Prolonged Inflammatory Reaction to Fractured Calcium Phosphate Cement Cranioplasty Secondary to Sequestration Within the Diploe.

Calcium phosphate cement remains the choice biomaterial for cranial reconstruction and augmentation in pediatric patients after 90% completion of cranial growth, especially compared with other nonallograft alternatives. While trauma to the site of calcium phosphate augmentation is a known risk for cement fracture, subsequent micro-fragmentation and sequestration of the cement beneath the fracture site can produce a localized inflammatory reaction that requires surgical intervention to adequately address. The authors present the course of a patient undergoing a prolonged inflammatory reaction to calcium phosphate micro-fragmentation after trauma to the site of previous augmentation performed to mend bitemporal hollowing. Cement microfragmentation and migration through an associated nondisplaced fracture of the outer table required extensive debridement of the underlying diploe before the resolution was achieved. This case illustrates the need for appropriate evaluation in cases of trauma to areas with cement to mitigate the need for extensive surgical management.

Drop-off in axonal regeneration along the length of a cross-face nerve graft: An experimental study in rats.

INTRODUCTION: The average nerve graft length utilized in cross-face nerve grafting for reconstruction of facial nerve palsy is 20-22 cm. While the graft length is thought to be one of the greatest determinants of muscle strength, the mechanism through which this happens remains unknown. We studied changes in axonal regeneration along the length of a 2 cm cross-face nerve graft in a rat model. The hypothesis was that axon count would decrease along the length of the graft. METHODS: A 2 cm nerve graft (sciatic nerve) was used as a cross-face nerve graft in 16 adult female, 210-250 g, Sprague Dawley rats. Thirteen weeks later, 5 mm nerve biopsies were taken at four sites: the facial nerve trunk (control), proximal graft, midpoint of graft (1 cm distal to coaptation) and distal graft (2 cm distal to coaptation). Retrograde nerve labeling with FluoroGold was performed at the biopsied nerve site and the facial motor nucleus was taken 1 week later. Microscopic imaging and manual counting of axons and labeled motor nuclei was performed. RESULTS: Retrograde-labeled motor neuron counts were decreased at the midway point of the graft compared to the facial trunk (1517 ± 335 axons, Δ% = 92.5, p = .01) and even further decreased at the distal end of the graft (269 ± 293 axons, Δ% = 175.5, p = .006). Analysis of the nerve biopsies demonstrated no significant differences in myelinated axon count between the nerve trunk and over the length of the nerve graft (range 6207-7179 axons, Δ% = 14.5, p = .07). CONCLUSION: In a rat model, the number of regenerating motor neurons drops off along the length of the graft and axon count is preserved due to axon sprouting. How this pattern correlates to ultimate muscle strength remains unknown, but this study provides insight into why shorter grafts may afford better outcomes.

Langerhans cells and SFRP2/Wnt/beta-catenin signalling control adaptation of skin epidermis to mechanical stretching.

Skin can be mechanically stimulated to grow through a clinical procedure called tissue expansion (TE). Using a porcine TE model, we determined that expansion promptly activates transcription of SFRP2 in skin and we revealed that in the epidermis, this protein is secreted by Langerhans cells (LCs). Similar to well-known mechanosensitive genes, the increase in SFRP2 expression was proportional to the magnitude of tension, showing a spike at the apex of the expanded skin. This implies that SFRP2 might be a newly discovered effector of mechanotransduction pathways. In addition, we found that acute stretching induces accumulation of b-catenin in the nuclei of basal keratinocytes (KCs) and LCs, indicating Wnt signalling activation, followed by cell proliferation. Moreover, TE-activated LCs proliferate and migrate into the suprabasal layer of skin, suggesting that LCs rebuild their steady network within the growing epidermis. We demonstrated that in vitro hrSFRP2 treatment on KCs inhibits Wnt/b-catenin signalling and stimulates KC differentiation. In parallel, we observed an accumulation of KRT10 in vivo in the expanded skin, pointing to TE-induced, SFRP2-augmented KC maturation. Overall, our results reveal that a network of LCs delivers SFRP2 across the epidermis to fine-tune Wnt/b-catenin signalling to restore epidermal homeostasis disrupted by TE.

Alaska's Play Every Day Campaign Encourages Parents to Serve Healthy Drinks to Young Children.

BACKGROUND: Sugary drink consumption by young children is a public health concern. The State of Alaska, partnering with the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, implemented the Play Every Day social marketing campaign in 2019-2021 to encourage parents to serve healthy drinks to young children. The campaign's intended audience was parents who experience disproportionately poor nutrition outcomes: Alaska Native people, those living in rural communities, and those with low incomes and/or educational attainment. We described campaign development, implementation, and performance. METHOD: Parents from the identified disproportionately affected populations participated in formative research. Campaign awareness and engagement questions were added to Alaska's child health surveillance system. Regression models assessed associations between campaign exposure and outcomes. RESULTS: The sample included 476 Alaska mothers of 3-year-old children. Of the 34% who reported seeing the campaign, 21% said they changed drinks served to their child because of the campaign. Campaign awareness, engagement, and reported changes in drinks given to children because of the campaign were greater among Alaska Native mothers than White mothers. Among all mothers, those who said the campaign gave them new information or that they shared the campaign had 7 to 8 times greater odds for reporting changes in behavior than those not engaged with the campaign. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Social marketing campaigns that encourage parents to serve healthy drinks to young children may change behavior. Resources should be systematically dedicated to research, implementation, and evaluation focused on specific populations. Partnering with trusted community-serving organizations likely improves outcomes in disproportionately affected populations.

