For male respondents, many (74.3%) had a WHR of greater than 0.9, and obesity was significantly higher (39.8%, P s< 0.001) among those ≥40 years of age. Obesity was significantly higher (39.8%,P < 0.001) among those ≥40 years of age, known diabetic, (57.1%, P=0.02), and rare consumption of vegetables, (45.8%, P<0.001).The odds of developing obesity were significantly higher among those who were known diabetics and were 3 times more likely to be obese than those who were not known to be diabetics (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.1, 95% CI = [1.1-8.9]. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity was high in the areas with high burdens of kidney disease. The government and relevant stakeholders should develop a cost-effective prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment model.

Knowledge of Personal Hygiene Among Street Food Vendors and Canteen Food Handlers in Kano: A Mixed Methods Study.

Background: The burden of food-borne diseases is becoming a global problem. The aim of this study was to assess and compare personal hygiene knowledge among street food vendors and canteen food handlers in the Kano metropolis. Methodology: An explanatory sequential mixed methods study was carried out using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire, focus group discussion guide and observation checklist, to assess and compare personal hygiene knowledge among street food vendors and canteen food handlers in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Quantitative data was analyzed at univariate, bivariate and multivariate levels using SPSS version 20.0 at a 5% α level of significance. Thematic analysis was used to analyze verbatim transcripts from qualitative interviews. Results: The response rates were 305/310 (98.4%) and 288/310 (92.9%) among street food vendors and canteen food handlers, respectively. The proportions of street food vendors and canteen food handlers with poor, fair and good knowledge of personal hygiene were (29.5% versus 19.8%), (51.8% versus 54.2%) and (18.7% versus 26.0%), respectively (p=0.009). There was a statistically significant association between education and knowledge of personal hygiene among street food vendors (p=0.03) and canteen food handlers (p=0.04). Though slightly better among canteen food handlers, narratives by the two groups of food handlers pointed to the general lack of awareness of basic personal hygiene which was supported by the findings from observation. Conclusion: Personal hygiene knowledge was poor among the two groups of food handlers; therefore, the Government should ensure legislation and enforcement involving training of food vendors, periodic medical examination, and issuance of fitness certificate to all food vendors.