Characterizing the Conformational Dynamics of Human SUMO2: Insights into its Interaction with Metal Ions and SIMs.

SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifiers) proteins are involved in a crucial post-translational modification commonly termed as SUMOylation. In this work, we have investigated the native-state conformational flexibility of human SUMO2 and its interaction with Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions using 15N-1H based 2D NMR spectroscopy. After SUMO1, SUMO2 is the most studied SUMO isoform in humans which shares 45 % and ~80 % similarity with SUMO1 in terms of sequence and structure, respectively. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that compared to SUMO1, several amino acids around the α1-helix region of SUMO2 access energetically similar near-native conformations. These conformations could play a crucial role in SUMO2's non-covalent interactions with SUMO interaction motifs (SIMs) on other proteins. The C-terminal of SUMO2 was found to bind strongly with Cu2+ ions resulting in a trimeric structure as observed by gel electrophoresis. This interaction seems to interfere in its non-covalent interaction with a V/I-x-V/I-V/I based SIM in Daxx protein.

B-box1 Domain of MID1 Interacts with the Ube2D1 E2 Enzyme Differently Than RING E3 Ligases.

The MID1 TRIM protein is important for ventral midline development in vertebrates, and mutations of its B-box1 domain result in several birth defects. The B-box1 domain of the human MID1 protein binds two zinc atoms and adopt a similar ßßα-RING structure. This domain is required for the efficient ubiquitination of protein phosphatase 2A, alpha4, and fused kinase. Considering the structural similarity, the MID1 B-box1 domain exhibits mono-autoubiquitination activity, in contrast to poly-autoubiquitination observed for RING E3 ligases. To understand its mechanism of action, the interaction of the B-box1 domain with Ube2D1 (UbcH5a, E2), a preferred E2 ligase, is investigated. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, the MID1 RING and B-box1 domains were observed to have similar binding affinities with the Ube2D1 protein. However, NMR 15N-1H Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence titration, 15N relaxation data, and High Ambiguity Driven protein-protein DOCKing (HADDOCK) calculations show the B-box1 domain binding on a surface distinct from where RING domains bind. The novel binding interaction shows the B-box1 domain partially overlapping the noncovalent Ube2D1 and a ubiquitin binding site that is necessary for poly-autoubiquitination activity. The B-box1 domain also displaces the ubiquitin from the Ube2D1 protein. These studies reveal a novel binding interaction between the zinc-binding ßßα-fold B-box1 domain and the Ube2D enzyme family and that this difference in binding, compared to RING E3 ligases, provides a rationale for its auto-monoubiquitination E3 ligase activity.

Harnessing the potential of microalgae-bacteria interaction for eco-friendly wastewater treatment: A review on new strategies involving machine learning and artificial intelligence.

In the pursuit of effective wastewater treatment and biomass generation, the symbiotic relationship between microalgae and bacteria emerges as a promising avenue. This analysis delves into recent advancements concerning the utilization of microalgae-bacteria consortia for wastewater treatment and biomass production. It examines multiple facets of this symbiosis, encompassing the judicious selection of suitable strains, optimal culture conditions, appropriate media, and operational parameters. Moreover, the exploration extends to contrasting closed and open bioreactor systems for fostering microalgae-bacteria consortia, elucidating the inherent merits and constraints of each methodology. Notably, the untapped potential of co-cultivation with diverse microorganisms, including yeast, fungi, and various microalgae species, to augment biomass output. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) stand out as transformative catalysts. By addressing intricate challenges in wastewater treatment and microalgae-bacteria symbiosis, AI and ML foster innovative technological solutions. These cutting-edge technologies play a pivotal role in optimizing wastewater treatment processes, enhancing biomass yield, and facilitating real-time monitoring. The synergistic integration of AI and ML instills a novel dimension, propelling the fields towards sustainable solutions. As AI and ML become integral tools in wastewater treatment and symbiotic microorganism cultivation, novel strategies emerge that harness their potential to overcome intricate challenges and revolutionize the domain.

A review on cutinases enzyme in degradation of microplastics.