Comparison of image quality and diagnostic efficacy of routine clinical lumbar spine imaging at 0.55T and 1.5/3T.

PURPOSE: To compare image quality, assess inter-reader variability, and evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of routine clinical lumbar spine sequences at 0.55T compared with those collected at 1.5/3T to assess common spine pathology. METHODS: 665 image series across 70 studies, collected at 0.55T and 1.5/3T, were assessed by two neuroradiology fellows for overall imaging quality (OIQ), artifacts, and accurate visualization of anatomical features (intervertebral discs, neural foramina, spinal cord, bone marrow, and conus / cauda equina nerve roots) using a 4-point Likert scale (1 = non-diagnostic to 4 = excellent). For the 0.55T scans, the most appropriate diagnosis(es) from a picklist of common spine pathologies was selected. The mean ± SD of all scores for all features for each sequence and reader at 0.55T and 1.5/3T were calculated. Paired t-tests (p ≤ 0.05) were used to compare ratings between field strengths. The inter-reader agreement was calculated using linear-weighted Cohen's Kappa coefficient (p ≤ 0.05). Unpaired VCG analysis for OIQ was additionally employed to represent differences between 0.55T and 1.5/3T (95 % CI). RESULTS: All sequences at 0.55T were rated as acceptable (≥2) for diagnostic use by both readers despite significantly lower scores for some compared to those at 1.5/3T. While there was low inter-reader agreement on individual scores, the agreement on the diagnosis was high, demonstrating the potential of this system for detecting routine spine pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical lumbar spine imaging at 0.55T produces diagnostic-quality images demonstrating the feasibility of its use in diagnosing spinal pathology, including osteomyelitis/discitis, post-surgical changes with complications, and metastatic disease.

Abdominal MRI on a Commercial 0.55T System: Initial Evaluation and Comparison to Higher Field Strengths.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess the quality of abdominal MR images acquired on a commercial 0.55T scanner and compare these images with those acquired on conventional 1.5T/3T scanners in both healthy subjects and patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen healthy subjects and 52 patients underwent abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 0.55T. Images were also collected in healthy subjects at 1.5T, and comparison 1.5/3T images identified for 28 of the 52 patients. Image quality was rated by two radiologists on a 4-point Likert scale. Readers were asked whether they could answer the clinical question for patient studies. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test for significant differences in image ratings and acquisition times, and inter-reader reliability was computed. RESULTS: The overall image quality of all sequences at 0.55T were rated as acceptable in healthy subjects. Sequences were modified to improve signal-to-noise ratio and reduce artifacts and deployed for clinical use; 52 patients were enrolled in this study. Radiologists were able to answer the clinical question in 52 (reader 1) and 46 (reader 2) of the patient cases. Average image quality was considered to be diagnostic (>3) for all sequences except arterial phase FS 3D T1w gradient echo (GRE) and 3D magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for one reader. In comparison to higher field images, significantly lower scores were given to 0.55T IP 2D GRE and arterial phase FS 3D T1w GRE, and significantly higher scores to diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging at 0.55T; other sequences were equivalent. The average scan time at 0.55T was 54 ± 10 minutes vs 36 ± 11 minutes at higher field strengths (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Diagnostic-quality abdominal MR images can be obtained on a commercial 0.55T scanner at a longer overall acquisition time compared to higher field systems, although some sequences may benefit from additional optimization.

Evidence-Based Practices in Facial Reanimation Surgery.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the causes and preoperative evaluation of facial paralysis. 2. Discuss techniques to restore corneal sensation and eyelid closure, elevation of the upper lip for smile, and depression of the lower lip for lip symmetry. 3. Outline treatment goals, surgical treatment options, timing of repair, and other patient-specific considerations in appropriate technique selection. SUMMARY: Congenital facial paralysis affects 2.7 per 100,000 children; Bell palsy affects 23 per 100,000 people annually; and even more people are affected when considering all other causes. Conditions that impair facial mimetics impact patients' social functioning and emotional well-being. Dynamic and static reconstructive methods may be used individually or in concert to achieve adequate blink restoration, smile strength and spontaneity, and lower lip depression. Timing of injury and repair, patient characteristics such as age, and cause of facial paralysis are all considered in selecting the most appropriate reconstructive approach. This article describes evidence-based management of facial paralysis.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals dynamic molecular changes in skin induced by mechanical forces secondary to tissue expansion.

Tissue expansion procedures (TE) utilize mechanical forces to induce skin growth and regeneration. While the impact of quick mechanical stimulation on molecular changes in cells has been studied extensively, there is a clear gap in knowledge about sequential biological processes activated during long-term stimulation of skin in vivo. Here, we present the first genome-wide study of transcriptional changes in skin during TE, starting from 1 h to 7 days of expansion. Our results indicate that mechanical forces from a tissue expander induce broad molecular changes in gene expression, and that these changes are time-dependent. We revealed hierarchical changes in skin cell biology, including activation of an immune response, a switch in cell metabolism and processes related to muscle contraction and cytoskeleton organization. In addition to known mechanoresponsive genes (TNC, MMPs), we have identified novel candidate genes (SFRP2, SPP1, CCR1, C2, MSR1, C4A, PLA2G2F, HBB), which might play crucial roles in stretched-induced skin growth. Understanding which biological processes are affected by mechanical forces in TE is important for the development of skin treatments to maximize the efficacy and minimize the risk of complications during expansion procedures.