The relationship between emotional intimate partner violence and other forms of violence: A metaanalytic review.

The present study aimed to explore the relationship between emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) and different forms of violence (e.g., stalking perpetration and victimization, physical IPV perpetration and victimization, sexual IPV perpetration and victimization, and controlling behaviors) using a meta-analysis. Data from 188 studies, yielding 382 effect sizes, were used to compare the strength of correlates for IPV victimization versus perpetration, as well as gendered results. This meta-analysis found, in order of strength, controlling behaviors victimization, physical IPV victimization, physical IPV perpetration, sexual IPV victimization, stalking victimization, and sexual IPV perpetration were significantly associated with emotional IPV victimization. The meta-analysis also found, in order of strength, emotional IPV perpetration was positively associated with stalking perpetration, physical IPV perpetration, causing injury to a partner, controlling behaviors victimization, sexual IPV perpetration, physical IPV victimization, controlling behaviors perpetration, and sexual IPV victimization. This study found limited significant differences around gender, with physical IPV victimization approaching significance for emotional IPV perpetration for women. The current study highlights the implications associated with early assessment and intervention in cases of IPV.

Is separate the new equal? A meta-analytic review of correlates of intimate partner violence victimization for Black and White women in the United States.

Black women experience intimate partner violence (IPV) at higher rates than White women, and are more likely to experience more serious injuries, serious mental health diagnoses, or even death as consequences of IPV. Most research on factors associated with physical IPV does not primarily focus on Black women experiencing IPV. To be able to offer targeted intervention and prevention services, understanding unique correlates is critical. To address these discrepancies and better conceptualize factors associated with IPV for Black women, a meta-analysis was conducted to examine correlates for male physical IPV perpetration/female IPV victimization among predominantly Black samples. Next, strengths of correlates for male IPV perpetration/female IPV victimization were compared between Black and White samples. From an original pool of 759 articles examining correlates for IPV perpetration and victimization, 21 articles were usable that had a sufficient percentage (at least 75%) of Black participants and 80 articles that had a sufficient percentage (at least 75%) of White participants. Five significant correlates for male perpetration and seven significant correlates for female victimization in predominantly Black samples were identified. Comparisons for male perpetration/female victimization between predominantly White and Black samples were conducted for nine correlates, and one-third of these correlates (male emotional abuse perpetration, female post-traumatic stress symptoms, and female alcohol use) were significantly stronger correlates in Black populations compared to White populations. Research and clinical implications are discussed.

The Association between Attachment Styles and Physical Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization: A Meta-Analysis.

In this meta-analysis, we examine attachment styles-something commonly incorporated into couples therapy-and their association with physical intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization among men and women. This meta-analysis incorporated 33 studies that looked at the association between four different attachment styles and IPV. This study examined the strength of the correlation among different attachment styles and IPV perpetration and victimization, examined gender differences in the strength of the association among attachment styles and IPV, and compared the strength of the association with IPV among different attachment styles. We found that anxious attachment, avoidant attachment, and disorganized attachment styles were all significantly associated with physical IPV perpetration and victimization. Secure attachment was significantly negatively related to IPV perpetration and victimization. There was a significantly stronger association between avoidant attachment and IPV victimization for women compared to men. Clinical implications related to the importance of fostering secure attachments when working with couples or individuals who have experienced IPV are addressed.

En este metaanálisis, analizamos los estilos de apego─ algo comúnmente incorporado en la terapia de pareja─ y su asociación con la perpetración de violencia física de pareja y la victimización entre los hombres y las mujeres. Este metaanálisis incorporó 33 estudios que analizaron la asociación entre cuatro estilos de apego diferentes y la violencia de pareja. Este estudio examinó la intensidad de la correlación entre los diferentes estilos de apego y la perpetración de violencia de pareja y la victimización, estudió las diferencias de género en la intensidad de la asociación entre los estilos de apego y la violencia de pareja, y comparó la intensidad de la asociación con la violencia de pareja entre los diferentes estilos de apego. Descubrimos que los estilos de apego ansioso, apego evitativo y apego desorganizado estuvieron todos considerablemente asociados con la perpetración de violencia física de pareja y la victimización. El apego seguro estuvo relacionado de forma considerablemente negativa con la perpetración de violencia de pareja y la victimización. Hubo una asociación considerablemente más intensa entre el apego evitativo y la violencia de pareja, y la victimización en las mujeres en comparación con los hombres. Se abordan las implicancias clínicas relacionadas con la importancia de fomentar vínculos seguros a la hora de trabajar con parejas o personas que han sufrido violencia de pareja.

Mental and Physical Health Correlates for Emotional Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization: A Meta-Analysis.