From the surface of the earth to the depths of the ocean, microplastics are a hazard for both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Due to their small size and vast expanse, they can further integrate into living things. The fate of microplastics in the environment depends upon the biotic components such as microorganisms which have potential enzymes to degrade the microplastics. As a result, scientists are interested in using microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and others to remediate microplastic. These microorganisms release the cutinase enzyme, which is associated with the enzymatic breakdown of microplastics and plastic films. Yet, numerous varieties of microplastics exist in the environment and their contaminants act as a significant challenge in degrading microplastics. The review discusses the cutinases enzyme degradation strategies and potential answers to deal with existing and newly generated microplastic waste - polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), polyurethanes (PU), and polybutylene succinate (PBS), along with their degradation pathways. The potential of cutinase enzymes from various microorganisms can effectively act to remediate the global problem of microplastic pollution.

Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Catharanthus Roseus Leaves and Their Therapeutic Response in Breast Cancer (MDA-MB-231) Cells.

As the current study reports the utilization of the leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus (C.roseus) for the biological synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) because of the importance of the importance of health and environment. Bioinspired synthesis were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). XRD and TEM micrograph analysis revealed that the synthesized nanostructures were well-dispersed and spherical with the average particle size in the 18-30 nm range were produced. The FT-IR spectra confirmed presence of phenolic compounds that act as reducing and capping agents. Further, it suggested the possible utilization of hydroxyl groups and amides in the reduction of Zn ions and stablization of ZnO NPs. Zinc oxide nanomaterials are effective in cancer treatments, including the destruction of tumor cells with minimal damage to healthy cells. The toxicity of zinc oxide nanomaterials was checked in vitro in the human breast cancer line MDA-MB-231. Inverse relation of the percentage of viable cells to the concentration of zinc oxide nanomaterials at increasing molar levels was assessed. The cytotoxicity analysis used in the MTT test shows the substantial viable MDA-MB-231-cells despite the increased concentration of exposure to zinc oxide nanomaterials. Reduction in the ratio of viable MDA-MB-231 cells after being exposed to zinc oxide nanomaterials was compared to untreated cancerous cells. The present approach to biosynthesis is quick, inexpensive, eco-friendly, and high-rise stable nanomaterials of zinc oxide with substantial cancer potential. This is the first study that reports molar concentrations (with the lowest concentration of 10 mM) as an anticancer agent for breast cancer and potential clinical uses for synthesized zinc oxide nanomaterials. Thus, C. roseus based synthesized ZnO NPs could be explored not only as environmentally benign method but also as a potential anti-carcinogenic agent.

NMR characterization of conformational fluctuations and noncovalent interactions of SUMO protein from Drosophila melanogaster (dSmt3).

Structural heterogeneity in the native-state ensemble of dSmt3, the only small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) in Drosophila melanogaster, was investigated and compared with its human homologue SUMO1. Temperature dependence of amide proton's chemical shift was studied to identify amino acids possessing alternative structural conformations in the native state. Effect of small concentration of denaturant (1M urea) on this population was also monitored to assess the ruggedness of near-native energy landscape. Owing to presence of many such amino acids, especially in the ß2 -loop-α region, the native state of dSmt3 seems more flexible in comparison to SUMO1. Information about backbone dynamics in ns-ps timescale was quantified from the measurement of 15 N-relaxation experiments. Furthermore, the noncovalent interaction of dSmt3 and SUMO1 with Daxx12 (Daxx729 DPEEIIVLSDSD740 ), a [V/I]-X-[V/I]-[V/I]-based SUMO interaction motif, was characterized using Bio-layer Interferometery and NMR spectroscopy. Daxx12 fits itself in the groove formed by ß2 -loop-α structural region in both dSmt3 and SUMO1, but the binding is stronger with the former. Flexibility of ß2 -loop-α region in dSmt3 is suspected to assist its interaction with Daxx12. Our results highlight the role of native-state flexibility in assisting noncovalent interactions of SUMO proteins especially in organisms where a single SUMO isoform has to tackle multiple substrates single handedly.

Thermally Stable Ionic Liquid-Based Microemulsions for High-Temperature Stabilization of Lysozyme at Nanointerfaces.

The development of new strategies for thermal stability and storage of enzymes is very important, considering the nonretention of catalytic activity by enzymes under harsh conditions of temperature. Following this, herein, a new approach based on the interfacial adsorption of lysozyme (LYZ) at nanointerfaces of ionic liquid (IL)-based microemulsions, for enhanced thermal stability of LYZ, is reported. Microemulsions (MEs) composed of dialkyl imidazolium-based surface active ILs (SAILs) as surfactants, ILs as the nonpolar phase, and ethylene glycol (EG) as the polar phase, without any cosurfactants, have been prepared and characterized in detail. Various regions corresponding to polar-in-IL, bicontinuous, and IL-in-polar phases have been characterized using conductivity measurements. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements have provided insights into the size distribution of microdroplets, whereas temperature-dependent DLS measurements established the thermal stability of the MEs. Nanointerfaces formed by SAILs with EG in thermally stable reverse MEs act as fluid scaffolds to adsorb and provide thermal stability, up to 120 °C, to LYZ. Thermally treated LYZ upon extraction into a buffer shows enzyme activity owing to negligible change in the active site of LYZ, as marked by retention of microenvironment of Trp residues present in the active site of LYZ. The present work is expected to establish a new platform for the development of novel nanointerfaces utilizing biobased components for other biomedical applications.

Engineering of electrospun polycaprolactone/polyvinyl alcohol-collagen based 3D nano scaffolds and their drug release kinetics using cetirizine as a model drug.

Combining the versatility of electrospinning with the biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone and Collagen, this study aims to create advanced 3D nano scaffolds for effective drug delivery. Ceramic materials like hydroxyapatite (nHAp) are incorporated as bioactive agents in the fibers. Electrospun PCL (Polycaprolactone)/collagen nanofibers and PVA (Poly-vinyl alcohol)/collagen are promising tissue-engineering substitutes with high biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and great tensile strength. Small pores in these nanofibers play a major role in drug delivery system. Owing to its short half-life, limited solubility, restricted bioavailability as well as re-crystallization concerns, the application of Cetirizine (CIT) has found little relevance. Electrospun nanofibers impregnated with CIT provide an excellent solution to combat these limitations, yield sustained drug release along with hampering drug re-crystallization. CIT-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/collagen (Col) and CIT-loaded PVA/Col/nHAp nanofibers were characterized and further CIT anti-crystallization as well as release behaviors were investigated. FESEM and HRTEM were used to observe the morphology of the as-synthesized nanofibers. FTIR spectroscopy, water contact angle measurement and drug release studies verified the differences in performance of CIT-loaded PVA/Col and PVA/Col/nHAp nanofibers. The release trend of CIT through these as-synthesized nanoscaffolds was analyzed by various kinetic models and exhibited sustained release of CIT for up to 96 h.

Targeting Hypertension: A Review on Pathophysiological Factors and Treatment Strategies.

Hypertension is one of the primary causes of cardiovascular diseases and death, with a higher prevalence in low- and middle-income countries. The pathophysiology of hypertension remains complex, with 2% to 5% of patients having underlying renal or adrenal disorders. The rest are referred to as essential hypertension, with derangements in various physiological mechanisms potentially contributing to the development of essential hypertension. Hypertension elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events (coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke) and mortality. First-line therapy for hypertension is lifestyle change, which includes weight loss, a balanced diet that includes low salt and high potassium intake, physical exercise, and limitation or elimination of alcohol use. Blood pressure-lowering effects of individual lifestyle components are partially additive, enhancing the efficacy of pharmaceutical treatment. The choice to begin antihypertensive medication should be based on the level of blood pressure and the existence of a high atherosclerotic CVD risk. First-line hypertension treatment includes a thiazide or thiazide-like diuretic, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, and a calcium channel blocker. Addressing hypertension will require continued efforts to improve access to diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle interventions.

Integrating biosorption and machine learning for efficient remazol red removal by algae-bacteria co-culture and comparative analysis of predicted models.

This research investigates into the efficacy of algae and algae-bacteria symbiosis (ABS) in efficiently decolorizing Remazol Red 5B, a prevalent dye pollutant. The investigation encompasses an exploration of the biosorption isotherm and kinetics governing the dye removal process. Additionally, various machine learning models are employed to predict the efficiency of dye removal within a co-culture system. The results demonstrate that both Desmodesmus abundans and a composite of Desmodesmus abundans and Rhodococcus pyridinivorans exhibit significant dye removal percentages of 75 ± 1% and 78 ± 1%, respectively, after 40 min. The biosorption isotherm analysis reveals a significant interaction between the adsorbate and the biosorbent, and it indicates that the Temkin model best matches the experimental data. Moreover, the Langmuir model indicates a relatively high biosorption capacity, further highlighting the potential of the algae-bacteria composite as an efficient adsorbent. Decision Trees, Random Forest, Support Vector Regression, and Artificial Neural Networks are evaluated for predicting dye removal efficiency. The Random Forest model emerges as the most accurate, exhibiting an R2 value of 0.98, while Support Vector Regression and Artificial Neural Networks also demonstrate robust predictive capabilities. This study contributes to the advancement of sustainable dye removal strategies and encourages future exploration of hybrid approaches to further enhance predictive accuracy and efficiency in wastewater treatment processes.