Approximately 50% of both men and women will experience emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetime-a form of violence highly associated with other forms of IPV-making it important to develop further understanding of for assessment and treatment purposes. The bio-psycho-social model was used to guide the study. Utilizing data from 181 studies, yielding 348 effect sizes, we conducted a meta-analysis examining mental and physical health correlates with emotional IPV perpetration and victimization. We also examined if mental and physical health correlates were significantly stronger for emotional IPV perpetration or victimization, as well as if correlates were stronger for men or women. Suicidal ideation, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, borderline personality disorder (PD), psychological distress, physical pain, trauma, anger, shame, poor physical health, antisocial PD, and somatic symptoms were significantly associated with emotional IPV victimization. Borderline PD, narcissism, emotional dysregulation, anger, post-traumatic stress, antisocial PD, psychopathy, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and trauma were significantly associated with emotional IPV perpetration. Anger, emotional dysregulation, and psychopathology were stronger correlates for emotional IPV perpetration compared to victimization, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological distress were stronger correlates for victimization. PTSD and suicidal ideation were stronger correlates of IPV victimization for women than men, and anger was a significantly stronger correlate of IPV perpetration for women than men. This study highlights the importance of a holistic approach when working with victims and perpetrators of IPV, focusing on the importance of taking all aspects of the bio-psycho-social model into account.

Maternal engagement, relational closeness, and adolescent internalizing symptoms: The association of engaged mothering with adolescent depression and anxiety.

Prevalence rates of anxiety and depression have increased among adolescents in recent years. The etiology of these internalizing symptoms is complex, but mothers can play a role in the mental health of their adolescent children. Using data from Year 15 of the fragile families and child well-being study, we analyzed associations between adolescent-reported maternal engagement, mother-adolescent relationship closeness, and adolescent depression and anxiety in a sample of 3146 mother-adolescent dyads. Using structural equation modeling, the four areas of engagement, closeness, anxiety, and depression were all modeled as latent variables to test the associations between these constructs. Higher levels of maternal engagement were significantly associated with higher levels of closeness between mother and adolescent, and higher levels of closeness were significantly associated with adolescents' lower levels of both depression and anxiety. Bootstrapped indirect effects were identified. Implications and future directions are discussed.

COVID-19-Related Stress and Its Association with Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive issue, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been speculated that the prevalence rates of IPV increased. This paper aims to understand how pandemic-specific distress was related to experiencing and perpetrating IPV. Using self-reported survey data from 371 individuals living in the United States, this study used multiple logistic regressions to examine how reports of distress related to working from home, working outside the home, isolation, stay-at-home orders, mask mandates, physical and mental health, finances, interpersonal relationships, taking care of children, and online learning for children, as well as reports of partner conflict regarding COVID-19, were associated with physical, psychological, and sexual IPV perpetration and victimization. Our results indicated that distress related to family relationships, taking care of children, and COVID-19 as a source of conflict were all associated with an increased risk of IPV victimization, while distress related to mask mandates and friendships was associated with a decreased risk. Distress related to physical health, family relationships, taking care of children, and COVID-19 being a source of conflict were associated with an increased risk of IPV perpetration, while distress related to mental health and friendships was associated with a decreased risk. Implications for researchers and clinicians are discussed.

Relationship dynamics associated with emotional IPV perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis.

Emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of IPV and frequently co-occurs with other forms of IPV. Risk factors of IPV can give insight to potential pathways and consequences associated with IPV, enhancing treatment efforts. This meta-analysis examined relationship dynamics associated with IPV perpetration and victimization. Our study found victimization of controlling behavior, demand/withdrawal relationship pattern, perpetration of controlling behavior, jealousy, relationship distress, perpetrator's power in the relationship, anxious attachment, and traditional gender roles were all significantly associated with IPV perpetration. For IPV victimization, victimization of controlling behaviors, fear of the perpetrator, relationship distress, anxious and avoidant attachment, and traditional gender roles were all found to be significantly associated. Relationship satisfaction was found to be negatively associated with emotional IPV perpetration and victimization. Implications for clinicians are discussed.

Factors Associated with Non-Fatal Strangulation Victimization in Intimate Relationships: A Meta-Analysis.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health crisis across the globe, and one particular act of IPV, non-fatal strangulation, warrants serious attention. Non-fatal strangulation is a risk factor for intimate partner homicide (IPH) and can create long-term negative mental and physical health consequences. In this meta-analysis, we sought to examine factors associated with non-fatal strangulation victimization among women to help inform education and assessment efforts. Using database searches and Boolean search terms, a total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 16 factors that were found in at least two unique studies were examined. The strongest associated factors included physical IPV victimization, physical injury, IPH, and sexual IPV victimization. Other significant associated factors included lower education, anxiety symptoms, perceived risk of harm, post-traumatic stress symptoms, depressive symptoms, stalking victimization, and identifying as a Black woman. Experiencing childhood trauma, the length of the relationship, age, substance use, and identifying as Hispanic were not significantly related to strangulation victimization by an intimate partner. Education and assessment implications are discussed.