Algal carbohydrate polymers: Catalytic innovations for sustainable development.

Algal polysaccharides, harnessed for their catalytic potential, embody a compelling narrative in sustainable chemistry. This review explores the complex domains of algal carbohydrate-based catalysis, revealing its diverse trajectory. Starting with algal polysaccharide synthesis and characterization methods as catalysts, the investigation includes sophisticated techniques like NMR spectroscopy that provide deep insights into the structural variety of these materials. Algal polysaccharides undergo various preparation and modification techniques to enhance their catalytic activity such as immobilization. Homogeneous catalysis, revealing its significance in practical applications like crafting organic compounds and facilitating chemical transformations. Recent studies showcase how algal-derived catalysts prove to be remarkably versatile, showcasing their ability to customise reactions for specific substances. Heterogeneous catalysis, it highlights the significance of immobilization techniques, playing a central role in ensuring stability and the ability to reuse catalysts. The practical applications of heterogeneous algal catalysts in converting biomass and breaking down contaminants, supported by real-life case studies, emphasize their effectiveness. In sustainable chemistry, algal polysaccharides emerge as compelling catalysts, offering a unique intersection of eco-friendliness, structural diversity, and versatile catalytic properties. Tackling challenges such as dealing with complex structural variations, ensuring the stability of the catalyst, and addressing economic considerations calls for out-of-the-box and inventive solutions. Embracing the circular economy mindset not only assures sustainable catalyst design but also promotes efficient recycling practices. The use of algal carbohydrates in catalysis stands out as a source of optimism, paving the way for a future where chemistry aligns seamlessly with nature, guiding us toward a sustainable, eco-friendly, and thriving tomorrow. This review encapsulates-structural insights, catalytic applications, challenges, and future perspectives-invoking a call for collective commitment to catalyze a sustainable scientific revolution.

Three-Dimensional Printing Methods for Bioceramic-Based Scaffold Fabrication for Craniomaxillofacial Bone Tissue Engineering.

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has revolutionized the field of the use of bioceramics for maxillofacial and periodontal applications, offering unprecedented control over the shape, size, and structure of bioceramic implants. In addition, bioceramics have become attractive materials for these applications due to their biocompatibility, biostability, and favorable mechanical properties. However, despite their advantages, bioceramic implants are still associated with inferior biological performance issues after implantation, such as slow osseointegration, inadequate tissue response, and an increased risk of implant failure. To address these challenges, researchers have been developing strategies to improve the biological performance of 3D-printed bioceramic implants. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of 3DP techniques and strategies for bioceramic materials designed for bone regeneration. The review also addresses the use and incorporation of active biomolecules in 3D-printed bioceramic constructs to stimulate bone regeneration. By controlling the surface roughness and chemical composition of the implant, the construct can be tailored to promote osseointegration and reduce the risk of adverse tissue reactions. Additionally, growth factors, such as bone morphogenic proteins (rhBMP-2) and pharmacologic agent (dipyridamole), can be incorporated to promote the growth of new bone tissue. Incorporating porosity into bioceramic constructs can improve bone tissue formation and the overall biological response of the implant. As such, employing surface modification, combining with other materials, and incorporating the 3DP workflow can lead to better patient healing outcomes.

Selectable Markers to Marker-Free Selection in Rice.

Inadequate rice production worldwide is largely attributed to abiotic and biotic stresses, along with high sensitivity of cultivable plant germplasm. In the field of cereal biotechnology, rice engineering plays an important role in achieving tolerance to such stresses. Plant transformation and selection play crucial role in rice engineering. This review summarized the antibiotic, herbicide and metabolic selection marker genes (SMG) employed in diverse rice engineering studies. These SMGs are no longer required after the transformation has been achieved, hence undesirable at the commercial level. This study also included several strategies employed in rice engineering to eliminate such foreign DNA elements. These include co-transformation, site-specific recombination, transposon and CRISPR base approaches. CRISPR/Cas9 being simple and efficient, is considered a crucial step toward clean gene technology. Further ease and applicability of CRISPR/Cas9 in the embryos directly can help us to modify target genes with efficient marker-free selection in minimum time. Overall, this review summarizes and analyse the recent advances that have enormous potential in rice improvement.

Solid-phase extraction of antimony using chemically modified SiO2-PAN nanoparticles.

A new analytical method using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN)-modified SiO2 nanoparticles as solid-phase extractant has been developed for the preconcentration of trace amounts of Sb(III) in different water samples. Conditions of the analysis such as preconcentration factor, effect of pH, sample volume, shaking time, elution conditions, and effects of interfering ions for the recovery of the analyte were investigated. The adsorption capacity of nanometer SiO2-PAN was found to be 186.25 micromol/g at optimum pH and the LOD (3sigma) was 0.60 microg/L. The extractant showed rapid kinetic sorption. The adsorption equilibrium of Sb(III) on nanometer SiO2-PAN was achieved in 10 min. Adsorbed Sb(III) was easily eluted with 4 mL 2 M hydrochloric acid. The maximum preconcentration factor was 62.20. The method was applied for the determination of trace amounts of Sb(III) in various water samples (tap, mineral water, and industrial effluents).

Characterization of Cu2+ and Zn2+ binding sites in SUMO1 and its impact on protein stability.

Metal ions like Cu2+ and Zn2+ have been shown to impact protein misfolding pathways in neurodegenerative proteinopathies like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Also, due to their strong interaction with Ubiquitin, they interfere in degradation of misfolded proteins by impairing the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In this work, we have studied the interaction of these metal ions with a small Ubiquitin like post-translation modifier SUMO1, which is known to work co-operatively with Ubiquitin to regulate UPS system. Between Cu2+ and Zn2+, the former binds more strongly with SUMO1 as determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. SUMO1 aggregates, forming trimer and higher oligomers in presence of Cu2+ ions which were characterized using gel electrophoresis, Bradford assay, and transmission electron microscopy. Chemical shift analysis using 15N/1H based NMR spectroscopy revealed that SUMO1 retains its structural fold in its trimeric state. Cu2+ induced paramagnetic quenching and Zn2+ induced chemical shift perturbation of 15N-1H cross-peaks were used to identify their respective binding sites in SUMO1. Binding sites so obtained were further validated with molecular dynamics studies. Our findings provide structural insights into the SUMO1-Cu2+/Zn2+ interaction, and its impact on aggregation of SUMO1 which might affect its ability to modify functions of target proteins.

Thermo and alkali stable ß-mannanase: Characterization and application for removal of food (mannans based) stain.

The present work aims to characterize thermo and alkali stable ß-mannanase (ManSS11) from newly isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae SS11 and its food stain (mannan based) removal efficiency. The enzyme, ManSS11 was stable over a wide range of pH and temperature. The highest activity of ManSS11 was observed at pH 9.0 and temperature, 70 °C, with t1/2 of 135.91 min at the same temperature while, >70% of its initial activity was retained at pH 7.0-10.6. It was purified to 5.50-fold homogeneity with a final recovery of 9.6% and a specificity of 7573.57 U/mg protein. Purified ManSS11 was visible as a single protein band with a molecular weight of ~45 kDa. The kinetic parameters of Km, Vmax and kcat were 1.66 mg/mL, 833.33 µmolmL-1 min-1 and 1190.47 s-1 respectively. The compatibility of ß-mannanase with different detergents together with wash performance test confirmed its potential usability in laundry sector. Wash performance analysis confirmed that the enzyme displayed great efficiency in the removal of stains caused by mannan containing foods.

Molecular interaction between human SUMO-I and histone like DNA binding protein of Helicobacter pylori (Hup) investigated by NMR and other biophysical tools.

The proteins secreted by bacteria contribute to immune mediated gastric inflammation and epithelial damage; thus aid bacterial invasion in host tissue, and may also interact with host proteins, conspirating a mechanism against host-immune system. The Histone-like DNA binding protein is one of the most abundant nucleoid-associated proteins in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The protein -referred here as Hup- is also secreted in vitro by H. pylori, thus it may have its role in disease pathogenesis. This is possible only if Hup interact with some human proteins including Small-Ubiquitin-like-Modifier (SUMO) proteins. Studies have established that SUMO-proteins participate in various innate-immune pathways and thus promote an efficient immune response to combat pathogenic infections. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two SUMO interacting motifs (SIMs) and several positively charged lysine residues on the protein surface of Hup. Additionally, SUMO-proteins epitomize negatively charged surface which confers them the ability to bind to DNA/RNA binding proteins. Based on the presence of SIMs as well as charge complementarity between the proteins, it is legitimate to consider that Hup protein would bind to SUMO-proteins. The present study has been undertaken to establish this interaction for the first time using NMR in combination with ITC and other biophysical techniques.

Microwave Mediated Synthesis and Analytical Method Development for the Estimation of Novel 1,4-Dihydropyridines in Bulk by RP-HPLC.

The present work describes a rapid and green microwave mediated method for the synthesis and a simple and precise isocratic reverse phase HPLC method for the estimation of the biologically significant dihydropyridines. The conventional synthesis of these dihydropyridines has been previously reported from our lab. The analysis of a standard solution (1 mg/ml) was accomplished on a symmetry (4.6 mm I.D x 250 mm) C-18 column using mobile phase acetonitrile:water:triethylamine (TEA) (70:30:0.1 v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. Detection was monitored at 354 nm. The retention time for all the compounds was accomplished as less than 10 min. The compounds showed the linear response over the concentration range 10-100 µg/ml. The study is aimed to develop a rapid method for the quantification of these potent molecules. Various parameters like linearity (10-100 µg/ml), USP tailing and plate count were found to be satisfactory. The investigated parameters were studied with the freshly prepared solutions.

Amphiphilic Ionic Liquid-Induced Membrane Permeabilization: Binding Is Not Enough.

The interaction of amphiphilic ionic liquids containing an 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation ([C12MIM]+), which shows acute cytotoxicity toward marine and bacterial life, with zwitterionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phospho-choline (POPC) and anionic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phospho- rac-glycerol (POPG) membranes was investigated. Biophysical parameters of this interaction were quantified by fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimeter, and solution-state NMR measurements. [C12MIM]+ inserts into the membrane and induces vesicle leakage at relatively low concentration (<1 mM). Zwitterionic POPC membranes are more leakage-prone, but the binding of [C12MIM]+ cations is stronger to anionic POPG membranes. A higher rate of exchange of membrane-bound [C12MIM]+ is suspected to play a key role in membrane leakage. Furthermore, solid-state NMR spectroscopy was employed to determine the location of [C12MIM]+ in lipid membranes and its impact on the structure and dynamics of the bilayer. The study provides a molecular understanding of the membrane permeabilizing effect of the [C12MIM]+ mediated by its detergent-like structure.

Feasibility of C-arm guided closed intramedullary pinning for the stabilization of canine long bone fractures.

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility of C-arm guided closed intramedullary pinning (simple Steinmann and end threaded) techniques for the stabilization of various canine long bone fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted on 19 dogs with long bone fractures which were stabilized using simple Steinmann (Group I; n=6) and end threaded (Group II; n=13) pinning under C-arm guidance. Signalment, history of trauma, clinical examination, and hematobiochemical findings were recorded at the time of presentation. Radiography of the affected limb was carried out in two views to determine type and site of the fracture. Treatment of all the fractures was attempted using simple Steinman and end threaded pinning under the C-arm guidance. The success and failure of the closed technique were correlated with age, site, and type of fractures. RESULTS: The mean body weight and age of the dogs were 18.53±2.18 kg and 21.58±5.85 months, respectively. Early presented cases at a mean day of 2.84±0.54 were included. Out of 19 cases, it was possible to place implant successfully in 10 cases (success rate 52.63%) only. The remaining 9 cases had serious intraoperative complications like a misdirection of the pin after engaging the proximal fragment (n=3), missing the proximal fragment completely, and formation of the false tract (n=6). The majority of these complications were associated with younger age and proximal or distal third oblique fractures. High success rate of C-arm guided closed pinning was observed in midshaft fractures (75%) and transverse fractures (77.78%) in dogs of more than 1 year of age (77.78%). Simple Steinmann pinning was better feasible in a closed manner with a high success rate (66.70%) but also had implant related complications. Although, C-arm guided end threaded pinning was less (46.15%) successful, slightly tedious and time-consuming but had better implant stability than that of simple intramedullary pinning. CONCLUSIONS: From the present study, it was concluded that C-arm guided closed pinning is recommended in transverse and midshaft fractures of the long bones in dogs older than 1 year of age. Furthermore, there is need to improve traction devices for enhancing the success of C-arm guided intramedullary pinning in dogs.